1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.5 Referencia al (los) Cuestionario(s) de Enfoques MST (documentados usando WOCAT)

Participatory action research on drip irrigation [Nepal]

Conducting participatory action research with farmers and line agencies for demonstrating, disseminating and scaling up drip irrigation.

• Compilador: Madhav Dhakal
• 16/01/2009 00:00

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

An irrigation system which allows the slow and precise delivery of water to crops

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Drip irrigation is a very water-efficient irrigation system. Water is dripped to individual plant root zones at low rates (2.25 l/hr) from emitters embedded in small diameter plastic pipes.
Farmers in the Jhikhu Khola watershed, Nepal, suffer from a shortage of water for irrigation between the end of one monsoon (June to September) and the next pre-monsoon period (May). This seriously limits agricultural production and leads to much land being left fallow after the monsoon crops have been harvested. Only a small area is planted with winter crops. The sources of irrigation water (such as rivers, and streams) are limited and the amount of water they provide is inadequate for cropping. Most of the sources remain dry outside the monsoon. Farmers expend considerable time and labour gathering what water they can to irrigate their crops. Low cost drip irrigation (LCDI) has been introduced in the watershed as a cost effective way of making the best use of the limited available water.
The cropping pattern of this area sees pre-monsoon vegetables established in February and March and winter vegetables in September and October. The low cost drip irrigation sets are installed while the fields are being prepared by ploughing, levelling, and ridging. Lateral pipes (12m long) are laid along the ridges which lie 1.5m apart. A wooden platform with storage tank is installed and connected to the lateral pipes. After the lateral pipes are laid out, planting holes are dug along the ridges spaced to coincide with the drip holes. These holes are usually set every 0.6 or 1.2m along the pipes depending on the crop. Farmyard manure and chemical fertiliser is placed in each pit and mixed well with the soil. Next, vegetable seedlings are planted in each hole and daily drip watering begins. Bitter gourd is the most commonly grown crop followed by cauliflower. Irrigation water is generally applied either in the morning or the evening. If needed, stakes are placed next to each plant a week later to allow the plants to climb. The climber crops like bitter gourd are netted one month after planting to provide more space for fruiting. Harvesting starts in mid-May and continues until September. Farmers maintain the system by repairing leaks in the pipe joints and by unblocking blocked drip holes.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

País:

Nepal

Región/ Estado/ Provincia:

Bagmati zone

Especifique más el lugar :

Kavepalanchowk/Jhikhu Khola watershed

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:

• distribuida parejamente sobre un área

Si se desconoce el área precisa, indique el área aproximada cubierta:

• < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)

Comentarios:

The technology was first introduced in the Jhikhu Khola watershed ( JKW) in 1993 with the support from University of British Columbia (UBC) but due to the technical problems it stopped in the same year. The drip sets introduced for the first time was North American type, and spare parts were not available after malfunctioning. Later on , from Oct. 2000 to Jan.2001, UBC again conducted experiments using two different types of drip sets , i.e. LCDI and Western Type ( Stefanie 2002) This experiment was conducted on Cauliflower. People and Resource Dynamics Project with the collaboration of Institute of engineering , Tribhuban University has initiated the drip experiment on cauliflower in Hokse ( Kubinde) in November 1999. In 2000 and 2001 the drip experiments were conducted on bitter gourd at Horticultural center( Panchkhal). From 2001 onwards it was introduced to the farmers field.
For this study, most of the discussions will be concentrated on Bitter gourd grown under drip in Panchkhal.

Map

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2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

Concept of drip irrigation came from Israel. LCDI was introduced by IDE/Nepal

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• Reduce water input

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Tierras cultivadas

• Cosecha anual
• Cosecha de árboles y arbustos

Cosechas anuales - Especifique cultivos:

• cereales - cebada
• cereales - maíz
• cultivos de raíces/ tubérculos - patatas
• cultivos de semillas - sésamo, amapola, mostaza, otros
• vegetales - otros

• rice, wheat

Cultivos de matorrales y arbustos - Especifique cultivos:

• árboles para forraje (Calliandra, Leucaena leucocephala, Prosopis, etc.)
• frutas, otros

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 3

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 150 Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Oct Second longest growing period in days: 120 Second longest growing period from month to month: Nov - Feb

Comentarios:

major cash crop: Tomato, potato, vegetables
major food crop: Rice , wheat , maize
other: Mustard, barley, fodder trees, fruit trees

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Insufficient water limits agricultural production during the winter and pre-monsoon seasons (Nov-May) leading to low farm incomes from the small landholdings. The increasing inputs of chemical fertilisers are a matter of concern for environmental protection.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Irrigation water shortage for the crops grown during winter and premonsoon months.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Rain fed land: Maiz-Wheat /vegetables. Irrigated land: Rice - vegetables/Wheat-vegetabes/ Maize

3.4 Provisión de agua

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

Comentarios:

Water supply: Also mixed rainfed - irrigated

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• Manejo de irrigación: (incl. provisión de agua, invernaderos)

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

medidas de manejo

• M2: Cambio de gestión/ nivel de intensidad

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

degradación del agua

• Hs: cambio en la cantidad de aguas superficiales

Comentarios:

Main causes of degradation: urbanisation and infrastructure development (poor irrigation infrastructres), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (uneven distribution of precipitation throughout the year.), poverty / wealth (lack of captial - limited fund allocated from government for the irrigation infrastructure development and maintenance), labour availability (lack of labour - out migration for off-farm employment), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of knowledge - approapriate technologies and the approach to implement them)

Secondary causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (agricultural causes - increased dose of agrochemical use, poor seed qality), land tenure (land subdivision - population growth , separating family members from a household.)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

Especificaciones técnicas (relacionadas al dibujo técnico):

Technical parts and design of a low cost drip irrigation system

Location: Jhikhu Khola watershed. Kabrepalanchowk/

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil, slow and precise delivery of water to plant root zones, enhanced phot*

Secondary technical functions: reduction of evaporation losses*, reduction of water distribution losses*

Change of land use practices / intensity level: from conventional irrigation flood/ bucket) to efficient irrigation

Autor:

IDE Nepal

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:

• por unidad de Tecnología

Especifique la moneda usada para calcular costos:

• USD

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 6 month(s)

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

Comentarios:

Machinery/ tools: spade

The cost is calculated for 150 square meter area , and extrapolated to per hectar of land. Only costs are listed which are additional to the traditional way of growing bitter gourd with out drip. Cost estimated in 2006.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Altitudinal zone: 850 m a.s.l.

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is good

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

Availability of surface water: More in rainy season (June- September), less in April/May

Water quality (untreated): Also good drinking water but poor in rainy season (June- September), less in April/May source: Natural spring

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households, off-farm income plays at least a minor and increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily

Market orientation of production system: The technology is suitable for vegetable farming , most of the farmers grow vegetables commercially because of the good market access.

Level of mechanization: Land cultivation performed mostly with locally available tools like spade and animals are used during land preparation (ploughing)

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• individual, con título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• individual

Derechos de uso de agua:

• acceso abierto (no organizado)

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Otros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

Desastres climatológicos

Desastres hidrológicos

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

The practice delivers quick and tangible benefits so that users usually get a return on the cost of investment after only one crop season.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• > 50%

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

50 households in an area of 10 ha

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, por ej. sin recibir nada de incentivos/ materiales:

• 51-90%

Comentarios:

58% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

29 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

42% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

21 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Farmers have shown growing interest, no. of drip farmers are increasing year by year, about 50 farmers in the watershed are practicing drip till present. Another 55 farmers are also using the technology with the support from a local NGO ( Ranipani Gram Sewa Samitee) District Soil Conservation Office, (DISCO) Kabhre and District Irrigation Office ( DIO) Kabhre. PARDYP is continuously providing technical support for all ( about 105) the drip users, no of drip users will be increased drastically in coming future if it is easily accessible and sufficient technical knowledge provided to them.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

ICIMOD (2007) Good Practices in Watershed Management, Lessons Learned in the Mid Hills of Nepal. Kathmandu: ICIMOD

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

ICIMOD

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Prajapati-Merz, B. (2003) ‘Drip Irrigation System.’ In PARDYP Annual Report 2003 submitted to ICIMOD, Kathmandu

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

ICIMOD

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Shrestha, S. (2004) Adoption of Drip Technology and It’s Impact on Gender: a Case Study fromJhikhu Khola Watershed, a report submitted to PARDYP project, ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

ICIMOD

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Von Westarp, S. (2002) Agricultural Intensifi cation, Soil Fertility Dynamics, and Low CostDrip Irrigation in the Middle Mountains of Nepal, M.Sc. Thesis. Vancouver: University of British Columbia (UBC)

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

ICIMOD,UBC Canada