1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Oasis gardens in Niger for crop, vegetable and fruit production are supplied with irrigation water from traditional wells.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

In Timia Oasis in Aïr, small irrigated gardens (< 0.3 ha) have been used for over a century, producing dates and tree crops (figs, citrus, cherries, etc.) for sale and cereals for consumption (wheat, maize and pearl millet). With the onion boom in the 1990s, the establishment of new gardens grew dramatically. The new gardens cover a bigger area (0.5 - 1 ha) and focus on cash crops - mainly onions, but also potatoes and garlic. Gardens are fenced using branches from acacia trees. The water supply system in most cases is based on traditional wells with an animal-drawn scoop. The wells are less than 20 meters deep and generally built without a casing. Local experts were trained by GTZ project staff in well construction and maintenance. Modern motor pumps have recently become common and are used in new gardens. Water is conveyed to the plots through a hand-dug network of distribution channels. The channels are lined with clay and stones to minimize water loss through infiltration, evaporation, or breaching. Irrigating a whole garden takes about two hours. There are two cropping seasons per year: the rainy season (June-Sept) with staple crops such as maize and millet; and the dry/cold season (Oct.-Feb.) with wheat-barley associations and cash crops such as onions, garlic, tomatoes and vegetables. Fruit trees covering up to a fifth of the gardens; one section of the garden is reserved for keeping small ruminants. Agricultural residues are used as fodder and manure produced by livestock ensures fertility of gardens in combination with inorganic fertilizers. Traditional techniques (local plants, ash, etc) are used for pest management. Seed production and selection is done strictly locally.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The main establishment activities for this technology are: 1. Identify and demarcate of a free area to be converted into a garden. Fence area with acacia branches and living hedge. 2. Establish a traditional or cement well, max. 2 m wide and 15-20 m deep (contract with local well builder) in the middle of the field. 3. Installation of traditional water conveyance system (Tekarkat): wooden poles hold a pulley which conducts a rope with a scoop for extraction of water from the well. The system is powered by a dromedary. A 5-meter-chute (palm stem or iron sheet) conducts the water to a small reservoir.
4. Mark and dig irrigation canal system and basins for crop cultivation (8 m2): Main canal and secondary canals (perpendicular to main canal) are reinforced with clay or stones. 5. Purchase inputs (local market): seed, seedlings, fertilizer, tools. 6. Plant fruit trees.
Maintenance activities are the following: 1. Maintenance of fence: replace missing branches; plant new tree seedlings to reinforce the living hedge (biannually). 2. Irrigation (daily). 3. Maintenance of Tekarkat and canal system: control (and replace) poles; periodic weeding, cleaning, repair leaks and improve lining with clay/stones (biannually, after harvest). 4. Field preparation and application of organic manure (beginning of each cropping season). 5. Maintenance of well: cleaning (hot season), reinforce walls with cement (if needed).
6. Feeding draught animal using natural grassland and crop residues.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• 10-50 años atrás

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante la innovación de usuarios de tierras

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

Ces jardins traditionnels ont tendance à être adoptés spontanément. La technologie a été une réponse aux sécheresses successives des années 1970 et 80 qui ont causé d’importantes pertes de bétail dans la région. Les éleveurs nomades ont adopté la technologie pour diversifier leurs moyens de subsistance et diminuer les risques. Depuis les années 1990, 700 nouveaux jardins ont été créés à Timia (comparé aux 100 qui existaient précédemment)

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Desertification, soil erosion by wind and water, chemical and biological degradation of soil

Livestock is grazing on crop residues

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 2

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 150

Longest growing period from month to month: Oct-Feb

Second longest growing period in days: 90

Second longest growing period from month to month: June-Sept

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main measures: vegetative measures, structural measures

Type of agronomic measures: manure / compost / residues

Type of vegetative measures: scattered / dispersed

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Et: loss of topsoil, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover

Main causes of degradation: droughts

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo
• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

Comentarios:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (indigenous knowledge, extension from farmer to farmer))

Main technical functions: water spreading, increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs

Fruit trees / shrubs species: fig, citrus, cherries

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	Plant fruit trees	Vegetativas
2.	Identify and demarcate of a free area to be converted into a garden. Fence area with acacia branches and living hedge	Estructurales
3.	Establish a traditional or cement well, max. 2 m wide and 15-20 m deep (contract with local well builder) in the middle of the field	Estructurales
4.	Establish a traditional or cement well, max. 2 m wide and 15-20 m deep (contract with local well builder) in the middle of the field	Estructurales
5.	Installation of traditional water conveyance system (Tekarkat)	Estructurales
6.	Mark and dig irrigation canal system and basins for crop cultivation (8 m2): Main canal and secondary canals (perpendicular to main canal) are reinforced with clay or stones	Estructurales
7.	5. Purchase inputs (local market): seeds, seedlings, fertilizer, tools	Estructurales

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Field preparation and application of organic manure (beginning of each cropping season)	Vegetativas	beginning of each cropping season
2.	Maintenance of fence: replace missing branches; plant new tree seedlings to reinforce the living hedge (biannually)	Estructurales
3.	Irrigation	Estructurales	daily
4.	Maintenance of Tekarkat and canal system: control (and replace) poles; periodic weeding, cleaning, repair leaks and improve lining with clay/stones	Estructurales	biannually, after harvest
5.	Field preparation and application of organic manure	Estructurales	beginning of each cropping season
6.	Field preparation and application of organic manure	Estructurales
7.	Maintenance of well: cleaning (hot season), reinforce walls with cement (if needed)	Estructurales

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

Comentarios:

Cost calculation is based on local land prices and traditional irrigation systems. Maintenance costs include also fodder (for draught animal) and organic manure. Establishment as well as maintenance costs were calculated for a garden size of 0.5 ha.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

5.3 Suelos

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly disadvantaged land users

Population density: > 500 persons/km2

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• individual, sin título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• individual

• communal unorganised

• communal unorganised

Comentarios:

The land user can be (1) the owner of the garden; (2) a family member managing the family-owned garden; (3) a paid labourer; (4) a usufructuary

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	tipo de cambios climáticos/ climas extremos	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	no muy bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	bien
tormenta de viento	no muy bien

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	no muy bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río)	no muy bien

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
periodo reducido de crecimiento	bien

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

The technology serves a double purpose: food security and income generation

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

Comentarios:

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Since the 1990ies, 700 new irrigated gardens were established in Timia (as compared to 100 gardens)

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
High implementation costs	establish national financial support systems for acquisition of garden area by very poor people
High maintenance costs	promote efficient irrigation technologies that reduce maintenance costs (such as drip irrigation)
Uncontrolled spread of the technology resulting in an overexploitation of groundwater and over-production (e.g. onions)	increase water use efficiency; regulate market and promote agro-industrial food processing
High dependency on climatic factors influencing the recharge of the groundwater level	exploitation of deep water resources through artesian wells and introduction of adapted drip irrigation technologies

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Suchantke, J. and A. S. Soumaila. 2001. Etude cadre pour le programme NIGETIP IV, KfW, Niamey, Niger

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Soumaila, A. S., 2005. Rapport du symposium international sur le développement des filières agropastorales en Afrique organisé par GREAD.

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

PPEAP. 2006. Rapport final d’évaluation du projet de promotion des exportations agropastorales

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Ministère du développement agricole. 2008, 2009. Données statistiques sur la production maraichère