1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

NCCR North-South (NCCR North-South) - Kirguistán

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

CARITAS (Switzerland) - Suiza

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Orchard based agroforestry established on the hill slopes of Muminabad

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Between 1993 and 94 an individual farmer initiated an orchard by planting a mix of fruit trees, such as apricots, walnuts, cherries, almonds and mostly apple trees in the rainfed hill zones of Muminabad District.
In the first couple of years 416 newly planted seedlings were watered manually: water was brought by trucks near to the plot and distributed to the seedlings with buckets. The orchard was established on the existing grazing land and therefore the seedlings had to be secured with a fence from livestock grazing nearby. First hard wire was used for fencing. Simultaneously, hawthorns (Dulona in Tajik) were planted along the fence in order to provide even stronger protection and establish a live fence for the future. Now, the fruit trees are fully-grown and fruits can be harvested every year. The farmer prunes trees annually, which is the key for fruit production. The farmer pointed out that in rainfed areas soils contain less nutrients and usually big trees do not produce high yield. Furthermore, pruned tree branches are used as firewood. The farmer also applies the pesticides B52 and B58, three times a year in the months of April, May and June. The total area of the plot is 1.03 hectares, whereof 0.60 hectares are orchard; Esparcet is covering roughly 0.30 hectares, 0.07 hectare is for haymaking and the rest of the 0.06 hectares is used for growing chickpea and wheat. There is also a road for machinery to pass and to turn around when plowing the land.

Purpose of the Technology: Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union, the government officials distributed land to the villagers. The farmer always had a big interest to establish a small orchard and he obtained little more than a hectare of land. It is his project for retirement. He and his family worked hard throughout the establishment phase. They experimented by planting a variety of vegetables including melons and watermelons. The wild animals ate many of the vegetables and melons, what resulted in the farmer's idea of intercropping Esparcet.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: According to the farmer, the first two years were very labor intensive and crucial to establish the orchard. He also had to face a challenge posed by the community, as overnight people from the nearby villages stole roughly 100 of his newly planted seedlings. This is one of the reasons why the farmer had to plant hawthorn in order to establish a live fence. In summary: The establishment phase included planting of young seedlings; manually watering for the first two years; plowing in between the tree rows by machinery; building a fence around the plot and planting/sowing hawthorns. Maintenance activities consist of the following activities: planting new seedlings; pruning of existing trees; grafting new sorts of trees, plowing by tractor in between the tree rows annually; chickpea and wheat cultivation; application of chemical pesticides three times a year. For cutting wheat, the farmer gets support from his son and friends. Every day, he goes to his orchard, which is located at a distance of more than 1.5km from his house. When this technology was documented he was about to build a small clay hut in his orchard.
It should be noted that the terrace structure was not implemented at once, but over the years tilling in between the tree rows along the contour lines formed terrace shaped rows.
The structure of terraces has been built over the years by tilling in between tree rows along the contour lines.

Natural / human environment: Muminabad is situated in the southwest of Tajikistan (Khatlon Province) and its hills are covered by loessial soil. Winter temperatures are low and the amount of precipitation is high. Summers are very hot and dry. The growing season lasts from March/ April to September/ October.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• 10-50 años atrás

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante la innovación de usuarios de tierras

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Mezcla de tipos de uso de tierras dentro de la misma unidad de tierras: :

Sí

Especifique el uso combinado de tierras (cultivos/ pastoreo/ árboles):

• Agroforestería

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion by water, heavy rainfalls, absence of vegetative cover on the hill slopes.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Soil erosion by water, extensive grazing, gully erosion.

3.4 Provisión de agua

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• mixta de secano – irrigada

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Extensive grazing led to a reduction of soil cover, which is the major source of erosion), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Removal of trees left the soil unprotected against precipitation and extreme weather events), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Trees were cut as firewood for fuel consumption), overgrazing, land tenure (Land abandonment after Soviet collapse), governance / institutional (Lacking istitutional support)

Secondary causes of degradation: Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (More extreme rainfall events), floods (As a result of extreme events there are more floods in the region)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• prevenir la degradación del suelo
• reducir la degradación del suelo

Comentarios:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

Somoni

Si fuera relevante, indique la tasa de cambio de dólares americanos a la moneda local (ej. 1 U$ = 79.9 Reales Brasileros): 1 U$ =:

4,83

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Momento (estación)
1.	Digging a deep barrier for protection around the plot with a bulldozer, 1 day	once (1993)
2.	Plowing in between the rows by tractor, labor, petrol and rent for one day	once (1993)
3.	Planting fruit trees, 3 days by 3 persons (3-5 Somoni per seedling, 3 Som/ seedling planting)	once (1993)
4.	Watering young seedlings for the first couple of years by truck (60 TJS per truck)	one day a week/ 50 times a year
5.	Construction of fence with hard wire and haw thorn (approx. 320m)	once
6.	Buying and replanting of 100 stolen fruit seedlings	once

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Labour	ha	1,0	4629,333	4629,33	100,0
Equipo	Machine use	ha	1,0	227,833	227,83	100,0
Equipo	Petrol	l	20,0	1,14	22,8	100,0
Material para plantas	Seedlings	Pieces	516,0	0,621	320,44	100,0
Material de construcción	Hard wire and pillars	m	320,0	1,4556	465,79	100,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					5666,19
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología en USD					1173,12

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Tractor ploughing, labor, petrol and rent, 1-2 hours, 2 persons	spring, once a year
2.	Soil loosening around trees, 5-6 days, 3-4 persons	spring, once a year
3.	Pruning of the approx. 400 fruit trees (3 TJS per tree)	every year
4.	Bringing water from village and watering (40 liters a day,20l on each donkey, 3 h for walking and watering)	every day
5.	Applying pesticides, 1 person, 7 days (5 hours per day)	Three times a year: April, May, June
6.	Sowing wheat and chickpea (1 person, 2 hours)	spring, once a year
7.	Cutting wheat and chickpea (2 persons, 4 hours)	autumn, once
8.	Harvesting fruit trees (3.6 TJS per fruit tree)	autumn, once a year

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Labour	ha	1,0	4493,5	4493,5	100,0
Equipo	Machine use	ha	1,0	10,3	10,3	100,0
Equipo	Petrol	l	20,0	1,14	22,8	100,0
Material para plantas	Pesticides	kg	0,25	186,0	46,5	100,0
Material para plantas	Seeds	pc	1,0	3,7	3,7	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					4576,8
Costos totales para mantener la Tecnología en USD					947,58

4.7 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

The technology was established during the Soviet Union and most of the expenses were calculated on the price basis of that time. If technology is priced by current prices, the total sum would be very high and no farmer would be able to afford. Thus, current prices were not identified. Nowadays, machinery cost, buying hard wire for fencing and buying seedlings would be the most costly factors.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

5.3 Suelos

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

5.5 Biodiversidad

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

40% of the land users are average wealthy.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• estado

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• arrendamiento

Comentarios:

Land ownership is based on the land user certificate conferred by the government.

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	Incremento o reducción	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	no muy bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	bien
tormenta de viento	bien

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	no muy bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río)	no muy bien

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

After 6 years income is very comparable to the establishment cost

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

Comentarios:

98% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

2% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

5 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Cost of the technology is very expensive, which discourages farmers to implement orchards based agroforestry.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Grafting trees especially apple and pear trees on native hawthorns is an affordable and sustainable way of creating orchards in semi-arid areas with rainfed agriculture. Hawthorn is a plant adjusted to dry areas with strong and deep roots, which endures the hot summer months. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Tree nursery workshops and educational programmes about local species through seed associations
Intercropping wheat, chickpea, flax and Esparcet in between the tree rows gives an extra economic incentive and also improves land productivity. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Knowledge raising, inspection of those good practices by other farmers
Haymaking with natural grass and Esparcet provide the farmer with an opportunity to produce hay for the winter months for his livestock, so that he does not need to purchase it from the market at high costs.
The farmer practices pruning on a regular basis to keep the trees in good shape for better fruit production, but also to have sufficient fire wood for the winter months.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Compared to other plots with orchards there is almost no soil erosion which is mainly due to good land management practices, e.g. the slow building up of terraces. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Sustain the practice of contour ploughing

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
It is expensive to establish such orchards nowadays, because of the high cost for purchasing seedlings and hiring other machinery.	See comment below
Growing new seedlings and grafting trees is a cheaper way of establishing a new orchard, but it is not commonly practiced among the farmers in the region.	There should be a tree nursery workshop in order to raise awareness among the young generation of farmers.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Since the orchard is located in a rainfed area, hot summer months make the technology vulnerable to drought. To some extent the technology is tolerant to dryer summers, but maybe not for prolonged droughts (e.g. two successive drought).	The farmer has suggested that grafting fruit trees on native hawthorn (dulona) trees has potential for farmers when establishing orchards in rainfed areas. In extreme events (extremely dry years), the farmer brings water for supplementary irrigation from his house by donkey.

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información