1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

The Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project for the Kagera River Basin (GEF-FAO / Kagera TAMP )

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Missenyi District Council (Missenyi District Council) - Tanzania, República Unida de

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Bukoba district council (Bukoba district council) - Tanzania, República Unida de

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Kyerwa District Council - Tanzania, República Unida de

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Restoring banana production through temporal crop substitution and the use of SLM and recommended husbandry practices in controlling the deadly BXW disease.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

This conservation measure is used in BXW epidemically affected areas. Land users in affected areas are trained on the principle behind the diseases and means and ways to overcome it. Banana plants in seriously affected farms are uprooted and destroyed and non disease host crops usually maize and common beans are grown for starvation and destruction of BXW pathogen. The land is not used for banana production for a period of 6 months and instead substitute crops ensures food and income security to land users. Leguminous cover crops (beans) and crop residual management skills applied on the farm revitalize the soil health in terms of biomass, moisture and nutrient recycling. After 6 months, banana production is resumed where production is based on recommended husbandry practices combined with SLM conservation measures. The use of certified banana cultivars, optimal plant geometry and disease control cultural practices are some of the basic recommendation. Certified banana cultivars are planted at a space of 3m x 3m. The size of a hole used to plant banana is 0.9x0.9 m wide and 0.6 deep. During digging top soil is separated from subsoil. 2 -3 tins of manure are mixed with the top soil and the mixture is put in the bottom of the hole. The holes are left for microbial decay to take place and banana planting is done after 1 or 2 months. The tied Fanya chini water retention ditches are water harvesting and conserving structures constructed by digging trenches along the contour where dug soil is thrown to the lower side to form an embankment that prevents soil from falling back in. A-FRAME method is used to mark a contour line and on the other hand ARM OUTSTRETCHED LEVEL method determines how far apart the Fanya chini retention ditch should be. Unlike other retention ditches, the dug ditches are not continuous but instead are tied at regular interval with small cross–ties of 0.4-0.6m length. Ties intercept the ditch at right angle to form a series of narrow rectangular segments of infiltration ditches each of 5 meters long, 0.6m wide and 0.6m deep arranged in series within a contour line. Ties helps to prevent irregular flow of runoff and to ensure an evenly distribution of captured water. Fanya chini embankments are stabilized by planting crops on them the common crops are pigeon pea (space used between plant is stand is 1m x 1m), lemon grass (30cm x 30cm) or pineapples (60cm x 60cm). Mulching is done using grasses. The dominant grass species used is Hyperrenia rufa where a mulching depth of 15 cm is used.

Purpose of the Technology: PURPOSE: Improved food and fodder productivity, soil moisture and water holding capacity, nutrient recycling, and organic matter content, biomass cycle, crop tolerance to drought, income and food security, poverty reduction and health. Prevent unproductive evaporation of green water, combating soil erosion by water runoff and biological degradation due the deadly BXW disease.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: ESTABLISHMENT: procurement and mobilization of working tools, uprooting and destruction of infected plants in affected fields, land tilling and harrowing, planting of alternative crops or creation of a productive disease free buffer zone, temporal harvesting of maize and beans, land preparation/ demarcation and spacing of holes for resumed banana planting, digging holes, manure application before planting, banana planting, demarcation of contour line for construction of Fanyachini contours with ties, digging and construction of Fanya chini contours with ties, vegetative stabilization of Fanya chini bunds (using lemon grass, pineapples or pigeon pea), random planting of castor oil plants for future anchoring support of plants with heavy bunches and mulching application. MAINTENANCE: hand weeding to control noxious weeds combined with other pest and disease control (control of nematodes and weevils), de-suckering to leave the mother plant and two baby plants, de-trashing or trimming of unproductive leaves, regular removal/de-bud of inflorescence (male bud) using a forked wooden pole once the bunch is completed to prevent BXW transition through insect vector , recurrent manure application, removal of sediments and maintenance of Fanyachini bunds, harvest of bananas, maize, pineapples and pigeon pea. INPUTS USED: largely includes labour (strenuously varying from light, medium and heavy), tools (hand hoe, forked hole, machetes, sickles, spade, mattock and A-frame), seedlings; improved or certified banana varieties, pineapples suckers, lemon grass and castor oil, seeds (beans, maize and pigeon pea), farm yard manure and mulching materials (preferably Hyperennial spps).

Natural / human environment: NATURAL ENV: The land use type is cropland with annual, perennial and some fruit tree crops. The technology involves a combination of agronomic, vegetative, structural and management conservation measures. Management measure involves all activities related to temporal shift to alternative crops for making the farm disease hot free and for staving and destroying the disease pathogen. Climatic zone is sub-humid with an average of 210 days of growing period (LGP). Average slope category is gentle lying between 2-5%. A soil texture class is sandy loam with medium depth categories. HUMAN ENV: the level of mechanization is hand tools. Production system is mixed (both subsistence and market or commercial oriented). The average costs of inputs required is 3015.68 USD. Land ownership is largely individual not titled and partly communal.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace más de 50 años atrás (tradicional)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

This is one of the technologies tested and demonstrated under the support of the Trans Boundary Agro Ecosystem Management Project. Analysis and documentation of this technology is based on perspectives and experiences of field SLM specialist and FFS group members.

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción
• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo
• crear impacto económico benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Major land problems without land conservation are BXW disease, poor soil fertility, and moisture stress and soil erosion.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): BXW disease.
Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Banana is the major food crop but in the recent years the crop was substituted by maize and beans due the out break of BXW.

3.4 Provisión de agua

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• manejo integrado de pestes y enfermedades (incl. agricultura orgánica)

• crop substitution

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Specification of other vegetative measures: Use of leguminous plants
Specification of other structural measures: Water retension ditches with fanya chini bunds and ties.
Specification of other management measures: Temporal substitution of a dominant crop by non disease host crops for pathogen distruction

Type of agronomic measures: mulching, manure / compost / residues
Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Flat cultivation on slopy land and nutrient mining without replenishment), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Poor practices that encourage spread of BXW.), disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff) (No use of cross slope barriers.), change in temperature (Unproductive loos of green water due direct hit of of the soil by sunshine), change of seasonal rainfall (Due to climatic change and variability), poverty / wealth (Incapacity to invest in capital heavy conservation measures), labour availability (Rural to Urban migration of the enegetic youths), inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …) (High input expenses.), education, access to knowledge and support services (Ignorance of SLM and shortage of field extension workers.), governance / institutional (Low capacity of rural based environmental/land committees)

Secondary causes of degradation: droughts (Due unpredictable climatic change and variability), population pressure (Continuous land fragmentation)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo
• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

Comentarios:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique la moneda usada para calcular costos:

• USD

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Momento (estación)
1.	Procurement and mobilization of working tools
2.	Initial manure application (before banana planting)
3.	Initial banana seedlings (certified varieties)
4.	Initial mulching application
5.	Uprooting and destruction of infected banana plants in affected fields.	Before onstart of rain
6.	Land tilling and harrowing.	Before onstart of rain
7.	Planting of alternative crops (maize and beans) for starving and killing the pathogen.	After the first rains (usually September)
8.	Demarcation of contour line using A-frame for construction of Fanya chini retention ditches with ties.	December
9.	Digging and construction of Fanya chini retention ditches with ties.	December
10.	Planting of lemon grass , pineapples and pigeon peas on bunds.	After constrution of fanya chini retension ditches with ties

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Planting of lemon grass, pineapples and pigeon peas	persons/day	5,0	2,353	11,77	100,0
Mano de obra	Demarcation of contour line	persons/day	7,0	2,26857	15,88	100,0
Mano de obra	Digging and construction of Fanya	persons/day	10,0	2,353	23,53	100,0
Mano de obra	Uprooting and destruction of infected banana plants	persons/day	11,0	2,353	25,88	100,0
Equipo	Procurement and mobilization of working tools	ha	1,0	76,47	76,47	100,0
Material para plantas	Lemon grass and pidgeon seeds	kgs	5,0	2,94	14,7
Material para plantas	Pineapple seedlings	pieces	513,0	0,0588304	30,18
Material para plantas	Initial banana seedlings	pieces	660,0	0,441181818	291,18
Material para plantas	Maize and bean seeds	kgs	81,0	0,947654	76,76	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Initial mulching application	bundles	900,0	0,1764666	158,82
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Initial manure application	tons	28,0	10,084	282,35
Otros	Labour: Land tilling and harrowing	persons/day	11,0	2,353	25,88	100,0
Otros	Planting of alternative crops	persons/day	9,0	2,353	21,18	100,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					1054,58
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología en USD					1054,58

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 9 month(s)

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Land preparation, demarcation and spacing of holes for resumed banana planting and hole digging for planting bananas	Before onstart of rain
2.	Manure application before planting Banana	Before onstart of rain
3.	Banana planting	one to two months after manure application
4.	Recurrent mulching application	once per season
5.	Hand weeding to control noxious weeds, De-suckering, De-trashing and trimming	April and December
6.	Regular removal/de-bud of inflorescence (male bud) using a forked wooden pole once the bunch is completed to prevent BXW transition through insect vector	Routinely as need be
7.	Recurrent manure application	September/October
8.	Banana harvesting	Routinely after mature
9.	Weeding and gap filling of lemon grass, pineapples and pigeon peas.	April
10.	harvesting of lemon grass, pineapples and pigeon peas
11.	Removal of sediments and reshaping/maintenance of Fanya chini retention ditches with ties.	May
12.	Weeding and thinning	(twice) first and second
13.	Harvesting of maize and beans.	January/February

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Land preparation, demarcation and spacing of holes for resumed banana planting	persons/day	35,0	2,353	82,36	100,0
Mano de obra	Manure application before planting Banana	persons/day	33,0	2,353	77,65	100,0
Mano de obra	Banana planting	persons/day	13,0	2,353	30,59	100,0
Mano de obra	Recurrent mulching applicatio	persons/day	6,0	2,205	13,23	100,0
Material para plantas	Mulching material	bundles	900,0	0,176464	158,82	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Compost/manure	tons	16,0	13,235	211,76	100,0
Material de construcción	Labour: Maintenance of Fanya chini	persons/day	3,0	2,353	7,06	100,0
Material de construcción	Labour: Weeding an thinning	persons/day	12,0	2,05916	24,71	100,0
Material de construcción	Labour: Harvesting of maize and beans	persons/day	12,0	2,05915	24,71	100,0
Otros	Labour: Hand weeding to control noxious weeds	persons/day	15,0	2,353	35,3	100,0
Otros	Labour: Regular removal/de-bud of inflorescence	persons/day	15,0	2,353	35,3	100,0
Otros	Labour: Recurrent manure application	persons/day	22,0	2,353	51,77	100,0
Otros	Labour: Banana harvesting	persons/day	16,5	2,353	38,82	100,0
Otros	Labour: Weeding and gap filling of lemon grass, pineapples and pigeon peas	persons/day	7,0	2,353	16,47	100,0
Otros	Labour: Harvesting of lemon grass, pineapples and pigeon peas	persons/day	7,0	2,353	16,47	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					825,02
Costos totales para mantener la Tecnología en USD					825,02

Comentarios:

Machinery/ tools: Hand hoe, forked hole, machetes, sickles, spade and mattocks and forked wooden poles., Hand hoe, forked hole and machetes, hand hoe, forked hole, machetes, spade, mattock and A-frame, hand hoe, forked hole, machetes, sickles, spade and mattock.

The above cost were calculated per unit of one land user's land (1.5 acres) where the technology was applied and estimate also done per hectare.

4.7 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Manure is the most determinant factor

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil texture (topsoil): The average soil texture is sandy loam
Topsoil organic matter: Low use and application of mulching and cover crops
Soil fertility is low due to continue washout of the soil surface with rainfall runoff
Soil drainage / infiltration is medium because slope effect minimize the time required for water to infiltrate into the soil.
Soil water storage capacity is low because of low amount of humus and underused of mulching

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

Only a few perennials and annual crops and minimal fauna diversity due to the washout of organic matter by rainfall runoff

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%
15% of the land users are rich and own 15% of the land.
70% of the land users are average wealthy and own 80% of the land.
15% of the land users are poor and own 5% of the land.
Off-farm income specification: Some of the land users who are using the technology are running petty business and groceries (selling local brew).
Level of mechanization: Dominated by the use of small tools/implements.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• individual, sin título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• individual

Derechos de uso de agua:

• acceso abierto (no organizado)

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	Incremento o reducción	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	no se sabe
tormenta de viento	no se sabe

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río)	no muy bien

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
periodo reducido de crecimiento	bien

Comentarios:

Retention ditches supported with ties to prevent flow of water and to encourage evenly distribution of water. The fanya chini bunds are stabilized by planting vegetation on them (pineapples, pigeon peas and lemon grass).

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

The high investment costs cause slight realization of rewards but in the long run very positive benefits are realized by land users.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• > 50%

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

42 households covering 77 percent of the stated area

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, por ej. sin recibir nada de incentivos/ materiales:

• 11-50%

Comentarios:

42 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
Comments on acceptance with external material support: Supplied with banana suckers, farm yard manure and grass mulch.

42 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
Comments on spontaneous adoption: land users who received suckers from neighbors but procured grass mulch and manure.

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: most of the land users are impressed with the results attributable to the technology in terms of control of BXW, increased banana production, control of soil erosion and promising increase in income.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
The technology useful to the community and is easy to learn.
Encouraging results in terms of improved productivity and general performance of banana and other crops like coffee within the technology area attributable to use of technology.
The technology has made significant achievement in terms of decrease of BXW infestation.
Soil health has improved as the result of use of mulching materials, manure, leguminous plants and application water harvesting cross slope barriers.
There is positive change of mind set towards the use of SLM

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Good and attractive crops that consumers are willing to purchase at a high price have resulted to emergence of thieving.	Spread the technology and supply improved banana suckers to other farmers so that more farmers are engaged in banana production. Strengthen community police.
The technology initially is labour and capital intensive	Encourage group working spirit.
Unplanned Changes of service providers which may fall in the hands of untrustworthy service providers.	Pluralism in service delivery should be planned with doubly consciousness to take care of untrustworthy service providers.

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información