1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Rehabilitation of Degraded Agricultural Lands in Kandy, Badulla and Nuwara Eliya Districts in the Central Highlands of Sri Lanka

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (AGRI.PDN) - Sri Lanka

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

Comentarios:

Crop-livestock integration improves nutrient circularity, and soil productivity technology improves nutrient recycling and soil productivity in the land and SLM practices are reducing land degradation

1.5 Referencia al (los) Cuestionario(s) de Enfoques MST (documentados usando WOCAT)

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Crop-livestock integration improves nutrient circularity and soil productivity: solid and liquid organic fertilizers prepared from cow manure are incorporated to soil or sprayed on leaves of vegetables and tea.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Dairy cattle farming is common in the Dolluwa area of the central province of Sri Lanka. Farmers typically have 3-4 cows on about 2-3 hectares for both milk consumption and sales. The landowner interviewed did not formerly adhere to best practices: cows were grazed in woodlands, and water and supplementary feed were not provided as needed. Housing was inadequate. Farm waste wasn’t properly recycled. The farm is located on steep land without adequate soil conservation for annual crops and tea. There was heavy dependence on chemical fertilizer. As a consequence, milk production was below average and crop yields had declined. Besides, there was reservoir pollution due to effluent washed downslope.
New technology was developed to increase milk and crop production by integrating animal–crop management strategies while enhancing nutrient circularity within the farm, and improving soil productivity and environmental quality.
The landowner was first enrolled in the Rehabilitation of Degraded Agricultural Land Project (RDALP) of the UN’s FAO in 2018. The first priority was soil conservation for the steep areas under tea. SLM practices thus combined contour cropping and bunding. Following this, an integrated crop-livestock system was initiated. The RDALP and Fonterra Pvt. Ltd. helped the landowner to build a modern cowshed with infrastructure to provide feed and water. Thereafter, cows were stall-fed: grazing was completely stopped. Cow manure is collected and stored in heaps for 2-3 weeks before incorporating into soils. In the same shed, compost is prepared by mixing manure with crop residues and kitchen/ homegarden waste. Cattle urine and wastewater is directed to a cement tank where it is mixed with specific types of leaves; it is fermented and applied as liquid fertilizer and biopesticide. Manure is used mainly for fast-growing vegetables, while compost is applied to annuals, particularly at planting, and to tea once every three months. Liquid fertilizer is applied to tea seven days before harvesting.
This package requires adequate land for a cattle shed, and for a recycling system to prepare compost and liquid fertilizers. In addition, there must be enough labour for the whole process. The key inputs include materials for the shed, associated infrastructure, and a sprayer to apply liquid fertilizers.
The major benefit is recycling waste to generate useful products – while ensuring circularity of nutrients between crop and animal production systems: thus supporting a “bioeconomy”. Soil conservation practices and the nutrient sources described have improved soil fertility and productivity for overall sustainability. Milk yields have more than doubled, and the tea harvest more than trebled.

(1) Where is the Technology applied?
On steep terrain: tea is cultivated lower down and there are reservoirs in the valley.
(2) What are the purposes/ functions?
•Provide food security
•Increase efficiency of livestock production
•Promote overall nutrient cycling
•Partially substitute chemical fertilizers and pesticides with organic manure
•Generate high-quality organic manure and compost to improve soil fertility
•Control contamination of river water
(3) What are the benefits/ impacts of the Technology?
•Reduced susceptibility of crops to pests/ diseases
•Improved quality of food and water
•Slowed land degradation and restored soil fertility
•Reduced risks
•Economically feasible and rapid impact
(4) What do land users like/
•Reduced risk
•Increased income
•Reduction in cost of production
(5) ...dislike
•Damage to crops by wild animals.
•Higher cost for dairy farming (feed)

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Indique año de implementación:

2019

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

Rehabilitation of Degraded Agricultural Land Project (RDALP) of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations in 2018

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción
• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo
• proteger una cuenca hidrográfica/ áreas corriente abajo – en combinación con otras Tecnologías
• reducir el riesgo de desastres naturales
• crear impacto económico benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Mezcla de tipos de uso de tierras dentro de la misma unidad de tierras: :

Sí

Especifique el uso combinado de tierras (cultivos/ pastoreo/ árboles):

• Agropastoralismo (incluyendo cultivo-ganado integrados)

3.3 ¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

• Sí (Por favor responda las preguntas de abajo referidas al uso de la tierra antes de implementar la Tecnología)

Mezcla de tipos de uso de tierras dentro de la misma unidad de tierras: :

Sí

Especifique el uso combinado de tierras (cultivos/ pastoreo/ árboles):

• Agropastoralismo (incluyendo cultivo-ganado integrados)

3.4 Provisión de agua

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• mixta de secano – irrigada

Comentarios:

Mainly water requirements are fulfilled by natural water sources in the land

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• manejo de agricultura—ganadería integrada
• manejo integrado de la fertilidad del suelo
• manejo de desperdicios/ manejo de aguas residuales

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

The land is very prone to soil erosion. Therefore several SLM measures were introduced to prevent soil erosion and improve the productivity of the land.

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Zero grazing reduced soil erosion by animal trampling

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• prevenir la degradación del suelo
• reducir la degradación del suelo

Comentarios:

Application of decomposed organic manure increased tea and vegetable production, proper disposal of farm waste prevents water pollution in reservoirs, prevention of application of chemical fertilizer reduces soil deterioration and water pollution

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:

• por área de Tecnología

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

Sri Lankan Rupees

Si fuera relevante, indique la tasa de cambio de dólares americanos a la moneda local (ej. 1 U$ = 79.9 Reales Brasileros): 1 U$ =:

330,13

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Momento (estación)
1.	Establishment of soil conservation measures	Before rainy season
2.	Establishment of cattle shed	After establishment of soil conservation measures
3.	Establishment of compost shed	Before rainy season
4.	Establishment farm waste disposal system	After establishment of compost shed
5.	Planting crops	With the onset of rain
6.	Application of compost	At and after planting crops
7.	Foliar application of liquid fertilizers	After planting crops

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Establishment of cattle shed	person days	7,0	4400,0	30800,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Establishment of compost shed	person days	6,0	2000,0	12000,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Establishment of disposal system	person days	2,0	1200,0	2400,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Prepearation of Stone bunds	person days	5,0	1000,0	5000,0	15,0
Equipo	Establishment of 'SALT' method (combined SLM measures on slopes)	person days	5,0	1000,0	5000,0	15,0
Material para plantas	Vegetable seeds	gram	10,0	100,0	1000,0	100,0
Material para plantas	Gliricidia stalks	1 stalk	1000,0	3,0	3000,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Compost	1 bag	25,0	125,0	3125,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Cattle manure	1 bag	25,0	125,0	3125,0	100,0
Material de construcción	Establishment of cattle shed (roofing sheets, bricks, cement, sand..)	unit	1,0	118645,0	118645,0	16,0
Material de construcción	Establishment of compost preparation unit (roofing sheets, bricks, cement, sand..)	unit	1,0	34560,0	34560,0	15,0
Material de construcción	Establishment of liquid waste disposal system (roofing sheets, cement, sand..)	unit	1,0	16500,0	16500,0	40,0
Material de construcción	Large bins to collect liquid waste		2,0	4500,0	9000,0	100,0
Otros	cable		18,0	890,0	16020,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					260175,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología en USD					788,1

Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

Rehabilitation of degraded agriculture land project (RDALP) and local funds

Comentarios:

The initial cost for establishing cattle shed with a filtering system and compost shed was higher. But the majority of the initial cost was covered by RDALP and local funds. Land users covered 30% of the establishment costs for soil conservation measures. Eg: the SALT method, stone bunds

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Cleaning of drains in tea land - removing weeds and sediments	After rainy season (twice a year)
2.	Lopping of trees established as SALT and shade trees of tea land	Before land preparation in each growing season
3.	Minor renovations of cattle shed and composing unit	Once in a year
4.	Replace bins used to collect liquid waste	Whenever broken

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Cleaning of drains in tea land - removing weeds and sediments	Person days	6,0	1200,0	7200,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Lopping of trees established as SALT and shade trees of tea land	Person days	4,0	1200,0	4800,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Minor renovations of cattle shed and composing unit	Person days	3,0	1200,0	3600,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Application of compost and cattle manure	bag	25,0	125,0	3125,0	100,0
Material de construcción	Increase the area of the cattle shed (all included)		1,0	17800,0	17800,0	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					36525,0
Costos totales para mantener la Tecnología en USD					110,64

Comentarios:

Maintenance activities are fully covered by the land owner.

4.7 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

The cost involved in intensive labour is higher than for inputs on a daily basis

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Indique si la Tecnología se aplica específicamente en:

• no relevante

5.3 Suelos

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

¿La salinidad del agua es un problema?

No

¿Se está llevando a cabo la inundación del área? :

No

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

Nilambe water reservoir is located in the valley and provides water for drinking and irrigation purposes. Part of the micro-catchment of the surface water body/reservoir is occupied by farms where intensive agriculture, homegardens and cattle rearing are practised. Limited soil conservation practices, overuse of agrochemicals and improper waste management have led to contamination of water

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

The forested and scrubland area is about tree species and species of shrubs. In addition, grass species as medicinal plants are also growing. Local and imported varieties of fruits avocado, guava, mango, banana, pomegranate, orange, lemon and tree and bush type of local fruits are grown. Local varieties of cardamom, cinnamon, pepper, nutmeg and other locally used spices such as coriander, mustard etc. have been grown in the home garden. Vegetables often grown include cabbage, beans, lettuce, cucumber, radish, tomato etc. In the tea land, two shade tree species, gliricidia and albizzia

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• individual, sin título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• individual

Derechos de uso de agua:

• individual

¿Los derechos del uso de la tierra se basan en un sistema legal tradicional?

Sí

Especifique:

The land belongs to a land user. Land use rights are passed down from generation to generation. Land use rights, water usage rights are based on a traditional legal system

Comentarios:

Because of the traditional legal system land use rights, and water usage rights are not free for all. Land users are able to implement and maintain technology without any disturbance occurring due to land and water usage rights

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	Incremento o reducción	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	bien
temperatura estacional	estación húmeda/ de lluvias	incrementó	bien
temperatura estacional	estación seca	incrementó	bien
lluvia anual		disminuyó	bien
lluvia estacional	estación húmeda/ de lluvias	disminuyó	bien
lluvia estacional	estación seca	disminuyó	bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	bien

Desastres biológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
enfermedades epidémicas	moderadamente
insectos/ infestación de gusanos	moderadamente

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

According to the land user’s perspective implementation of this technology provided net benefits from tea, vegetables and dairy farming compared with establishment and maintenance cost. In the beginning, land users had to invest substantial amount of money to establish this technology. However, short-term and long-term returns could cover the cost involved in establishment and maintenance of the technology.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• casos individuales / experimentales

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

The technology was introduced to about 10 farms but except one land user, others were unable to spend on developing technology irrespective of partial funds generated from other sources.

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, por ej. sin recibir nada de incentivos/ materiales:

• 0-10%

Comentarios:

No farmer was able to afford to develop technology by their own.

6.6 Adaptación

¿La tecnología fue modificada recientemente para adaptarse a las condiciones cambiantes?

No

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
After providing a proper shed for cows, it was possible to provide adequate feed and water for easy consumption of cows. This led to a significant increase in milk production.
Direct application of cow dung and liquid organic fertilizer for tea and vegetables led to an increase in crop yields and improved soil fertility.
As benefits are higher in monetary terms in comparison to the costs of investment for this technology, neighbourhood farmers who rear animals are encouraged to follow this technology.
Reduction in chemical fertilizer usage reduced the cost of production.
With the implementation of new technology, the number of pests and diseases incidences declined.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
This technology is easy to promote on the farmland due to the low cost involved and multiple benefits are visible. This technology has changed the attitudes of farmers that dairy farming could be profitable and support crop cultivation.
Before implementing this technology landowners had to work outside to earn money. As the income increase with the establishment of the technology, landowners could spend more time on other farming activities onsite .
Modernization of cattle farms enable zero-grazing so that land user was able to spend additional time for other farming activities.
The landowner does not need to depend on government or private sector funds to improve their farming activities.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Crops and fruits are often damaged by wild animals. Therefore the maximum profits cannot be achieved.	The landowner is with the opinion is that damage caused by wild animals could be stopped by constructing a steel fence around the land. However, farmer is unable to afford or such as the cost is very high.
Establishment of this technology requires considerable amount of money which is beyond the income and purchasing power of farmers with low income.	Providing partial funding by government or private sector organizations would help farmers to initiate the establishment of at least one or two components of technology.
Attitudes of neighboring farmers on dairy farming should be changed as a profit oriented business.	Introducing training programs and demonstrations at the successful farm would encourage other farmers to use the technology.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
The landowner does not record profits that earn from his farming activities. He doesn’t have a good idea about the overall income of his farming activities per month.	The landowner should change attitudes toward income recordings.
People should be aware of these SLM technologies, SLM knowledge and benefits.	Government and private sector should invest in and implement SLM training programs.
Limited availability of modern technologies in cattle farming and crop cultivation affordable to middle income farmers.	Modernize farming with biogas technology, harvest tea with the cutter, prepare wormy compost and compost tea for tea cultivation.
Lack of properly established marketing channel for selling products.	Improve the product quality, or technology to develop value added products targeting supermarkets.

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Sustainable management practices for agricultural lands in the central highlands of Sri Lanka

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

rehabilitation of degraded agricultural land project office, food and agricultural organization of the United Nations Peradeniya Sri Lanka

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Project News: Fertile Soil

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

7.3 Vínculos a la información relevante disponible en línea

Título/ descripción:

Controlled livestock grazing for soil fertility improvement [Uganda]

URL:

https://qcat.wocat.net/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_2761/