1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Agricultural Water, Energy, and Hazard Management for Improved Livelihood in the Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan (UIB, Pakistan)

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - Nepal

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Water from the Hunza river was lifted through solar powered pump, stored above ground plastic tanks and applied to newly planted apple orchards through efficient drip irrigation. Mulch was applied to the plants to conserve soil moisture.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

The fragile rouged mountains prone to the effect of climate change makes the mountain com-munities in Gilgit-Baltistan of Pakistan more vulnerable. Agriculture is the major source of their livelihoods and it purely dependents on glacier meltwater which makes the community more susceptible due to the unstable behaviour of the glaciers. Irrigation is practised with traditional irrigation canals, intake of which is located at glacier terminus. On one hand lowering of glacier surface disconnects many irrigation canals. Uncertain glacier behaviour has resulted in the decline of water availability and even forced some communities to abandon their agricultural land. On the other hand, only 2% of land in Gilgit-Baltistan is used for agriculture purposes whereas a huge chunk of barren land lays above the Hunza River, which cannot be cultivated through the traditional irrigation system hence it remains unutilized.

To address both issues, ICIMOD together with a local level partner’s consortia piloted solar water lifting to irrigate barren land for establishing apple orchards along Hunza River at Passu and Morkhun Villages. These two villages are located far from each other. In each village, orchards of 2.5 hectare area were established and the drip irrigation system installed was efficiently used to irrigate apple plants. Similar technological packages (solar pump, drip irrigation and mulch) were applied in both the villages.

The pumping system comprises a submersible pump (Lorentz, Germany 1 HP) powered by 500 watts solar panels to carry the water to storage tanks (500 litres) made up of plastic that has been placed upslope at 100 feet vertical height from the river. The water from the storage tanks was routed/led to the apple saplings through the surface and pressure compensating drip irrigation system. The pumping capacity of the pump is 7.5 litres/minute, which is irrigating around 3300 apple plants at Passu and Morkhun. The storage tank was kept 60 feet vertical height from the orchard field to be irrigated. Tree to tree distance and row to row distance of apple was maintained at 15 feet in Passu and 10 feet in Morkhun. Drip irrigation (surface and pressure compensating) system was established to irrigate each apple plant, the emitter of the drip system was adjusted according to the plant to plant distance of apple seedlings to be irrigated. Pits were constructed for planting apples and later they also served as water harvesting pits /check basins. Plastic mulch was applied to each apple plants covering a radius around the trunk to minimize soil moisture losses, reduce weed and reduce soil erosion by water and wind.

The cost of an integrated package including solar pumps with accessories, storage tanks, intake and distribution systems (i.e. from river to tank and tank to trees), drip irrigation, apple plants and operational expenses (manpower) for both the sites was US$ 42000 for 5 ha of land. Village Development Organizations (VDO) of both villages take care of maintenance of technological package through a maintenance fund, which is being raised by participating households (HHs). Benefit sharing mechanism has been agreed among the participating HHs. The total income would be divided equally among participating 72 HHs in Morkhun and 135 HHs in Passu.

The technological package was applied in arid climate at an elevation ranging from 2340m to 4877 m above sea level. Passu is located at 36.49o latitude and 74.90o longitude and Morkhun is located at 36.6o N latitudes and 74.86o E longitudes. The area receives 150-200 mm annual rain-fall. The temperature ranges from 11 degree Celsius to 29 degree Celsius. The population of Passu and Morkhun is 1168 and 653 persons respectively. Both villages are semi nomadic and depend mainly on livestock rearing.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.4 Videos de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Indique año de implementación:

2016

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

This package of practices was jointly implemented by Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR), Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) - Pakistan, and ICIMOD

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción
• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo
• adaptarse al cambio climático/ extremos climáticos y sus impactos
• crear impacto económico benéfico
• crear impacto social benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Mezcla de tipos de uso de tierras dentro de la misma unidad de tierras: :

No

3.3 ¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

• Sí (Por favor responda las preguntas de abajo referidas al uso de la tierra antes de implementar la Tecnología)

Mezcla de tipos de uso de tierras dentro de la misma unidad de tierras: :

No

3.4 Provisión de agua

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• totalmente irrigada

Comentarios:

Water supply with solar pump and distribution to apple with drip irrigation

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• Manejo de irrigación: (incl. provisión de agua, invernaderos)
• manejo de agua superficial (manantial, río, lagos, mar):
• tecnologías de eficiencia energética

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Damage and dysfunction of irrigation canal intake by shifting nature of glacier as intakes are located at the glacier terminus.

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

Comentarios:

due to water access cultivation was possible and vegetation cover improved.

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:

• por unidad de Tecnología

Especifique la moneda usada para calcular costos:

• USD

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Momento (estación)
1.	Site identification in consultation with the communities	Pre Monsson (March)
2.	Detailed engineering surveys, design formulation, tendering and work orders etc	Pre Monsson (March )
3.	Implementation agreement with the community	Pre Monsson (March)
4.	Installation of solar-powered pumping units with four poly-crystalline solar panels.	Pre Monsson (April)
5.	Installation of storage (plastic tank) with a line filter attached to it for the operation of the drip system and avoid sediment entry into the tank	Pre Monsson (April)
6.	Digging of pits for plantation of the apple orchard at the plant to plant and row distance of 10 feet (Morkhun) and 15 feet (Passu))	Pre Monsson (April)
7.	Constructed pits for each plant used for application of compost	Pre Monsson (April)
8.	Laying of drip irrigation systems	Pre Monsson (May)
9.	Laying down plastic mulch	Pre Monsson (May)
10.	Plantation of tubed apple (Kala Kolu variety) it is bought from the local nursery	Pre Monsson (May)
11.	Training to selected farmers as caretakers of the technologies for its days to day repair and maintenance	Pre Monsson ( May)

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Skilled	Person days	136,0	14,43	1962,48
Mano de obra	Unskilled	Person days	745,0	7,7	5736,5
Equipo	Spade	Number	20,0	0,0	0,0	100,0
Equipo	Shovel	Number	20,0	0,0	0,0	100,0
Equipo	Plumbing tool kit	Kit box	1,0	0,0	0,0	100,0
Material para plantas	Apple Plants	Number	3300,0	0,087	287,1
Material de construcción	Solar panel, pump with all accessories	sites	2,0	6490,0	12980,0
Material de construcción	Water storage, intake, distribution pipes and mulch	sites	2,0	6861,0	13722,0
Material de construcción	Drip irrigation	sites	2,0	4173,0	8346,0
Material de construcción	-Check basin (pits)	number	3300,0	0,466	1537,8
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					44571,88
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología en USD					44571,88

Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

The technological package was designed and implemented by ICIMOD's Indus Basin Initiative with partners and contributes to the sustainable Development Investment Portfolio and is supported by the Australian Aid program.

Comentarios:

Establishment costs and inputs for a solar pump –drip irrigation - mulch system was estimated for apple orchards piloted on a 5 hectares of total land in two villages.

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Monitoring of water pumping, storage, and drip system by a regular visit to the site.	Regular (annually)
2.	Repair and maintenance of solar pump panel and drip irrigation: fixing clogged drip lines and replacement of broken solar panel and cleaning of impellers of the solar pump.	Regular (annually)
3.	Replacement of dead apple plants	As and when required

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Unskilled	Number	26,0	7,7	200,2
Equipo	Spade	Number	10,0	0,0	0,0	100,0
Equipo	Plumbing tool kit	Kit box	1,0	0,0	0,0	100,0
Material para plantas	Apple ( replacement of dead plants)	number	330,0	0,087	28,71
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					228,91
Costos totales para mantener la Tecnología en USD					228,91

4.7 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Equipment and labor

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Indique si la Tecnología se aplica específicamente en:

• no relevante

5.3 Suelos

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

¿La salinidad del agua es un problema?

No

¿Se está llevando a cabo la inundación del área? :

Sí

Frecuencia:

frecuentemente

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

Water is available in the river but fields are higher up than river

5.5 Biodiversidad

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Relative level of wealth: Poor 35 %, average 65%

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• individual, con título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• individual

Derechos de uso de agua:

• comunitarios (organizado)

¿Los derechos del uso de la tierra se basan en un sistema legal tradicional?

Sí

Especifique:

Most of the uncultivated land is communal, community decides uses of the land

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Suelo

Otros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de viento	bien

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
condiciones extremas de invierno	bien
sequía	bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación repentina	moderadamente

Otros extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

otros (especifique)	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
Heavy load of suspended river sediment	bien

Comentarios:

Drip is sensitive to temperature increase; but tolerant to wind storms/dust storms and floods. Solar panel is tolerant to temperature increase.

The solar panel is sensitive to wind storm. The pump is sensitive to flood and sediment load in the river, emitters of drip clog due to sediment. Mulch is sensitive to windstorm. Apple plants at an earlier stage are sensitive to wind storm, plants are sensitive to extreme winter conditions (low temp and snowfall)

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

The initial cost of investment would be fully recovered in 10.9 years, hence the payback period of the project is around 11 years, and the repayment of the investment would start from the eight years. Benefit-Cost Ratio is found to be 4.96.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• 1-10%

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

45 Households

Comentarios:

None

6.6 Adaptación

¿La tecnología fue modificada recientemente para adaptarse a las condiciones cambiantes?

Sí

Si fuera así, indique a qué condiciones cambiantes se adaptó:

• cambios climáticos / extremos

Especifique la adaptación de la Tecnología (diseño, material/ especies, etc.):

Due to heavy load of suspended sediment flowing in the Hunza River, impellers of the solar pump couldn’t function properly. Site-specific customiza-tion of the pump was carried out to make the system functional and to sustain it in the long run.
For that, an outer filter was developed for the pump to avoid sediment entry into the pump. The outer filter is UPVC pipe (of 10-inch diameter and 13 ft long) wrapped with a finely-meshed green net. The out filter was tightly bound together with the pump. The filter with the pump was placed in the river, transverse to the direction of flow. The farmers are also trained to open the clogged drip to release the sediments from time to time.
Damaged solar panel sometimes was replaced. A portion of mulch was buried under the soil. Apple plants were tied together with support stakes. Application of mulch helped to protect apple plants from low winter temperature.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
The solar powered water lifting and drip irrigation is the first of its kind in the upper Indus basin. The system is simple and anyone once trained can operate it. It will contribute to nearly 50% of the additional income of the Passu community.
The technological package is environmentally friendly and are effective adaptation measures in the context of climate change.
Women are often most involved in agricultural activities and this intervention has provided them relief by making it possible for them to work nearer to their valley. More over, once the trees bear fruit, women will be able to sell them to generate income.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
The first innovative technological package in GB that is climate-resilient as compare to meltwater-dependent flood irrigation is operated by renewable solar energy.
Water application through drip irrigation is very efficient as compared to flood irrigation, per plant water applied trough drip is 2 litres/day as compared to 30 litres/day through flood irrigation. Integration of mulch enhances soil moisture.
The technological package can last more than 20 years. Maintenance cost is nominal, it is US$ 100 at the initial stage and later stage it is US$ 300.
As women are predominantly responsible for farming activities, im-proved water access and application through drip reduces their work-load and frees up time for other activities

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Frequent maintenance operation and maintenance of the solar pump due to high sediment concentration of the river from where water is pumped.	Include capacity building activities as an integral part of the technology implementation process.
Drip irrigation and parts of solar panel may not available locally	A spare parts should be made available locally for immediate replacement as and when required.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
The investment cost is high .	Explain cost-benefit analysis to aware farmers that the benefit is high in the long run.
Techniques of multiple cropping were not practised to get short term benefits from the orchard field.	Engage the agricultural department to demonstrate and train farmers on multiple cropping in the dry land.

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

ICIMOD 2017. An Innovative Approach to Agricultural Water Management in the Upper Indus basin: the Water_Energy-Food Nexus at the Local Level

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://lib.icimod.org/record/32794/files/Innovative%20Approach.pdf

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Kifayat, U., Khan, F. A., & Ejaz, A. (2014). Determinants of poverty in the mountain region of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Developing Country Studies, 4(7), 10-19.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Google scholar

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Amjad Ali 2019. Unpublished report on cost-benefit analysis of UIB phase 1 intervention in Upper Hunza

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

ICIMOD

7.4 Comentarios generales

It has been improved a lot as compared to past 10 years .