1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

World Vision (World Vision) - Suiza

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

Comentarios:

It is a very sustainable technology as it promotes the natural regeneration of highly degraded areas.

1.5 Referencia al (los) Cuestionario(s) de Enfoques MST (documentados usando WOCAT)

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) is a proven SLM Technology to restore degraded wasteland and improve depleted farmland. The farmer regu- lates and facilitates the re-growth of existing trees stumps, or self-sown seeds in the soil, and thus promotes soil fertility and through better ground cover, increases protection from runoff and erosion.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Conventional afforestation and tree planting requires considerable inputs, labour and care including suitable seedlings, transport of these, planting and regular watering - and the survival rate in arid and semi-arid climates is often very poor. On the other hand Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) is a cheap and effective way to restore and improve large areas of degraded and depleted soils. The technology relies on the fact that even in deforested areas, soils often still maintain some active roots systems and viable seeds of native woody plants. Selectively promoted, leaving only a few main shoots, they can grow into trees within a few years. This technology - based on indigen- ous practices - has been successfully promoted by World Vision in eight African countries including Kenya and Ethiopia, and is now also being applied in Indonesia, East Timor and Latin America. Apart from labour and a farmer’s knife, and skills, there are no major inputs required. The farmers like this agroforestry technology a it is cheap and can be easily combined with other SLM technolo- gies such as permaculture, inter-cropping, and mulching. At the same time it can be used at various scales: on small plots of less than one hectare or up to the landscape level where whole hills can be re-vegetated within a short period. And the impact can be very positive on the soil, ecology, cli- mate and health of crops, people and livestock. The farmer can use prunings as rewood, and grow fodder below the trees; tree branches and leaves can serve for mulching and the owers for bees, fruits for consumption and sale. The trees break the winds, protect the soil and (with some species) their shade protects sensitive crops (e.g. vegetables or even coffee) from the sun. The soil’s water retention capacity, structure, biology and fertility improve. All effects contribute to soil, water and climate stabilization. One limitation can be the use of tractors and other machines which, however, are hardly employed by smallholder farmers. Some practical steps for establishing an FNMR site; 1) jointly agree on a target area (be it a eld or communal wasteland) 2) check out the area carefully for existence of woody species (trees, bushes, rootstocks) 3) mark the bushes or trees that should be nurtured into bigger trees (it is recommended to consult local/scientific knowledge on the trees species and their positive benefits) 4) protect the whole area (fences, hedges) or only the chosen trees against grazing and human disturbance 5) when the plants reach a height of 1 m start with pruning, only keeping the 2-3 main shoots, using the prunings for rewood or mulching 6) watering is in most cases not required as the indigenous trees have well-enough developed roots for self- supply 7) the specific cultivation and management practice depends on the trees species selected and the desired results (intercropping with maize, shade trees for coffee, fodder trees for livestock, flower trees for bees etc.) 8) fire and livestock are the are the main threats for a new FMNR site.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.4 Videos de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Indique año de implementación:

2014

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

The technology was introduced by World Vision through a public funded project on climate protection and natural resource management. It received the “Total Kenya Eco Challenge Award” in 2016. The introduction was done through the following steps. The project staff were trained on the concept after which they trained Government staff in forestry, education and agriculture department including chiefs and assistant chief who were to turn out to be the entry point/ ambassadors for the concept. Intense trainings, awareness campaigns, practical demonstrations, consultative meetings and observations were conducted. Till now more than 300 hectares of degraded land was reclaimed through FMNR and over 1000 farmers adopted the practice already.

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción
• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo
• conservar el ecosistema
• proteger una cuenca hidrográfica/ áreas corriente abajo – en combinación con otras Tecnologías
• preservar/ mejorar biodiversidad
• reducir el riesgo de desastres naturales
• adaptarse al cambio climático/ extremos climáticos y sus impactos
• mitigar cambio climático y sus impactos
• crear impacto económico benéfico

• this technology brings a lot of positive effects on the environment (more water, more carbon and nutrients in the soil, better micro climate etc.) > bullet point 4: other technologies could be contour farming, agroforestry, water harvesting)

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Mezcla de tipos de uso de tierras dentro de la misma unidad de tierras: :

Sí

Especifique el uso combinado de tierras (cultivos/ pastoreo/ árboles):

• Agroforestería

Comentarios:

Main products/ services: The native trees provide shade, organic matter, fruits, fodder, firewood, bee pasture etc.
Typical crops in Kenya grown below the FMNR trees are maize, millet, mung beans, amaranth and sorghum, vegetables and coffee. It can be an advantage to promote the growth of Leguminous trees as they serve as source of nitrogen and many of them produce pods eaten by livestock.

Livestock density: Livestock is one of the main threats to the technology. It is a very important to keep livestock out of the FMNR areas either by using live fences or mesh wire fences.

3.4 Provisión de agua

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

Comentarios:

Since only indigenous species are promoted the normal rainfall should be sufficient for their growth.

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• manejo de bosques naturales y seminaturales:
• agroforestería
• cobertura de suelo/ vegetal mejorada

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

There is also an aspect of management change (M2): allowing the native trees to grow, pruning of upcoming bushes, mulching with tree branches, felling of trees when desired etc.

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

FMNR contributes to less soil erosion, more organic matter and more diversified habitats (leading to increased agro-biodiversity).

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• reducir la degradación del suelo
• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

Comentarios:

FMNR contributes to less land degradation and is an ideal technology to restore severely degraded areas.

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:

• por área de Tecnología

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

KES

Si fuera relevante, indique la tasa de cambio de dólares americanos a la moneda local (ej. 1 U$ = 79.9 Reales Brasileros): 1 U$ =:

100,0

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Momento (estación)
1.	Plot inspection (to identify and mark potential bushes)	ideally after harvesting the crops, best time for transects
2.	Plot protection (fencing against livestock)	ideally after harvesting, best time for transects, before planting
3.	alternatively: Protection measures of single bushes	ideally after harvesting, best time for transects, before planting
4.	Weeding/ clearance of surplus bushes/ vegetation	all year, during vegetation period
5.	normal farming activities within the FMNR site	after harvesting the crops
6.	Integrating beekeeping and or fodder harvesting	all year, during vegetative period
7.	Thinning or harvesting of fuel wood	As per need, dependant on the farmer, all year round

Comentarios:

Ideally, FMNR activities are not interfering too much with the normal farming activities except for mulching or compost making wherefore small tree branches can be used.

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	plot protection - fencing/ ha	person-days	30,0	400,0	12000,0	100,0
Mano de obra	tree protection - first pruning/ ha	person-days	10,0	400,0	4000,0	100,0
Equipo	farmer's knife	piece	2,0	150,0	300,0	100,0
Equipo	machete	piece	2,0	500,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipo	rake	piece	2,0	500,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipo	hand hoe	piece	2,0	450,0	900,0	100,0
Equipo	leather gloves	pair	2,0	1000,0	2000,0	100,0
Equipo	strong gumboots	pair	2,0	2000,0	4000,0	100,0
Equipo	axe	piece	2,0	700,0	1400,0	100,0
Material para plantas	life fence seeds/ thorns of shrubs / ha	seedlings	1200,0	5,0	6000,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	n/a
Material de construcción	n/a
Otros	n/a
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					32600,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología en USD					326,0

Si no puede desglosar los costos especificados en la tabla anterior, proporcione un estimado de los cálculos totales en los que se incurrió para establecer la Tecnología:

32600,0

Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

The farmer harvest wood and non-wood products like honey and grass. Often FMNR is combined with agriculture or animal husbandry. As the crop yield increases the farmer can invest in more equipment and tools.

Comentarios:

Some of the costs incurred were covered by WV during inception of the project model of FMNR especially for the demonstration plots but the costs on household level are covered by the farmers themselves. Normal farm equipment is being used to establish the sites. The farmer needs some gloves und gumboots and the time for the additional works. Also some time is needed to be invested for training to get equipped with the required knowledge and skills. Live fence plants or throns from shrubs are normally collected/ taken from the pruned Acacia branches.

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Pruning of target bushes and trees	during vegetation period, ideally in the dry season
2.	tree felling	after vegetation period, after harvesting the crops
3.	Harvesting of grass in FMNR sites not on crops	During and after rainny season

Comentarios:

Ideally, FMNR activities are not interfering too much with the normal farming activities except for mulching or compost making wherefore small tree branches can be used for firewood. In places where FMNR is applied to gain timber, branches and firewood in a sustainable way, it has supported to raise more income for households allowing them to meet their basic needs including school fees, medical bills etc.

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Yearly Pruning of target bushes and trees /ha	person-days	6,0	400,0	2400,0	100,0
Mano de obra	tree felling of selected trees/ ha	person-days	4,0	400,0	1600,0	100,0
Equipo	farmer's knife	piece	2,0	150,0	300,0	100,0
Equipo	machete	piece	2,0	500,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipo	rake	piece	2,0	500,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipo	hand hoe	piece	2,0	450,0	900,0	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					7200,0
Costos totales para mantener la Tecnología en USD					72,0

Si no puede desglosar los costos especificados en la tabla anterior, proporcione un estimado de los cálculos totales en los que se incurrió para mantener la Tecnología:

14600,0

Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

The farmer harvest wood and non-wood products like honey and grass. Often FMNR is combined with agriculture or animal husbandry. As the crop yield increases the farmer can invest in more equipment and tools.

Comentarios:

Some of the costs incurred were covered by WV during inception of the project model of FMNR especially for the demonstration plots but the costs on household level are covered by the farmers themselves. Normal farm equipment is being used to establish the sites. The farmer needs some gloves und gumboots and the time for the additional works. Also some time is needed to be invested for training to get equipped with the required knowledge and skills. Live fence plants or throns from shrubs are normally collected/ taken from the pruned Acacia branches.

4.7 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Size of the FMNR site and the density and age of trees. Important precondition is fencing off the sites/ protection of trees against livestock. Most of the equipment needed is part of the normal agricultural tool set.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Indique si la Tecnología se aplica específicamente en:

• no relevante

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

The data above was provided by Divisional Agriculture officer in Lambwe.

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

¿La salinidad del agua es un problema?

Sí

Especifique:

High amounts of sodium ions makes the water often saline.

¿Se está llevando a cabo la inundación del área? :

Sí

Frecuencia:

frecuentemente

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

The water quality of surface water is poor and sometimes only suitable for livestock. Though due to few safe water sources, the households often have to use the surface run off for domestic use.

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

The biodiversity is still higher than expected in comparison to the degree of degradation of the landscape. This might relate to the proximity of the Lake Victoria with its rich fish- and avifauna and Ruma National Park.

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

All the above groups participate in the roll-out of the technology. It is relatively new and many are excited about the benefits. Elderly and children (youth and child headed households) need more time do the same work and adopt the technology less enthusiastically. Though Elderly are often key drivers of the technology as they best understand the degree of deforestation and water insecurity and the interlinkages.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• comunitaria/ aldea
• individual, con título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• comunitarios (organizado)
• individual

Derechos de uso de agua:

• comunitarios (organizado)
• individual

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

Especifique la evaluación de los impactos fuera del emplazamiento (medidas):

Detailed research has not been carried out on the impact of the technology to provide scientific evidence. However, soil testing is being done and a study on the biodiversity is being conducted.

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	Incremento o reducción	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
Otro cambio climático gradual	micro climate (moisture, less wind & erosion, reduced temperature)	incrementó	muy bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	bien
incendio forestal	no muy bien
incendio	no muy bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación repentina	moderadamente

Desastres biológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
insectos/ infestación de gusanos	bien

Comentarios:

A baseline survey captures also aspects of environmental degradation.

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

FMNR is a low cost technology and brings a good return on investment. Slightly more land is required and mechanisation can become more difficult. Farmers are very optimistic of the long- term results of FMNR since the need for wood is high. Locals have started looking at having trees on farm as an equal investment opportunity compared to crops.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• > 50%

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

Over 1000 households reached through training and confirmed practising.

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, por ej. sin recibir nada de incentivos/ materiales:

• 91-100%

Comentarios:

Most of the adopters start the practice after getting basic training and some of them just through observation of model sites.

6.6 Adaptación

¿La tecnología fue modificada recientemente para adaptarse a las condiciones cambiantes?

No

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
FMNR is appropriate for both male and female of productive ages though at the introduction depending on nature and size of the farm, men are more advantaged due to labour intensive. However for land with no trees just starting up, it can be easily managed by both sexes. It is also a form of exercise for the aging people thus improving on healthy lifestyle.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
FMNR can be done by anyone/everyone in a household as long as the drive and understanding of the concept is embraced. This includes people with special needs. It is cheap, efficient and refreshing plus satisfying since results are evident in short while. Tree planting survival rate has been low in the recent times following unreliable rainfall, external threats e.g livestock, pests and diseases thus FMNR is the solution to restoring the degraded ecosystems. Women may find the actual management difficult at some stage but since the concept brings income, even external labor is sourced. So the women don't fear getting on with the technology.
FMNR is a low cost technology and brings a good return on investment. Farmers are very optimistic of the long- term results of FMNR since the need for wood is high. Locals have started looking at having trees on farm as an equal investment opportunity compared to crops.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Safety of the farmers during management (thick thorny bushes) and habitat it creates for wild life that could be threats to man e.g snakes, monkeys eat all their crops as birds feed on the seeds too.	Monkeys can be kept out by thorney hedges, birds by mirrors and cats.
Slightly more land is required and mechanisation can become more difficult.	Mechanisation can be done if new trees build kind of hedges.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Women may find the actual management difficult at some stage and quite labour intensive.	Since the technology brings income even external labor can be sourced.

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration Enhances Rural Livelihoods in Dryland West Africa, Weston, Peter, Reaksmey Hong, Carolyn Kaboré & Christian A. Kull, Environmental Management Volume 55, Issue 6, pp 1402–1417,2015, ISBN 0364-152X00267-015-0469-1

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

Springer, USD 35

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Re-greening the Sahel: farmer-led innovation in Burkina Faso and Niger, Reij, C.; Tappan, G.; Smale, M., in Millions fed : proven successes in agricultural development, 2009, ISBN 9780896296619

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

International Food Policy Research Institute, USD ?

7.3 Vínculos a la información relevante disponible en línea

Título/ descripción:

Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration Hub

URL:

http://fmnrhub.com.au/

Título/ descripción:

Scaling up Regreening: Six steps to success, A practical approach to forest and Landscape Restoration, World Resources Institute, 2015, ISBN 978-1-56973-861-0

URL:

https://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/scaling-regreening-six-steps-success.pdf

Título/ descripción:

In Kenya, Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration is a remedy to Climate Change

URL:

http://www.landscapes.org/kenya-farmer-managed-natural-regeneration-remedy-climate-change/

Título/ descripción:

Australian High Commissioner Visits Environmental Restoration Project in Baringo County

URL:

http://kenya.embassy.gov.au/nair/fmnr.html

Título/ descripción:

ICRAF and World Vision facilitate Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration training in Uganda

URL:

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/news/icraf-and-world-vision-wv-facilitate-farmer-managed-natural-regeneration-fmnr-training-uganda

Título/ descripción:

Renew The Land - FMNR in Timor-Leste

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ub2K8QGy8k0

Título/ descripción:

FMNR at the International Permaculture Conference (Sept 2011) in Amman, Jordan

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dm_qlyvdZ_A

Título/ descripción:

Proven successes in agricultural development: Increasing the Number of On-Farm Trees in Niger

URL:

http://www.ifpri.org/publication/millions-fed

Título/ descripción:

Afrikas Waldmacher (ZDF heute-journal vom 2.9.2016) German video

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgdcbxE-OQo

Título/ descripción:

FMNR regreening projects in East Africa

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElfgcWCmops