1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Applying Landscape and Sustainable Land Management (L-SLM) for mitigating land degradation and contributing to poverty reduction in rural area (L-SLM Project)

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Regional Environmental Centre for the Caucasus (REC Caucasus) - Georgia

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Windbreaks are an integrated technology to increase land productivity and biodiversity at different levels. Along six kilometres, located between a road and agricultural fields, windbreaks were rehabilitated or newly established to protect the soil wind erosion. Four lines of seedlings including seven tree species were planted in two meters distance to each other. The survival rates of different tree species have been accessed and evaluated.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Agriculture plays a key role in the economy of Georgia. 74% of wheat is produced in Kakheti. Within the region, the main wheat-growing area is Shiraki valley located in Dedoplistskaro Municipality in Eastern Georgia. The valley has deep soil with high humus content offering significant potential for high agricultural yields. Among others, wind erosion and increase of evaporation due to degradation of windbreaks have led to reduced agricultural yields. At the end of the Soviet Union, there were 1.800 km of tree windbreaks in Shiraki. More than 90% of them were destroyed either by fire or illegal cuttings for firewood. Fires are caused by farmers burning harvest residues and by shepherds burning pastures and windbreaks to facilitate the growth of new grass and clear land. Today, fire still pose the greatest threat to the rehabilitation of windbreaks. Grazing by migrating sheep and by local (cattle) herds as well as firewood extraction is still causing additional damage to windbreaks in specific areas of Shiraki valley.

In Dedoplistskaro, the SLM-pilot activities focus on the establishment of a windbreak/agroforestry system to reduce wind erosion, which is here the main degradation factor and threatens agricultural production. Windbreaks are a well-known measure against wind erosion. They consist of several rows of trees and bushes on the edges of agricultural fields to reduce the wind-speed on the surface level. Slowing down of wind-speed protects the topsoil from wind erosion. Windbreaks improve the micro-climate for crops growing in their shelter by reducing moisture loss. Windbreaks also provide shelter and habitats for a wide range of plants, pollinating insects, wildlife and birds, including predators of agricultural pests.

Selection of seedlings:

Tree species well adapted to the regional conditions (climate, soil, etc.) were selected such as Pinus (Pinus eldarica, survival rate: 90%), Pistacia (Pistacia mutica, survival rate 60%) and Elm (Ulmus minor, survival rate 60%), Wild Almond (Prunus argentea, survival rate 40%), Persian olive (Eleagnus angustifolia, survival rate: 40%) and Robinia (Robinia pseudoacacia, survival rate 16%). The survival rates are based on the assessment in September 2018, 6 months after planting.

The seeds were prepared for planting in a nursery. Seedlings to be transported over long distances must be grown in special containers to ensure good root system development and minimise damage during transport. If they are grown near the planting site and the transport time is short, seedlings may also be bare-rooted.

Preparation of soil and planting:
The pilot site of the project "Applying Landscape and Sustainable Land Management (L-SLM) for Mitigating Land Degradation and Contributing to Poverty Reduction in Rural Areas", implemented by the Regional Environment Centre for the Caucasus, is six km long and located on the main road on state-owned land. Before planting the seedlings, the vegetation (grass and herbs) was cut and removed. No ploughing was done. During the implementation in 2018, the design of the site was changed to a 6 km long U-shaped form with three 10 m wide segments of windbreaks. The total area of the pilot site is 6 ha, but since there were already intact hedges in some parts, the total area where windbreaks were either newly planted or rehabilitated is 3 ha. Each windbreak consisted of four lines of tree seedlings of different species in two meters distance to each other (inter-row spacing) and 2 m distance between the seedlings within a row (intra-row spacing). First, holes were dug (30 cm diameter, 40 cm deep), then water accumulation granulate was added to keep the water better, then the seedlings of 10-40 cm height and 2-3 years old depending on species were inserted. No compost or fertiliser was used. The seedlings were protected by plastic tubes from the cold and dry winter season. Every 2nd seedling was marked with a wooden pole to distinguish them from weeds and to control the survival rate. If the survival rate falls below 50%, the trees should be replaced. After the planting of the seedling, the herbs and grass were cut again. Further cuttings took place several times to avoid shading and competition.

Maintenance

Besides cutting of weeds for 2 times in the main growing season (Mai-July) regular watering was applied. Young seedlings should be watered 2-4 times per year (first 2 years) – about 15-20l per tree. After 2 years the root system should be established in such a way that it can take care of itself. The implementation area was not fenced, but there is no pastureland around and pressure by browsing is low.

The Regional Environment Centre for the Caucasus (REC) in cooperation with GIZ has conducted a cost-benefit analysis to estimate the value of protecting remaining windbreaks, the economic impact of banning crop residue burning and the benefits of straw as a fertilizer. The survey data shows that a ban on crop residue burning will help to protect the existing windbreaks. Consequently, shredding of straw during the harvest and subsequent incorporation of straw into the soil builds up soil organic matter and helps to retain the moisture in the ground. Unclear ownership and institutional responsibility are the most relevant constraints for sustainable windbreaks management as a measure. At the political level, issues were noted, and steps were taken: A working group under the National Forest Programme selected windbreaks restoration and protection as their key topics. The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture with the support from REC and GIZ developed a policy for rehabilitation and protection of windbreaks. Based on this, a new law on windbreaks was initiated which will clarify the situation by ascribing clear responsibilities on windbreak maintenance and management. This law is still at the stage of preparation in the Agrarian Committee.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Indique año de implementación:

2018

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

The rehabilitation of the windbreaks was tested on a pilot site along a highly visible road within the project "Applying Landscape and Sustainable Land Management (L-SLM) for Mitigating Land Degradation and Contributing to Poverty Reduction in Rural Areas" implemented by the Regional Environment Centre for the Caucasus (REC).

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción
• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo
• preservar/ mejorar biodiversidad

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Mezcla de tipos de uso de tierras dentro de la misma unidad de tierras: :

Sí

Especifique el uso combinado de tierras (cultivos/ pastoreo/ árboles):

• Agroforestería

Comentarios:

When the windbreak is established and dense, selective logging of firewood is possible.

3.3 ¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

• No (Continúe con la pregunta 3.4)

3.4 Provisión de agua

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

Comentarios:

The crop-fields are not irrigated. Only the young seedlings of the rehabilitated windbreak are irrigated 2-4 times a year in the first 2-3 years.

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• agroforestería
• rompevientos/ cinturones de protección

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

In addition to the loss of topsoil, the reduction of wind speed and the degree of vegetation reduce the evapotranspiration rate of the crop and thereby the amount of water.

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo

Comentarios:

The windbreak will reduce soil erosion caused by wind on neighbouring crop fields.

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:

• por área de Tecnología

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

GEL

Si fuera relevante, indique la tasa de cambio de dólares americanos a la moneda local (ej. 1 U$ = 79.9 Reales Brasileros): 1 U$ =:

2,7

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Momento (estación)
1.	Marking sites in the field	April-May
2.	Cut grass and remove dead wood	April
3.	Planting of seedlings (planting, adding wooden poles and water accumulation granulate	April-May
4.	Irrigation and weed-cutting	July, August (to be repeated for 3 years)
5.	Scientific Monitoring	October - October (five years)

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Clearing and preparation of sites (3 ha)	person days	40,0	30,0	1200,0	0,0
Mano de obra	Weed cutting 2 x on 3 ha	person days	110,0	36,0	3960,0	0,0
Mano de obra	Planting of 7.300 seedlings (digging hole, adding water accumulation granulate, planting seedling, adding wooden pole and tube)	person days	73,0	45,0	3285,0	0,0
Mano de obra	Irrigation 4 x 7.300 seedlings	person days	73,0	75,0	5475,0	0,0
Equipo	Wooden poles	pieces	7300,0	0,9	6570,0	0,0
Equipo	Water accumulation granulate	kg	73,0	70,0	5110,0	0,0
Equipo	Water for irrigation	m³	300,0	3,0	900,0	0,0
Equipo	Transport of water (water truck)	applications	4,0	1300,0	5200,0	0,0
Material para plantas	Pistacia mutica	pieces	470,0	3,0	1410,0	0,0
Material para plantas	Robinia pseudoacacia	pieces	1825,0	1,0	1825,0	0,0
Material para plantas	Pinus eldarica	pieces	117,0	5,0	585,0	0,0
Material para plantas	Ulmus minor	pieces	1355,0	2,0	2710,0	0,0
Material para plantas	Amygdalus communis	pieces	1238,0	1,0	1238,0	0,0
Material para plantas	Elaeagnus angustifolia	pieces	1237,0	0,75	927,75	0,0
Otros	Transportation of workers and materials by lorry	transfers	50,0	60,0	3000,0	0,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					43395,75
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología en USD					16072,5

Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

GEF-Funds have been used to finance all of the activities

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Watering the seedlings	Every 2-3 weeks during dry period in July-September
2.	Preparing fire-break around windbreak	August, after harvesting the crops
3.	Weed cutting between seedlings	1-2 times between June and August
4.	Replacing dead trees by new seedlings (if needed)	October/November

Comentarios:

Here the maintenance is applied in the second year. Irrigation and weed cutting of the first year are already integrated in the establishment costs.

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Weed cutting 2 times on 3 ha	person days	110,0	37,0	4070,0	0,0
Mano de obra	Irrigation 4*7.300 seedlings	person days	73,0	75,0	5475,0	0,0
Mano de obra	Protect firebreak around windbreak	person days	4,0	100,0	400,0	0,0
Equipo	Water (10l/seedling*4)	m³	300,0	3,0	900,0	0,0
Equipo	Transport of water (water truck)	application	4,0	1300,0	5200,0	0,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					16045,0
Costos totales para mantener la Tecnología en USD					5942,59

Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

The full costs were covered by the project

Comentarios:

The maintenance costs are calculated for the second year

4.7 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

How often weeds need to be cut, survival rate of trees

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Indique si la Tecnología se aplica específicamente en:

• no relevante

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

The soils are clay rich Chernosems and Kastanosems.

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

¿La salinidad del agua es un problema?

No

¿Se está llevando a cabo la inundación del área? :

No

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

There is no local access to water. The water for irrigation had to be moved from the village 15 km away.

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

The windbreaks add important habitat diversity to the landscape. They act as corridors, breeding and feeding habitat especially for small mammals and birds.

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• estado
• individual, con título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• arrendamiento
• individual

¿Los derechos del uso de la tierra se basan en un sistema legal tradicional?

Sí

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	Incremento o reducción	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	bien
lluvia anual		disminuyó	moderadamente

Comentarios:

Only drought resistant tree species have been selected. But during the first years after planting the root system is not well developed and irrigation is recommended.

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

It is a significant investment to establish a windbreak and it takes several years (5-10) before the measure will show effects on the increase of crop fields' productivity. But when established, the windbreak does not need investment for maintenance but can deliver additional benefit (fuel wood).

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• 1-10%

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, por ej. sin recibir nada de incentivos/ materiales:

• 0-10%

6.6 Adaptación

¿La tecnología fue modificada recientemente para adaptarse a las condiciones cambiantes?

Sí

Si fuera así, indique a qué condiciones cambiantes se adaptó:

• cambios climáticos / extremos

Especifique la adaptación de la Tecnología (diseño, material/ especies, etc.):

The selection of tree species and planting technologies was adapted to the rising temperatures. Special protection tubes against winter storms were used.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Increase of yields in the neighbouring fields
Availability of firewood

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Seedlings can be produced locally in tree nurseries using local tree species.
Increase of protection from wind erosion and drought by wind impact.
Increase of habitat diversity

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Fires	protecting the windbreak by ploughing the soil along the line
Lack of maintenance of planted seedlings	cutting the grass and removing it from the field, continue mulching and watering the seedlings over the next few years, replanting the dead seedlings

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
High investment for seedlings, wooden poles and irrigation	It is much cheaper to protect existing windbreaks from burning. Integrating fruit trees and/or vegetables into the windbreak can result in a faster return on investment.

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Applying Landscape and Sustainable Land Management (L-SLM) for mitigating land degradation and contributing to poverty reduction in rural areas - Implementation Evaluation Report June 2018 – Windbreaks.

7.3 Vínculos a la información relevante disponible en línea

Título/ descripción:

Approach for “Rehabilitation of Windbreaks in East Georgia”

URL:

https://biodivers-southcaucasus.org/uploads/files/Approach%20Windbreak%20Rehabilitation%20Georgia.pdf