1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (GIZ) - Alemania

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Alliance Bioversity and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance Bioversity-CIAT) - Kenia

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Ecociate Consultants (Ecociate Consultants) - India

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

Comentarios:

The application of city compost improves the soil health

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

The use of city compost is a sustainable solution for addressing the problem of waste management and soil degradation. Under this technology, urban municipal waste is composted and used as organic fertiliser in agriculture. This relieves the cities’ waste management, enhances rural soils and in turn improves farm productivity.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

In India, over 377 million people live in almost 8,000 cities or towns. They generate 62 million tons of municipal solid waste annually, according to the country’s government. More than 80% of such solid waste is deposited indiscriminately without treatment at dump yards in an unhygienic manner. In the Indian countryside, the ecological sustainability of agriculture has been at risk due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and monoculture since the ‘Green Revolution’ led to the degradation of land.

City compost is one of the solutions to both problems. Waste collected by municipal corporations is processed to make compost. During this process, organic waste is collected in the cities, recycled, processed to compost, and finally used as organic matter by farmers complementing the traditional farmyard manure. In such manner carbon that is contained in the waste is recycled back into the soil thus enhancing agricultural production.

Nashik Municipal Corporation in Nashik town of Maharashtra State in India has set-up a waste processing plant in the town. This plant processes the city’s organic waste into compost through a scientific process. The processed city compost is packed into bags of 50 kg each and these bags are supplied to fertilizer companies and further on to farmers. There are Government subsidies available to farmers for the purchase of compost bags subject to documentary proofs and other conditions.

Under the “Soil Protection and Rehabilitation for Food Security (ProSoil)” project of GIZ, farmers and FPOs (farmer producer organizations) have been supported for the application of city compost in their fields. Supported by the implementing agency WOTR (Watershed Organization Trust) the city compost application in farmer's fields in 3 districts of Maharashtra namely Ahmednagar, Jalna and Dhule has been introduced. Interventions covered more than 3000 farmers and around 1100 Acres of land. The entire intervention is implemented with the help of FPOs, which procured the city compost from ‘The Nashik Waste Management Centre’ and sold the procured material further to the farming communities. This has ensured easy availability to the farmers without incurring undue travel cost. Farmers applied the city waste compost in their farms during the month of May/June (before the onset of monsoon) to different crops.

City compost was applied to different crop combinations such as paddy-chickpea in Dhule District (moderate irrigation facility), greengram-sorghum in Ahmed Nagar District (Rainfed conditions) and soyabean-wheat in Jalna District (irrigated conditions). Farmers have seen the benefits of city compost across all crop combinations and geographies. The application of city compost has been of benefit to farmers in reducing the usage of synthetic fertilizers along with reducing the dependency on farmyard manure as it is getting scarce day by day. Farmers have also realized the improved soil health leading to better productivity of their farms.

The Indian government has also launched several initiatives to promote the use of city compost in agriculture. For example, the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture provides financial assistance to farmers for the purchase of city compost, and the Fertilizer Control Order allows the use of city compost as a fertilizer. Although developing city waste as compost and its application in the farmer's field is a nascent approach from the India Government and other stakeholders, however looking at the availability of waste, the commitment of the Indian Government through its ‘Clean India Program’ and the vast issue of synthetic fertilizers usage and high subsidy burden, the use of city compost in agriculture has the potential to contribute to sustainable solutions in the area of waste management while improving soil health and reducing the use of synthetic fertilizers in India.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.4 Videos de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Indique año de implementación:

2021

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• durante experimentos/ investigación
• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

Developing city compost is a result of research by various agencies. However, the application of the city compost technology is part of the Pro-Soil project of GIZ.

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción
• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo
• crear impacto económico benéfico

• Reduce municipal waste

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Mezcla de tipos de uso de tierras dentro de la misma unidad de tierras: :

No

Comentarios:

The intervention is mostly applied on cropland.

3.3 ¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

• No (Continúe con la pregunta 3.4)

3.4 Provisión de agua

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• mixta de secano – irrigada

Comentarios:

The rainfall pattern varied from location to location and farmer to farmer depending upon the accessibility to canals and availability of resources to lift the ground water. Most farmers in Ahmednagar are rainfed farmers while in Jalna they have some irrigation facilities.

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• sistemas de rotación (rotación de cosecha, cosecha rotatoria con descanso, agricultura migratoria)
• manejo integrado de la fertilidad del suelo
• manejo de desperdicios/ manejo de aguas residuales

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Application of city compost is an agronomic measure as it needs to be applied every year and is closely linked to the agricultural cycle. The application of city compost adds organic matter to the soil and improves the soil fertility.

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Application of city compost can significantly reduce the usage of chemical fertilisers in the soil as it can supply the required nutrients to the soil. It is also a relatively cheap option.

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:

• por área de Tecnología

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

INR

Si fuera relevante, indique la tasa de cambio de dólares americanos a la moneda local (ej. 1 U$ = 79.9 Reales Brasileros): 1 U$ =:

80,0

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

Comentarios:

There are no establishment activities involved in the intervention as farmers are buying the city compost and applying it annually in their fields. The establishment of city compost plant is out of the purview of farmers and their institution.

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

Comentarios:

There is no establishment cost involved in the intervention as farmers are buying the city compost and applying annually in their fields. The establishment of a city compost plant is out of the purview of farmers and their institutions.

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Purchase of city compost by FPO and transportation to the base location	April/May
2.	Selling of the city compost among the farmers	May
3.	Application of city compost in the field by farmers	May or early June
4.	Mixing of the city compost in soil using the cultivator or rotavator	May/June (Immediately after the application)
5.	Irrigation of the field	Mid June or at the onset of Monsoon (farmers having assured irrigation due with their own sources)
6.	Sowing of the seeds	June or early July
7.	Intercultural operations (Weeding, nutrient management, pest application, crop monitoring)	July-October
8.	Harvesting of the crops	October/November

Comentarios:

The timing of these activities may vary a bit based on the crops sown by the farmers or the onset of monsoon rains

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Application of city compost	Person days	2,0	300,0	600,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Irrigation	Person days	2,0	300,0	600,0	100,0
Equipo	Hired machinery for mixing the city compost in soil	Hours	2,0	900,0	1800,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	City compost	Ton	2,5	1200,0	3000,0	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					6000,0
Costos totales para mantener la Tecnología en USD					75,0

Comentarios:

The cost towards other operations such as sowing, intercultural operations, pest management and harvesting is not covered here as these costs are not directly associated with the documented intervention.

4.7 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

The cost of city compost is available at a subsidised price of INR 1000 per ton incl. transportation. Non-subsidised prices range at INR 3000 per ton plus transportation. Project farmers could get it at subsidised rates. However, the non-availability of required documents may be a hindrance for farmers to avail the subsidised prices.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Indique si la Tecnología se aplica específicamente en:

• no relevante

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

The altitude of district ranges from 500 to 750 meter above sea level. Except a little over 4% area, most part of the district is plain area.

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soils vary from reddish brown to dark grey and are commonly grouped as light to medium black soils. In very few places deep black soil is also observed.

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

¿La salinidad del agua es un problema?

Sí

Especifique:

As per the water samples collected by the Central Ground Water Board, 73% samples were reported as high salinity water (EC in the range of 750-2250 qS/cm). Please refer to: (http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Maharashtra/Ahmadnagar.pdf

¿Se está llevando a cabo la inundación del área? :

No

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

A large majority of the area is a water scarce area with a dry long spell being a common feature. As indicated above the quality of water is also poor, which makes it even unusable for irrigation. During the last couple of years there has been enormous efforts to develop the surface water harvesting infrastructure in project areas.

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

The western hilly part of Ahmednagar District has forests. Teak, Babul, Dhavada, Haldu and Neem are trees found in these forests. Fruit trees like Mango, Tamarind, Amala, Bor are also found in the District.

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Due to poor rainfall patterns and non-availability of irrigation, most farmers are in a position to cultivate only 1-2 food crops in the year. The prevalence of cash crops is very minimal. Farmers have been grouped into 4 farmer-producer organisations formed under the Pro-Soil Project. All of these groups have a good representation of women farmers.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• individual, con título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• individual

Derechos de uso de agua:

• comunitarios (organizado)
• individual

¿Los derechos del uso de la tierra se basan en un sistema legal tradicional?

Sí

Comentarios:

All the project farmers have land titles either in their name or their family members' name. These land rights are transferred among the family members as part of the Indian land transfer systems.

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

Comentarios:

In terms of infrastructure and services, Ahmednagar is well-connected with most services. However, still there is a scope to improve these further to make farmers' life better.

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Suelo

Especifique la evaluación de los impactos en el sitio (mediciones):

Overall, city compost has replaced the usage of synthetic fertilisers

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

Especifique la evaluación de los impactos fuera del emplazamiento (medidas):

The off-site impact can be contributed in terms of the reduction of waste at the waste processing site. However, this may not directly be linked to farmers' application of city compost in their farms.

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	Incremento o reducción	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	no se sabe
temperatura estacional	invierno	incrementó	no se sabe
lluvia anual		disminuyó	moderadamente

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
ola de calor	no se sabe
ola de frío	no se sabe
condiciones extremas de invierno	no se sabe
sequía	moderadamente

Comentarios:

The technology being very new its long-term impact of it is not well documented or assessed. However, compost in general is good for maintaining soil moisture and thus suited to the conditions of long dry spells.

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

City compost does not have any establishment cost at the farmers' level. In terms of maintenance cost, it is beneficial to farmers both in short term and long run.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• 1-10%

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

1100

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, por ej. sin recibir nada de incentivos/ materiales:

• 91-100%

Comentarios:

Most of the farmers have paid the money for buying the city compost from FPOs. Support from the project has been towards creating awareness, setting up the demonstration plots and handholding of FPOs.

6.6 Adaptación

¿La tecnología fue modificada recientemente para adaptarse a las condiciones cambiantes?

No

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
A good replacement for farmyard manure (dung) as its availability is a challenge due to reduction in numbers of livestock
Improved productivity of major crops
Farmers have observed improvement in soil moisture and soil texture which indicates a better soil health

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
This is an excellent mechanism to promote the waste management and address this long-standing problem of the country
An economically cheaper option to meet the composting needs of farmers thus promoting the natural farming
A good business line for FPOs as city compost is generally not available in the market
In the longer run, regular application of compost can improve the soil organic carbon

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Currently available in Nashik city only which is 150 km from the project area	Collective procurement by FPO and selling it to its members
Prices of city compost are very high at the non-subsidised prices	Farmers can keep their documents updated to get the subsidised compost. Also put up an application to concerned authorities for continuation of subsidy.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Regular supply from the waste processing plants. Many such plants do not operate regularly due to internal and external reasons.	FPOs can undertake some longterm contracts with the company. Also in the long run they can set-up small plants for local-level composting.

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.3 Vínculos a la información relevante disponible en línea

Título/ descripción:

City compost in India – from waste to healthy soil

URL:

https://www.rural21.com/english/covid-19-dossier/detail/article/city-compost-in-india-from-waste-to-healthy-soil.html