1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Book project: SLM in Practice - Guidelines and Best Practices for Sub-Saharan Africa (SLM in Practice)

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Ngitili are traditional enclosures for in-situ conservation and rehabilitation of vegetation, practiced by the Wasukuma agropastoralists in Shinyanga, Tanzania.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Shinyanga is a semiarid area characterized by shortage of fodder associated with problems of deforestation, fuelwood scarcity, food insecurity, declining soil fertility, severe soil erosion and unsecure land use rights. Ngitili is a dry-season fodder reserve, an indigenous practice which has been revived by a government programme from 1986-2001. For initial regeneration of the vegetation and rehabilitation of denuded land absolute exclusion of up to 5 years is needed. Then, areas of standing vegetation are enclosed seasonally from the onset of the rainy season till the peak / end of dry season, before they are opened up for grazing. Two distinct vegetation strata are identifiable, an upper stratum dominated by trees and shrubs (Acacia tortilis, A. nilotica, A. polyacantha and A. seyal) and a lower stratum of grasses, herbs and forbs. Structure and composition of the ngitili areas are closely influenced by location, age, management practices and intensity of use. The reserves are established on degraded land and around homesteads. Individual plots usually reach 2-5 ha in size, while communal ngitili cover 10-200 ha. Mostly, the boundaries are not rigidly marked, and physical barriers are not established. Local guards and community by-laws are used to protect and enforce the system. Ngitili alleviates dry season fodder shortages and prevents land degradation, through reducing soil erosion and deforestation. The reserves provide a wide range of woodland goods - such as timber, fodder, fuelwood, medicinal herbs, wild fruits and honey. They help to enhance livelihoods, provide a vital safety net during dry seasons and droughts and generate additional income of up to US$ 500-1,000 per year and household. Ngitili greatly reduced women’s labour, cutting the time spent on fuelwood collection by over 80%, and have a highly positive impact on biodiversity

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace más de 50 años atrás (tradicional)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• como parte de un sistema tradicional (> 50 años)

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

an indigenous practice which has been revived by a government programme from 1986-2001

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): shortage of fodder associated with problems of deforestation, fuelwood scarcity, food insecurity, declining soil fertility, severe soil erosion and unsecure land use rights

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: Yes

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Mixed: Ms: Silvo-pastoralism

Si el uso de la tierra ha cambiado debido a la implementación de la Tecnología, indique el uso de la tierra antes de la implementación de la Tecnología.

Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 1

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• veda de zona (detener uso, apoyar la restauración)
• pastoralismo y manejo de tierras de pastoreo

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• aplicada en puntos específicos/ concentrada en un área pequeña

Comentarios:

3000-5000 km2

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Type of vegetative measures: scattered / dispersed

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Et: loss of topsoil, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bq: quantity / biomass decline, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Secondary technical functions: increase of infiltration

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Trees/ shrubs species: Acacia tortilis, A. nilotica, A. polyacantha and A. seyal

Major change in timing of activities: For initial regeneration of the vegetation and rehabilitation of denuded land absolute exclusion of up to 5 years is needed. Then, areas of standing vegetation are enclosed seasonally from the onset o

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	Demarcation and closure of sites usually on degraded land around homesteads	Vegetativas
2.	Total enclosure during up to 5 years for initial regeneration of vegetation (if land is degraded)	Vegetativas
3.	Temporary demarcation of paddocks for specific periods for rotational grazing within ngitili (controlled by experienced elders; based on utilization level and fodder availability)	Vegetativas
4.	Controlled pruning and thinning (for firewood and poles)	Vegetativas

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Closure of ngitili area at onset of rainy season. No management during rainy season	Vegetativas
2.	Open area for grazing in July or August, after the crop residues and fallow vegetation have been depleted	Vegetativas
3.	Temporary demarcation of paddocks for specific periods for rotational grazing within ngitili (controlled by experienced elders; based on utilization level and fodder availability)	Vegetativas
4.	Controlled pruning and thinning (for firewood and poles)	Vegetativas

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil texture (topsoil): Vertic soils are very extensive covering 47% of all soil types in the region

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium - poor

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• comunitarios (organizado)
• individual

Comentarios:

individual (cropland), individual/communal 50%/50% (grazing land)

Land ownership: communal / village, individual, not titled, individual, titled

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Comentarios:

Increased tolerance to climatic extremes (e.g. prolonged dry spells and droughts)

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• más de 50%

Comentarios:

Comments on adoption trend: 300’000-500’000 ha of woodland restored 1986-2001 (most of Ngitilis are individual, but area-wise half-half), over 800 villages; 60-70% of all households have Ngitilis

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Generates many production and ecological benefits at the same time

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Damage to livestock and crops caused by growing wildlife populations	outweighed by the benefits gained from ngitili (in most areas)
Increased local inequity: benefit gap between richer and poorer house¬holds (who have no ngitilis); growing sales of ngitilis	local institutions have to enable people to hold on to land and maintain ngitilis; allow poorer households to benefit from communal ngitilis
Scarcity of land, growing pressure (rising human and livestock populations); conflicts over grazing rights	encourage villages to establish by-laws for protecting ngitilis
Insecurity of tenure impedes establishment of ngitilis (individual and communal)	increase local people’s and groups ownership and control over their resources; clearly acknowledge in national law the secure tenure of both private and communal ngitili
Productivity could still be improved	introduction of improved fodder grasses. Planting of fast growing fodder trees and/or shrubs

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Kamwenda G.J. 2002. Ngitili agrosilvopastoral systems in the United Republic of Tanzania. Unasylva 211, Vol. 53, 2002.

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

World Resource Institute. 2010. Regenerating Woodlands: Tanzania's HASHI Project. http://www.wri.org/publication/content/8108

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Equator initiative. 2010. Nomination Form Equator Initiative. http://www.equatorinitiative.org/knowledgebase/files/2002-0128_Nom_HASHI_Tanzania.pdf

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Blay D., E. Bonkoungou, S.A.O. Chamshama and B.Chikamai. 2004. Rehabilitation of Degraded Lands in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons Learned from Selected Case Studies. Forestry research network for Sub-Saharan Africa (fornessa)

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

WRI (2005): World Resources 2005: The Wealth of the Poor—Managing Ecosystems to Fight Poverty. World Resources Institute (WRI) in collaboration with United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme, and World Bank