1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Strengthening of Livelihoods through Climate Change Adaptation in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

GIZ Tajikistan (GIZ Tajikistan) - Tayikistán

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

1.5 Referencia al (los) Cuestionario(s) de Enfoques MST (documentados usando WOCAT)

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

The local species of juniper trees (Juniperus seravschanica, Juniperus turkestanica and Juniperus semiglobosa) are rarely rejuvenating under conditions of intensive grazing and are difficult to propagate in nurseries. The technology describes the propagation of these important trees from locally collected seeds and their cultivation.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

The technology is used to produce seedlings of juniper trees in the forestry nursery for further replanting in the natural juniper woodlands of the local forestry enterprise. Juniper woodlands are important ecosystems of the mountains of Central Asia, which are typically used for livestock grazing. The tree cover fulfills important functions for the maintenance of ecosystem services – local microclimate, regulation of water infiltration and surface runoff, biodiversity, esthetic value and recreation, fuelwood etc. The local juniper species rarely rejuvenate naturally. Factors hampering natural rejuvenation include intensive grazing, competition by other plant species and weather conditions. Loss of old juniper trees due to natural losses, damage and cutting combined with lacking rejuvenation causes the degradation and loss of juniper stands. Forestry enterprises in Central Asia often in such situations instead of the difficult to cultivate and slowly growing native juniper often plant non-native arborvitae Thuja spec. These non-native species do not provide the natural ecosystem functions of native juniper and are less adapted to the local site conditions.

The purpose of the described technology is therefore the provision of planting material for the rehabilitation of degraded juniper woodland pastures with native trees.

Forestry workers collect ripe juniper fruits from their natural stands during late fall (November – December). The fruits are than mixed with sand and stored in a cold place until spring, or they are further processed to accelerate germination.

In the first case in spring the fruits are crushed on a clean concrete surface either by trampling with boots or by using a vehicle. Afterwards the crushed fruits are washed and air-dried. With the help of wind and a sieve the dried seeds are cleaned from other parts of the fruits. The seeds are then stored under a 5 cm layer of sand until fall and sown in fall (October-November)

In the second case the fruits are initially for one month stored in a barrel with water. Then the fruits are crushed and cleaned as described above. The cleaned seeding material will be stored in a pit, covered with moist sand mixed with some dung from horses or cattle. After one month the seeds are sown into the nursery.

In the area of the forestry enterprise brown bears feed on juniper fruits. In the bear feces many juniper seeds can be found, sometimes directly germinating. This “natural stratification” is sometimes used by forestry workers if they find substantial amounts of bear feces consisting of juniper fruits.

The seeds are sown directly into the soil in the nursery. Each, germination rate and survival are 90%. After five years the seedlings have grown to a height of about 20-30 cm, their roots reach 20 cm deep into the soil and they are ready for replanting.

The seedlings are carefully dug out, deep enough not to damage the root system and together with the earth covering the roots. They are wrapped in plastic bags for keeping the earth cover of the roots during transportation. During the planting the seedlings are put into the tree pits together with the soil from the nursery still covering the root system. The planted seedlings are watered.

After planting the seedlings are five years cared for, including weeding and if necessary watering either from a canal, if available, or with barrels.

The use of containers for seeding and replanting has not yet been tried. It may protect the root system during replanting and reduce the amount of soil to be used for this purpose. On the other hand the technology without containers is not dependent on their availability, no garbage in form of plastic containers is left in the tree pits and the larger amount of soil from the nursery may ease establishment of the seedlings at the woodland rehabilitation site.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• 10-50 años atrás

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante la innovación de usuarios de tierras

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

The technology is implemented by Shahriston Forestry Enterprises since several decades.

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo
• conservar el ecosistema
• preservar/ mejorar biodiversidad
• adaptarse al cambio climático/ extremos climáticos y sus impactos
• crear impacto social benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Mezcla de tipos de uso de tierras dentro de la misma unidad de tierras: :

Sí

Especifique el uso combinado de tierras (cultivos/ pastoreo/ árboles):

• Silvo-pastoralismo

3.3 ¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

• No (Continúe con la pregunta 3.4)

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• manejo de bosques naturales y seminaturales:
• pastoralismo y manejo de tierras de pastoreo

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• prevenir la degradación del suelo
• reducir la degradación del suelo

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Momento (estación)
1.	Collection of fruits from natural juniper stands	November-December
2.	Stratification, cleaning of seeds	Winter - spring
3.	Seeding	Winter or October-November
4.	Replanting	Fall, five years after seeding
5.	Watering, weeding	Each summer, up to five years

Comentarios:

Watering not always needed and/or possible. Often only once watered during first summer after replanting.

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

Comentarios:

The technology is implemented in the frame of the regular activities of the state forestry enterprise. No calculation of costs was available during the time of the documentation.

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

Comentarios:

All maintenance activities (weeding, watering) are above indicated as establishment activities. After the planted juniper are established no further maintenance is required.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Indique si la Tecnología se aplica específicamente en:

• no relevante

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Nursery at terrace of valley, woodlands at mountain slopes of varying steepness and altitudinal zones.

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil at nursery site may differ from conditions at the actual woodlands. Soil conditions in juniper woodlands can be very diverse.

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

¿La salinidad del agua es un problema?

No

¿Se está llevando a cabo la inundación del área? :

No

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

Juniper typically grows in areas without ground water influence, but locally and where deforestation has not impacted the stands too much, juniper can also grow in riparian areas outside of the immediate influence of the river and subsoil water.

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

Biodiversity in juniper woodlands varies depending on the specific type of vegetation and use intensity.

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

The land-user applying the technology is the state forestry enterprise.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• estado

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• arrendamiento

¿Los derechos del uso de la tierra se basan en un sistema legal tradicional?

No

Comentarios:

The forestry enterprise issues permits for seasonal use of juniper woodlands for livestock grazing by associations or individual livestock herders.

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

Comentarios:

Not relevant for this technology.

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

Especifique la evaluación de los impactos en el sitio (mediciones):

There are no scientific assessments of on-site impacts available. The assesment here represents a rough guess of impact of juniper woodland rehabilitation in moderately degraded pasture areas.

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

Especifique la evaluación de los impactos fuera del emplazamiento (medidas):

There are no scientific assessments of on-site impacts available. The assesment here represents a rough guess of impact of juniper woodland rehabilitation in moderately degraded pasture areas.

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	Incremento o reducción	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	moderadamente
temperatura estacional	estación seca	incrementó	moderadamente
lluvia anual		disminuyó	moderadamente
lluvia estacional	estación húmeda/ de lluvias	disminuyó	moderadamente
lluvia estacional	estación seca	disminuyó	moderadamente

Comentarios:

Juniper trees grow at sites with a broad range of climate conditions, some of them rather extreme. They can therefore expected to cope with increasing aridity and short-term extremes at their natural stands. In the nursery drought can be compensated by watering, although intensive watering may hamper adaptability and survival of replanted saplings.

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

Rehabilitation of juniper woodlands provides only long-term economic benefits. Costs of cultivation in nurseries are partly compensated by combined growing of decorative coniferous treees (thuja, spruce) for commercial sale.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• casos individuales / experimentales

6.6 Adaptación

¿La tecnología fue modificada recientemente para adaptarse a las condiciones cambiantes?

No

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
The technology is well established for the propagation of native juniper saplings and for the rehabilitation of juniper woodlands.
The technology has the advantage of allowing for the establishment/rehabilitation of tree stands with native species, which are adapted to local site conditions and are an integral component of the ecosystem.
The area of juniper woodlands in various stages of degradation in the country makes up many ten thousands of hectares. While resources (labour, nursery capacity) are prohibitive for replanting juniper in all areas, the technology allows for rehabilitation of key areas, identified by need and/or rehabilitation potential. In particular other forestry enterprises in the country with juniper woodlands could potentially adopt the technology.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Same as land user's view.
Same as land user's view.
Same as land user's view.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Substantial amount of work required.	Nothing suggested.
Juniper grows slower than other species.	Nothing suggested.
None mentioned

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Same as land user's view.	Consider facilitation of natural rejuvenation through grazing management (temporary exclusion of sites or reduction of grazing intensity or adaptation of herd compostion - no goats).
Same as land user's view.	Natutral feature of the native juniper tree species, which cannot be changed, but needs to be taken into consideration during production of planting material and in the management of the woodlands.
Over grazing may hamper success of woodland recovery.	Support establishment of replanted saplings through grazing management (temporary exclusion of sites or reduction of grazing intensity or adaptation of herd compostion - no goats).

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.4 Comentarios generales

The documentation of the technology is based on the site visit at the nursery and one single interview with the forest protection engineer of Shahriston Forestry Enterprise. It was not possible to observe the entire process of propagation, cultivation and replanting of juniper and to verify the recieved information. The compiler took into consideration additionally his ecological knowledge and expertise. Given the importance of juniper woodlands as ecosystems in Central Asia, their large-scale degradation, the difficulties of their rehabilitation and the prevalence of non-native species in reforestation projects this technology deserves documentation and further consideration.