1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Decision Support for Mainstreaming and Scaling out Sustainable Land Management (GEF-FAO / DS-SLM)

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Land Development Department (Land Development Department) - Tailandia

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

Comentarios:

Through this technology, farmers can pump water from shallow wells for agriculture throughout the year: it can lower the groundwater table and reduce salinity. This technology has resulted in reduction salinity in surrounding low land areas. Hence, shallow wells have been accepted by land users.

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Pumping groundwater from shallow wells for agriculture can control the groundwater table in recharge areas. It helps to manage saline aquifers and reduce soil salinity. Such shallow wells range from 25 to 30 meters deep. This technology is very well-accepted by the land users.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

The shallow well is a structure created in the ground by digging or drilling to access water resources. This example of shallow wells is their use in recharge areas to lower groundwater tables. The technology is a subproject of a larger LDD initiative. The technology has been promoted by the Land Development Department at Bua Yai district Nakhon Ratchasima province since 2014. The objectives of the main project are (1) to provide water resources in recharge areas for agriculture: (2) to reduce the amount of saline groundwater and (3) to set up positive economic impact measures.
The process of technology establishment comprises 1) a recharge area survey in salt-affected areas, 2) drilling shallow wells to 25-30 meters depth, 3) installing 5.5 hp gasoline pumps and testing water quality, 4) pumping groundwater and distributing it to the cultivated areas.
Shallow well technology has been implemented on the fields of Mr. Boonchu Supho, Ban Nong Mek, Moo 9, T.Dan Chang, A. Buayai, Nakhon Ratchasima Province. Mr. Boonchu Supho has 21 rai (approx. 3.4 hectares), undulating area with a 2-5% slope, situated at approx. 200 meters above sea level, with a tropical climate, and soil which is classified as being in the series of Kula Ronghai (Ki). This area is upland, and located in the recharge area. Mr. Boonchu Supho has 13 rai (approx. 2 hectares) of lowland rice fields and one shallow well.
In the past, water scarcity was the main issue with his land. Droughts resulted in water scarcity and low productivity. After excavating a shallow well in 2014, groundwater was used for 19 rai of cultivation. Due to soil salinity reduction, rice yields increased to 590 kg/rai (approx. 3700 kg/ha: an increase of approx. 47.4%). Sugar cane yield increased to 30 ton/rai. Moreover, land users can use land more efficiently with mixed plantations of banana, pineapples, sweet bamboo, chilies, galangal and lemongrass to generate income. Even with a drought in 2018, his land had enough water for cultivation, while rice fields in the surrounding area faced water scarcity problem.
In conclusion, the benefits of the shallow well are 1) lowering the groundwater table and reducing salinity, 2) enhancing rice and sugar cane yields, 3) ability to cultivate throughout the year and 4) better soil properties and a better environment. However, the disadvantage of the shallow well is that farmers have to pay for electricity (around 1,200 THB/ 9 months or 10,800 THB/year).

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.4 Videos de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Indique año de implementación:

2014

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

The Land Development Department and local authorities created a demonstration plot to solve the saline soil problem under the LDD project (on preventing soil salinity and to lower the groundwater table in the recharge area) in Bua Yai district. Nakhon Ratchasima Province, since 2014

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción
• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo
• crear impacto económico benéfico

• prevents soil salinity and to lower the groundwater table on recharge area

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Mezcla de tipos de uso de tierras dentro de la misma unidad de tierras: :

No

Comentarios:

An excavating shallow well on recharge area was to lower groundwater table and prevent soil salinity in recharge area. Groundwater was used for rice, sugar cane, banana, pineapple and vegetable growing. This technology has increased productivity up to 47.4% in rice: sugar cane has more than doubled its yields.

3.3 ¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

• Sí (Por favor responda las preguntas de abajo referidas al uso de la tierra antes de implementar la Tecnología)

Mezcla de tipos de uso de tierras dentro de la misma unidad de tierras: :

No

Comentarios:

An excavated shallow well in the recharge area was to lower groundwater table and prevents soil salinity in the recharge area. Groundwater was used for rice, sugar cane, banana, pineapple, and vegetable growing. This technology has increased productivity up to 47.4% in rice: sugar cane has more than doubled its yields.

3.4 Provisión de agua

otra (ej. post-inundación):

• shallow well

Comentarios:

Land users know how drought or rain can delay affect productivity. Hence, land users have decided to engage in this project

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• sistemas de rotación (rotación de cosecha, cosecha rotatoria con descanso, agricultura migratoria)
• manejo de agua subterránea

• desalination

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Groundwater from the shallow well was used for 19 rai of plantation area. The result shows that this technology can increase soil moisture; make a better environment, crop residue from post-harvest can enhance soil organic matter and soil fertility

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

There is not much organic fertilizing in 19 rai of land. Most organic fertilizer has been used in vegetable growing while other plantations are usually chemical fertilizing. Hence, increasing crop production needs more chemical fertilizing.

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo
• adaptarse a la degradación del suelo

Comentarios:

The land user has used shallow well technology during drought and rain delay situation since 2014-2018. They found that using shallow wells can reduce groundwater table which might dissolve saline aquifer and spread salinity. Hence, shallow well technology can reduce salinity in lower lying land. With less salt in the topsoil, rice yield has increased to 5-10%

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:

• por área de Tecnología

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

THB

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Momento (estación)
1.	To drilling shallow well with 25-30 meters depth	January 2014
2.	Sugar fields	May 2014, 2016, 2018
3.	Pineapple fields	May 2018
4.	Banana fields	May 2014
5.	Reed fields	May 2015
6.	Sweet bamboo fields	May 2015
7.	Chillies, galangal and lemon grass fields	May 2014-2018
8.	Rice fields	June 2014-2018

Comentarios:

No irrigation water therefore planting time depends directly upon the period of the early rainy season, which will be May to July

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Costs of labor for sugarcane cultivation	puddle	1,0	2500,0	2500,0
Mano de obra	Costs of labor for rice cultivation.	rai	13,0	1150,0	14950,0
Mano de obra	Costs of labor for sugar cane cultivation.	rai	1,5	1200,0	1800,0
Mano de obra	Costs of labor for pineapple cultivation.	rai	1,0	1200,0	1200,0
Equipo	Costs of labor for Banana cultivation	rai	1,0	600,0	600,0
Equipo	Costs of labor for Papyrus cultivation.	rai	0,5	900,0	450,0
Equipo	Costs of labor for Sweet bamboo cultivation.	rai	1,0	600,0	600,0
Equipo	Costs of labor for Chilli, galangal, lemon grass cultivation	rai	1,0	900,0	900,0
Equipo	Cost of shallow water well drilling equipment	puddle	1,0	100000,0	100000,0
Material para plantas	Bud seedling sugarcane	seedling	2250,0	0,9	2025,0
Material para plantas	Bud seedling Pineapple	seedling	2500,0	2,0	5000,0
Material para plantas	Bud seedling Banana	seedling	100,0	10,0	1000,0
Material para plantas	Bud seedling Papyrus	seedling	3000,0	0,2	600,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Bud seedling sweet bamboo	seedling	25,0	80,0	2000,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Bud seedling Chilli, galangal, lemon grass	seedling	2000,0	1,0	2000,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Seedling rice KDML105	seedling	65,0	25,0	1625,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Chemical fertilizer 15-15-15	kg	300,0	13,0	3900,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Chicken manure	kg	2000,0	2,0	4000,0
Otros	Electricity charge	hr	240,0	5,0	1200,0
Otros	Machinery	rai	19,0	500,0	9500,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					155850,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología en USD					155850,0

Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

The Land Development Department supports expenses for drilling shallow wells approximately 100,000 THB. The land users are involved in the maintenance of shallow wells at the 2nd year about 2,000 THB and pay for cost of maintenance and electricity bills about 1,200 baht per month for 9 months. Moreover, land users have to paid for farm pond construction under farm pond project of LDD about 2,500 THB.

Comentarios:

Nong Mek Village, Moo 9, Dan Chang Subdistrict, Bua Yai District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province located on the recharge area which has totally 1,000 rai. Recharge area is a type of upland where use for cassava and sugar cane planting. Most land users have not much knowledge and motivation on shallow well drilling. Hence, Land Development Department comes to train, solution on salt-affected soil with the project on prevents soil salinity, and to lower the groundwater table on recharge area since 2014. The shallow well technology has been implemented through the demonstration plot, which is the first learning center of salt-affected soil management on the recharge area

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Maintenance	1 Times/year
2.	Electricity charge	1 Times/month

Comentarios:

Shallow well which supported by LDD is a type of 5.5 hp gasoline pump then, land users try to use the electric water pump instead. The use of electrical water pump can increases yield productivity and enhance land users’ income. This is resulting in a better life.

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Equipo	electricity charge,5 baht per unit 8 hours per day, 360 days / year	time	2880,0	5,0	14400,0
Equipo	Machinery	time	1,0	2000,0	2000,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					16400,0
Costos totales para mantener la Tecnología en USD					16400,0

Comentarios:

Land users do maintenance this technology by themselves, without hiring labor. There has only cost of modifying.

4.7 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Cost of shallow wells implementation at the 1st year consists of 100,000 THB of labor hiring, equipment, and installation. Besides, land users have to pay 2,500 THB for farm pond construction

The expenditure at the 1st year in 2014, pumping groundwater needs to use electricity 8 hours/ 270 day. The amount of water pumping has distributed to 13 rai of rice fields, 1.5 rai of sugar cane fields, 1 rai of chilies, galangal and lemongrass fields. The expenditure at the 1st year with 19 rai is 42,050 THB combine with electricity charge 10,800 THB. Thus, the grand total of expenditure is 52,850 THB.
The income from crop production at 1st year, land users sold rice yield and got 109,200 THB (the average amount of yield is 560 kg/rai, totally gain yield is 7,280 kg, price of rice yield is 15 THB/kg). Land users got 40,500 THB from sugar cane production (the average amount of yield is 30 ton/rai, totally gain yield is 45 ton, price of sugar cane yield is 900 THB/ton). Moreover, land users also got 2,000 THB/month or 24,000 THB/year from chilies, galangal, and lemongrass production. Thus, the grand total of income is 173,700 THB and net income is 120,850 THB
Cost and income at 2nd year in 2015 are described as following;
The expenditure at 2nd year in 2015, pumping groundwater needs to use electricity 8 hours/ 270 day. The amount of water pumping has distributed to 13 rai of rice fields, 1.5 rai of sugar cane fields, 1 rai of sweet bamboo, 1 rai of chilies, galangal and lemongrass fields and 0.5 rai of reed fields. The expenditure at the 2nd year is 40,475 THB combine with electricity charge 10,800 THB and 2,000 THB of water pump modifying fee Thus, the grand total of expenditure is 51,275 THB.
The income from crop production at the 2nd year, land users sold rice yield and got 109,200 THB (the average amount of yield is 560 kg/rai, totally gain yield is 7,280 kg, price of rice yield is 15 THB/kg). Land users got 40,500 THB from sugar cane production (the average amount of yield is 30 ton/rai, totally gain yield is 45 ton, price of sugar cane yield is 900 THB/ton). Moreover, land users also got 3,500 THB/month or 42,000 THB/year from reed, sweet bamboo, chilies, galanga, and lemongrass production. Thus, the grand total of income is 191,700 THB and net income is 140,425 THB

The expenditure at the 3rd year in 2016, pumping groundwater needs to use electricity 8 hours/ 270 day. The amount of water pumping has distributed to 13 rai of rice fields, 1.5 rai of sugar cane fields, 1 rai of sweet bamboo, 1 rai of chilies, galangal and lemongrass fields and 1 rai of reed fields and 0.5 rai of reed. The expenditure at the 3rd year is 40,800 THB combine with electricity charge 10,800 THB and 2,000 THB of water pump modifying fee Thus, the grand total of expenditure is 51,600 THB.
The income from crop production at 3rd year, land users sold rice yield and got 109,200 THB (the average amount of yield is 560 kg/rai, totally gain yield is 7,280 kg, price of rice yield is 15 THB/kg). Land users got 40,500 THB from sugar cane production (the average amount of yield is 30 ton/rai, totally gain yield is 45 ton, price of sugar cane yield is 900 THB/ton). Moreover, land users also got 3,500 THB/month or 42,000 THB/year from reed, sweet bamboo, chilies, galangal, and lemongrass production. Thus, the grand total of income is 191,700 THB and net income is 140,100 THB

The expenditure at the 4th year in 2017, pumping groundwater needs to use electricity 8 hours/ 270 day. The amount of water pumping has distributed to 13 rai of rice fields, 1.5 rai of sugar cane fields, 1 rai of sweet bamboo, 1 rai of chilies, galangal and lemongrass fields and 1 rai of reed fields and 0.5 rai of reed. The expenditure at the 4th year is 37,125 THB combine with electricity charge 10,800 THB and 2,000 THB of water pump modifying fee Thus, the grand total of expenditure is 47,925 THB.
The income from crop production at 4th year, land users sold rice yield and got 109,200 THB (the average amount of yield is 560 kg/rai, totally gain yield is 7,280 kg, price of rice yield is 15 THB/kg). Land users got 40,500 THB from sugar cane production (the average amount of yield is 30 ton/rai, totally gain yield is 45 ton, price of sugar cane yield is 900 THB/ton). Moreover, land users also got 3,500 THB/month or 42,000 THB/year from reed, sweet bamboo, chilies, galangal, and lemongrass production. Thus, the grand total of income is 191,700 THB and net income is 143,775 THB

The expenditure at the 5th year in 2018, pumping groundwater needs to use electricity 8 hours/ 270 day. The amount of water pumping has distributed to 13 rai of rice fields, 1.5 rai of sugar cane fields, 1 rai of sweet bamboo, 1 rai of banana, 1 rai of chilies, galangal and lemongrass fields,1 rai of reed

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Indique si la Tecnología se aplica específicamente en:

• no relevante

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Geography The Bua Yai district is located in the north of Nakhon Ratchasima. On the Korat Plateau

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

The surface soil is sandy loam. The bottom soil is sandy loam soil. The pH is between 7.5 - 8.5. Salinity is at a salty level. Have salt stains on the surface throughout the year and have very low P and K.

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

¿La salinidad del agua es un problema?

Sí

Especifique:

Slightly saline

¿Se está llevando a cabo la inundación del área? :

No

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

saline groundwater

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

Before drilling shallow wells there were very few animals living in this area. After 1 year of shallow well being implemented, there is an increase in food and plant sources, the habitat of living things. To implement the technology resulting in more organisms such as fish, birds, rats, earthworms, and insects

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Land users are diligent in their work and patient. They carried out crop rotation throughout the year. The, they get more revenue daily, monthly and yearly.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• individual, con título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• individual

• Rainfed.

¿Los derechos del uso de la tierra se basan en un sistema legal tradicional?

Sí

Comentarios:

Land users can decide to use the land by themselves. They did crop rotation by using water pumped from shallow wells. The Land users could be an example for the other that could be shown by surrounding farmer want to engage in this project.

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Comentarios:

An opinion of the land user, there are many situations such as rain delay during 2014-2016, drought during December – April 201 and flood in rainy season while rain delay in 2018 can lead to water scarcity problem. However, that situation cannot impact farmland with shallow wells.

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

Land users to pay a 2,000 baht machinery as a long-term investment to operate for several years and pay the electric fee for water pumping but land users can have 10,800 THB and the revenue daily, monthly and annually and reduce costs in the household

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• 1-10%

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, por ej. sin recibir nada de incentivos/ materiales:

• 0-10%

Comentarios:

Land user and other farmer have knowledge and understanding on an advantage of shallow well technology implemented. Some of them drill water well by themselves.

6.6 Adaptación

¿La tecnología fue modificada recientemente para adaptarse a las condiciones cambiantes?

Sí

otros (especifique):

changing practice

Especifique la adaptación de la Tecnología (diseño, material/ especies, etc.):

Land users have modified water pump machine by use electric pump instead of a gasoline pump

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Reduce soil salinity
Save money by bringing rice and vegetables grown into household food.
Increase sales revenue, rice, sugarcane, pineapple, Papyrus, banana, lemongrass, galangal, chili, and sweet bamboo.
Save money by bringing rice and vegetables grown into household food.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Pumping water from shallow wells for agricultural use, can reduce groundwater table and prevent salinity that is a great measure on land degradation mitigation
The land user can have food from plant production from their farms. The land user can reduce household expenses. Left to sell, resulting in a daily, monthly and annual income and make a better life.
Biodiversity enhancement, there are many plants and living things such as earthworms, birds, fish, frogs, and insects. This is resulting in a balanced ecosystem.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
After one year of shallow wells implemented, land users must take care and maintain shallow wells as usual.	Make an agreement on taking care of shallow wells after implemented.
	To inform LDD when something is wrong

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Other land users who are not participating. will not get knowledge about the use of shallow well to reduce the level of underground water.	LDD staff / Land users participating in the project to advise or educate other farmers on how to join the project.

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Evaluate the project using water from shallow wells to prevent. Distribution of saline soil as farmers participate in Bua Yai District,Nakhon Ratchasima Province (Kamolthip Sasithorn: 2017

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://www.ldd.go.th

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Study of groundwater level changes to rice production in an integrated saline soil development project area, Bua Yai District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province (Bowon Buakhao: 2017)

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://www.ldd.go.th

7.3 Vínculos a la información relevante disponible en línea

Título/ descripción:

where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide

URL:

https://www.wocat.net/library/media/27/

7.4 Comentarios generales

Some part of the questionnaire is very complex such as the cost of input