1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Resilient in Pastoralist Areas (RIPA)

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

International Development Enterprises - Ethiopia (iDE-Ethiopia) - Estados Unidos

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

Comentarios:

The technology is a regenerative practice friendly to the environment.

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Panicum coloratum is a palatable tropical grass with high biomass production potential. It is grown in the irrigated fodder development areas of Dassenech district. Panicum is a fast-growing perennial which can be repeatedly harvested once it reaches maturity. It mitigates the issues of recurrent livestock feed shortage in dry periods – which are becoming worse with climate change.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Irrigated fodder production is carried out by pastoralist groups in arid areas of South Omo. Among a number of fodder grasses, Panicum coloratum is a fast-growing species. Panicum is grown as livestock fodder, particularly for the dry season when feed availability is in short supply. It mitigates the issues of recurrent livestock feed shortages which are becoming worse with climate change. Also, growing fodder grass allows resource-poor pastoralist communities to generate income from the sale of fresh fodder, hay, and seed. Irrigating at least twice a week, good weed management, and fertilization ensure sustained production.

In Dassenech district of Southwest Ethiopia, Panicum’s annual fresh biomass and dry matter production potential is over 63 and 18 tons/ha, respectively. It can reach its first harvest after about 60 days and subsequently can be harvested every 45 days. Panicum germinates and establishes readily on any soil type under both irrigated and rainfed conditions. It is also drought tolerant and resilient to climate variability, and does particularly well on alluvial soils with high fertility. Panicum is mainly used for grazing, but it is also suitable for cut-and-carry feeding systems. Each member of the pastoralist group grows panicum on 0.04 ha of land. In the flood lowlands of the Omo River basin, panicum is known for tolerating periodic flooding, salinity, & disease.
Previously, the land users were unfamiliar with this particular grass and its associated management practices. Also, irrigating on a regular schedule and keeping the grass free from roaming animals adds a work burden to the pastoralist community. However, the Resilience in Pastoral Areas (RIPA) project has introduced and familiarized the community with fodder production and management practices. The project also assists in linking the output to sustainable market. In this regard, the contribution of the RIPA project of the International Development Enterprises (iDE) is immense. The pastoralists appreciate their livestock’s access to year-round feed, as well as the generation of income from the sale of fresh fodder, hay, and seed. Fodder production also creates year-round employment opportunity. However, the community's reliance on government and civic organization support for land preparation and access to irrigation water (conveyance services) might be considered a threat to ensuring sustainability of fodder development by the pastoralist groups.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.4 Videos de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Indique año de implementación:

2021

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

Resilient Initiatives in Pastoralist Areas project of the International Development Enterprises has implemented fodder development along with other perennial crops such as banana as part of promoting resilient agriculture in the dry areas of South Omo Zone of SNNPRS.

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción
• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo
• reducir el riesgo de desastres naturales
• adaptarse al cambio climático/ extremos climáticos y sus impactos
• crear impacto económico benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Mezcla de tipos de uso de tierras dentro de la misma unidad de tierras: :

No

Comentarios:

The site is pastoralist area who used to rely on flood retreat agriculture in the past. However, due to the construction of Gibe III hydroelectric power dam, the spill over during plenty of rain remain still as artificial lake over thousands of hectare for long period of time. As a result, the conventional agriculture practices abandoned. Thus, a shift to irrigation agriculture is in the process at least to produce fodder crops and other perennial crops such as banana for consumption and market.

3.3 ¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

• Sí (Por favor responda las preguntas de abajo referidas al uso de la tierra antes de implementar la Tecnología)

Mezcla de tipos de uso de tierras dentro de la misma unidad de tierras: :

No

Comentarios:

The area used to receive short rain twice a year. However, rainfall distribution is unreliable. So, the introduced perennial fodder and banana production persist throughout the year using irrigation.

3.4 Provisión de agua

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• totalmente irrigada

Comentarios:

Fodder and tropical fruit crop production is entirely practiced using full irrigation from Omo river.

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• pastoralismo y manejo de tierras de pastoreo
• cobertura de suelo/ vegetal mejorada
• perturbación mínima del suelo

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Perennial fodder production contributes to SLM through permanent soil cover.

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

As a perennial crop, the grass covers the ground permanently and reduces moisture loss to excessive evaporation in the dry areas.

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• prevenir la degradación del suelo

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:

• por área de Tecnología

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

Ethiopian Birr (ETB)

Si fuera relevante, indique la tasa de cambio de dólares americanos a la moneda local (ej. 1 U$ = 79.9 Reales Brasileros): 1 U$ =:

53,438

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Momento (estación)
1.	Clearing and land preparation	Any season for irrigated fodder production,
2.	Planting/sowing	During the start of season for irrigation fodder production.
3.	Fertilizing	At planting and at boot height.
4.	Irrigating the farm	Twice a week.
5.	Weeding	Twice starting 3- 4 weeks post planting.
6.	Harvesting the grass (fodder)	During harvest maturity.
7.	Hay making (bailing)	Post harvest.
8.	Seed collection, drying and cleaning	Harvesting season and post harvest.

Comentarios:

As fodder development is based on irrigation, it can be started any time/season of the year.

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Clearing and land preparation	PDs	12,0	200,0	2400,0	50,0
Mano de obra	Planting/sowing	PDs	5,0	100,0	500,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Irrigating the farm	PDs	14,0	200,0	2800,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Weeding (twice a season)	PDs	10,0	100,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipo	Spade	Pcs	1,0	500,0	500,0
Equipo	Hoes	Pcs	1,0	300,0	300,0
Material para plantas	Seed	kg	4,0	300,0	1200,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	NSP	kg	50,0	50,0	2500,0
Otros	Seed collection, drying and cleaning	PDs	10,0	200,0	2000,0	100,0
Otros	Harvesting and hay making	PDs	10,0	200,0	2000,0	100,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					15200,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología en USD					284,44

Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

Other than cost of labor, some inputs and material costs are covered by the RIPA project of the iDE.

Comentarios:

Irrigation-based fodder development is in the pilot phase. There is growing interest among the government organization (Woreda Office of Agriculture) to adopt and scale up the promising development. Please note, the cost is estimated only for a season or one round of production. Once reaches its first harvest, Panicum can be harvested every other 45 days onward. Of course, it needs the application of necessary management practices, every season.

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Cleaning irrigation ditch	During off-season or before the start of next growing season.
2.	Fertilizer (NSP)	Twice: at the beginning of the season & when the fodder reaches boots height.
3.	Irrigating the farm	Twice a week.
4.	Weeding (2x)	Based on the density or prevalence of weeds.
5.	Seed collection, drying and cleaning	When the seed reaches harvest maturity.
6.	Harvesting and hay making	At harvest and post harvest.

Comentarios:

As there is no structure such as fodder banks, maintenance cost is not documented.

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Cleaning irrigation ditch	PDs	5,0	200,0	1000,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Irrigating the farm	PDs	12,0	200,0	2400,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Weeding (at least twice during the growing season)	PDs	10,0	100,0	1000,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Seed collection, drying and cleaning	PDs	10,0	200,0	2000,0	100,0
Equipo	Harvesting and hay making	PDs	10,0	200,0	2000,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	NSP Fertilizers	kg	50,0	50,0	2500,0	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					10900,0
Costos totales para mantener la Tecnología en USD					203,97

Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

NA

Comentarios:

The cost estimation is only for one irrigation season that may range from 45 days to 60 days or some more including the harvesting and drying of the outputs. Once established, the cost of production is gradually declining.

4.7 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Economic crisis and increasing Inflation rate affect the establishment as well as maintenance costs. Particularly, fuel, fertilizer, and labor costs are consistently changing.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Indique si la Tecnología se aplica específicamente en:

• no relevante

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

The site is in the lowland around the mouth of Omo River basin.

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil pH is over 7 and the soil is slightly saline alluvial.

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

¿La salinidad del agua es un problema?

No

¿Se está llevando a cabo la inundación del área? :

Sí

Frecuencia:

frecuentemente

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

Diversion/river water is used for irrigation. There is ample water provide that there is pump to convey the water to the nearby farm. In the rainy season, the river is turbid and full of eroded soil from the upstream catchments. However, the depth of the water table is variable based on the distance of the farm from the edge of the river. Around the main river basin, the water table is shallow but too deep as one go away from the river basin.

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

Around the farmland, diversity of crops and vegetation is limited. Away from the farmland, there are a few lowland shrub species and faunas common to the dryland.

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

The water pump is used to convey water and the tractor for land preparation. Therefore, a mix of mechanization and manual systems are employed in the area. Irrigation land was allocated to the group but they partitioned and distributed to each member of the group.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• grupal
• individual, sin título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• comunitarios (organizado)
• individual

Derechos de uso de agua:

• acceso abierto (no organizado)

¿Los derechos del uso de la tierra se basan en un sistema legal tradicional?

Sí

Especifique:

The pastoralist, still freely move and settle where they think appropriate and shift after certain years.

Comentarios:

Apart from the irrigable land which are located around the river basin, land is openly accessible to the pastoralist community.

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

Comentarios:

Access to facility and the services is mainly to those pastoralist community who are residing closer to the Omorate, the woreda capital.

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

Especifique la evaluación de los impactos fuera del emplazamiento (medidas):

The fodder development is a pilot practice. Its up scaling will have a positive off-site effects to the surrounding areas.

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	Incremento o reducción	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	moderadamente
lluvia anual		disminuyó	bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de viento	moderadamente

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
ola de calor	moderadamente
sequía	bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río)	muy bien
inundación repentina	bien

Desastres biológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
enfermedades epidémicas	bien
insectos/ infestación de gusanos	bien

Comentarios:

Panicum has drought, flood and disease tolerating feature.

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

The technology was piloted two years ago. The cost of establishing it is partly supported by the RIPA project. Land preparation and conveying irrigation water covered by the local government.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• casos individuales / experimentales

Comentarios:

So far, the pastoralist piloted the technology through government and NGO support.

6.6 Adaptación

¿La tecnología fue modificada recientemente para adaptarse a las condiciones cambiantes?

No

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Supply year round feed for the land users' livestock.
Allow pastoralists/agro-pastoralists to generate income from the collection and sale of fresh fodder, hay and seed.
The technology supplies feed that can be reserved for the emergency time through hay making.
Introduction of fodder production technology enables the pastoralist group access usufructs to irrigable land that promotes the changing in farming practices from entirely pastoralist to agro-pastoralist on a gradual basis.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
The technology considered as one of the regenerative agricultural practices that have positive contribution to carbon sequestration.
It reduces risks of feed shortage during the extended dry season.
A prompt sources of income for the pastoralist community via the sale of fresh fodder, hay, and seed.
Feeding livestock on grass reduces methane production as compared to feeding them on processed feeds.
The onsite shattering of the seed increases the density of grass every other season. Thus, it improves the ground cover and production of huge biomass per unit of land.
Panicum harvested 15 cm high that simplify regrowth/tillering and propagation of the grass from the ratoon. The practice stimulates prompt ground cover and year-round sequestration of carbon.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Access to irrigation facility and service is via government and project support.	Try to secure multiple sources of finance, and encourage market oriented production to enhance the pastoralist groups develop reliance on their own.
Smaller size of land is accessible to irrigation.	Increase intensification of fodder development and diversify sources of income via production and marketing of fresh fodder, hay, and the seed.
Shortage of baling machine to fasten the hay for simplicity of storage and transportation	Improve pastoralist access to the facility and services so that their resilience to feed shortage and associated issues are promptly increases.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Shortage of storage structure or fodder bank to store/ reserve the harvest for market and/or later uses.	To promote the establishment of storage or fodder bank by the land users group themselves, and try to find sources of finance to support them in this regard.
Lack of sustainable market links for Panicum seed.	Establish reliable market value chain with private suppliers/distributors to the other part of the country.
Lack of legume fodder species to improve the dietary value of the grass family.	Introduces important legume species with high biomass production potential or other leguminous tree species with multiple uses such as windbreak or as buffer plants around the periphery of the fodder farm.
Panicum needs longer time to reach harvest if intended for seed production that may dishearten the pastoralist to wait longer time.	Allocate separate plots for seed production, or else, make the right choice for the types of outputs that suits the pastoralist's urgent needs.

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

ILRI. 2013. Colored Guinea grass (Panicum coloratum) for livestock feed on small-scale farm. ILRI Forage Factsheet.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Free online

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Hidosa, D., Hitiso, W. & Guyo, M. 2017. Biomass Production of different grass species available at irrigated lowland of Dassench woreda in Southwestern Ethiopia. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science, 46 (3): 188-191.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Free online

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Hidosa, D., Adicha, A., Sultan, M., 2022. Production and Commercialization Status of Improved Panicum Grass Cultivation in the Lowland Livestock Production System of South Omo South-Western Ethiopia. Research on World Agricultural Economy, 3 (4): 694. DOI:10.36956/rwae.v3i4.694

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Free online

7.3 Vínculos a la información relevante disponible en línea

Título/ descripción:

Tropical Forage. 2020. Panicum coloratum

URL:

https://www.tropicalforages.info/text/entities/panicum_coloratum.htm

7.4 Comentarios generales

The questionnaire is very comprehensive and inclusive to socio-economic and environmental benefits, and the effects of a specific SLM technology.