1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Kathmandu University (KU) - Nepal

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

It is a technology used to control and reduce the effects of downstream flood by physical interventions like construction of spillway, ditch and stone dam on the wall of ditch.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Hilly areas are prone to flash flood that occur with little warning. During rainy season, level of water rises in the stream due to which land mass field of around area was degraded. This technology is used to control the land mass and water flowing from upper region to the lower region of the hill. The natural stream was modified to deep and more sloppy. And surrounding walls were made by piling up stones dams and tighten them by metal wires. These dams decrease the slope gradient and reduce the velocity of water flow and promote the deposition of eroded materials.

Purpose of the Technology: There was no problem of landslide and downstream flood before. But after the road construction, soil became loose resulting in the occurrence of downstream flood. It caused massive destruction of agricultural fields and disturbed settlement areas. Also, stone and gravel during landslide and stream flood used to be deposited and block the flow of the water. So land user invented by this technology to control and reduce the effects of downstream flood.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Land users and other villagers took the initiative to carry out the technology. Stones were abundantly found in the stream that were utilized to make the dams on lining the stream. Dozer was used to deepen the stream and increase the slope of stream. Stones were piled up and tied by iron wires on the bank of stream by local farmers themselves with their own investment.

Natural / human environment: The area where this technology has been used is a hilly area. Soil fertility in that area is low or medium which differs according to the place. Due to landslide and downstream flood, sand and gravel get deposited in the cropland, so its fertility is very low. No crops can be grown in there. This technology helps to control further degradation of land but could't help to restore natural quality of land.
This area is semi arid area. Due to the proper supply of water the area is prevented from drying. People living in that area are mainly farmers and depend on agriculture for livelihood. Also the area is developing more after the road construction. People are now being more aware about health, education and development.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante la innovación de usuarios de tierras

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

The problem of downstream flood was caused before two years after the construction of road. so technology was also developed before 2 years.

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo
• reducir el riesgo de desastres naturales

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Cropland destruction

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Cropland destruction, vegetation destruction, decreased soil fertility.

Constraints of waterway/ditch (Ditch for the flow of water): Big stone which block the water ways.

Number of growing seasons per year: 3
Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: june-november; Second longest growing period in days: 90; Second longest growing period from month to month: march-june

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• manejo de agua superficial (manantial, río, lagos, mar):

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main causes of degradation: urbanisation and infrastructure development (Construction of road i.e infrastructure development), floods (Downstream flood during rainy season.), inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …) (Road construction)

Secondary causes of degradation: Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Heavy rainfall during rainy season cause downstream flooding.)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• prevenir la degradación del suelo

Comentarios:

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique la moneda usada para calcular costos:

• USD

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Momento (estación)
1.	Land user increased the width and slope of existing ditch for easy flow of water.	dry seasonm
2.	Land user embanked the bank with stones on either side.	dry season
3.	Stones are bind together by wires in some places.	dry season

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Increase the width and slope of ditch	ha	1,0	941,17	941,17	100,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					941,17
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología en USD					941,17

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 2 month(s)

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

Comentarios:

Machinery/ tools: dozer, Dozer

The above mentioned cost is not given per unit/hectar. It is the total cost used for that technology.

4.7 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

The most determinate factor affecting the cost is land structure. Land contains loamy soil which made it difficult for construction of ditch.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Indique si la Tecnología se aplica específicamente en:

• situaciones cóncavas

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Slopes on average: The average slope is about 15%.

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil texture: Sandy and graveled land

Soil fertility is medium - low and varies according to soil texture

Soil drainage / infiltration is poor

Soil water storage capacity is low, soil is sandy and contains gravel. So it cannot store water

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

Ground water table: Infiltration is very low. Water only flow on surface.

Availability of surface water: During rainy season excess water flow through the steam.

Water quality (untreated): Some portion water is used in agriculture

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

Soil is very infertile. So it is poor in biodiversity.

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: More male because women cannot do such type of heavy labor work.

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

(living standard is more than average).
(average life standard).

Off-farm income specification: Their land is protected from further degradation

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• individual, sin título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• comunitarios (organizado)

Comentarios:

The land where SLM technology is applied belongs to individual, but it land use right belongs to community.

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	Incremento o reducción	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	no muy bien
tormenta de viento	no se sabe

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río)	no muy bien

Comentarios:

Dame can be made more tolerant again flash flood by using wire to tighten the stone walls or making the concrete wall.

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

This technology is not a investment purpose. People used their own money to construct it.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• casos individuales / experimentales

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

14 households in an area of 10 - 100 sq km (50 - 100 persons per sq km)

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, por ej. sin recibir nada de incentivos/ materiales:

• 0-10%

Comentarios:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

14 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: Iron wire was provided by Bagmati watershed.

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: People have well accepted this technology.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Risk of downstream flood and landslide is reduced. How can they be sustained / enhanced? If they had been more donation from government or any other projects, they would construct concrete or more flood resistance dams. As some parts are still unconstructed they would complete them with some more external support.
Agriculture land get protected so they can plant the crop without being at risk.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Proper water drainage system and water can get collected in the river following the fix path. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Fodder plant could be grown on the stream banks which is now left and unused. This could be used to feed the animals and would also help to control flood and landslide.
It reduced the risk of further land degradation by downstream flood. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Dams can be made more strong by making concrete walls

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
N/A

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
N/A	N/A