1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Prospects and challenges of water use systems as climate adaptive option for sustainable water management in Himalayan Region

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Kathmandu University (KU) - Nepal

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

Comentarios:

The technology used serves as a source of providing water for drinking and other multiple uses; such that it acts as a means to conserve and manage water resources rather than degrade them.

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Natural water source in hill top is collected in a small reservoir-chamber ( to preserve natural source), then passes onto a Reservoir Tank (RVT) for drinking water (ferro-cement tank/ Ghaito) with a capacity of 9000L that falls within individual’s plot of land. When the ferro-cement tank gets filled, water overflows, is collected in another reservoir pond (30,000L) for irrigation and other multiple uses. From the Ghaito and reservoir pond, two pipelines are fed and water is supplied into individual Multiple Use Water System (MUWS) tap towers.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

The technology is applied in a natural environment. The place of study falls under the dry belt of Nepal, receiving less than average annual rainfall (in context of Nepal). The source of water is natural that is located within a community forest area (samudayik ban), which is owned by the government and consists of trees like Sal, Supari (areca nuts), etc. From there, water collects onto a Ghaito / ferro-cement tank, which falls on the land owned by Mr. Krishna Bahadur B.K., who voluntarily agreed to donate the land for its construction. The total area covered for the tank is 1 ropani (1 hectare = 19.65 ropanis). From the reservoir, water is collected in a ferrocement tank / Ghaito / Thulo tanki (for drinking water) and a reservoir pond (for irrigation). Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) pipes are fed onto the tanks to distribute the water for multiple purposes in 6 Multiple Use Water System (MUWS) tap-towers; which consist of two faucets each - one for drinking and the other for irrigation and other purposes.
The major purposes of this technology are to supply clean water for drinking and other purposes to the community that is comprised of 23 households, through a cheap, effective and simple system. For establishing the system, labour and construction materials were needed for building Ghaito and pipeline systems. For the maintenance, manual labour is necessary. The natural source of water is locally maintained. The quality of the water that is supplied to the 23 households is good and the quantity seems sufficient for the number of households. Operation and maintenance works are done by the locals who collect NPR. 50 from each household. The system is guarded by a watchman (Chaukidar) who is given a monthly stipend of NPR. 800 from the committee. The system was financed through a public-private-partnership (PPP) program; out of which some amount was funded by a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) - Sundar Nepal, primary survey of the natural source of water was done by another NGO- Anukulan Project with the help from UK-AID (NPR. 1,46,000) , and the remaining funds were contributed by the locals’ group (NPR. 1,39,183), by collecting NPR. 3000 initially then NPR. 1200 from each household. The then Village Development Committee (VDC) donated NPR. 1,00,000 and labour costs borne by the locals amounted to NPR. 85,600. Total amount invested for the project amounted to NPR. 4,70,783. Benefits of the technology are the sustainable use of water resources through a MUWS system, cheap and effective way to conserve water resources and the ensured availability of clean water even through dry seasons. The villagers like the facts that the water is clean, more water is available for irrigation for vegetable farming, and that their day-to-day life is simplified. They dislike the limited availability of water during dry season and that out of 6 systems only 3 are in operation and the other ones are in a non-working condition.
A separate committee is set up for the smooth operation of the system, which consists of 20 members- 10 males and 10 females. The head of the committee is Mrs. Amrita B.K.. The committee conducts a monthly meeting on 10th of each Nepalese month to discuss the problems and need of maintenance. During the initial setup, the connection of pipelines from the tap systems to the reservoir tanks was, however, done with the contribution of the locals. Every month, each family contributes NPR 50, which goes to a fund that is set up for the times of need. The labor contribution by the people of the VDC was dependent upon the number and availability of family members in the household. Similarly, the use of MUWS system and water from it is also dependent upon the availability of family members. Little to no maintenance was done to the system till now from 2073 B.S. ( 3 years) . Equal number of male and female members are in the committee dedicated to the MUWS system.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Indique año de implementación:

2015

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

Sundar Nepal- a non governmental organization helped initiate the project
UKAID ( Anukulan Project) - an inernational non governmental project ( INGO ) helped with the technical aspects of the project

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción
• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo
• adaptarse al cambio climático/ extremos climáticos y sus impactos
• crear impacto económico benéfico

• improve water security and increase efficient use at a household level

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Irrigation and Multiple Uses: The locals use the technology in order to irrigate their cropland so that the plant productivity is increased. As well, the introduction of this technology has opened up doors to new possibilities like construction of tunnels ( green houses) so that the locals can grow seasonal and off-seasonal vegetables in their backyards. Animal husbandry has also been an increasing practice. Human uses like washing, cooking, cleaning, bathing, etc are amply sufficient due to adequacy of water from this technology.

3.3 ¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

• Sí (Por favor responda las preguntas de abajo referidas al uso de la tierra antes de implementar la Tecnología)

Comentarios:

Before the introduction of the technology, the land productivity was minimal. Water for human uses like bathing, cleaning, washing, cooking, etc. were scarce; especially during the dry seasons. No green houses were constructed. They used to rear very few cattle.
After the technology, vegetables from green houses in their backyards are sold to markets, which has acted as an alternative source of earning perennially.

3.4 Provisión de agua

otra (ej. post-inundación):

• Natural source (Mool) of water in foliage atop a hill that falls under Mr. Krishna Bdr. B.K.'s land

Comentarios:

The supply of water comes from a natural source ( 'mool' in local language) , where a small enclosure is constructed so that the source is preserved and water is amply supplied to the ferro-cement tank for drinking purposes ( 'Ghaito' in local language) and the reservoir pond for irrigation purposes.

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• cosecha de agua
• Manejo de irrigación: (incl. provisión de agua, invernaderos)

• Gravity Fed Multiple Use Water System (MUWS) , New Scheme

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

The technology is comprised of structures like Tanks (ferro-cement), Ponds (Concrete), Pipes, etc which use a myriad of resources like cement, iron rods, PVC pipes, fences for enclosure, etc.

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Before setting up the technology, much of the water during dry seasons would evaporate from the natural source ( mool) and there would be scarcity of water during dry seasons. This has been addressed by the technology, where securing the natural source of water prevented evaporation and storing water in enclosed tanks helped supply water during dry seasons.
Similarly, due to no preservation of the source and no storage tanks, the water would be soiled by sediments, wastes and insects' larvae. After setting technology up, the quality of water has vastly improved as well

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• prevenir la degradación del suelo

Comentarios:

The technology prevents water source degradation, improves perennial water availability, reduces effects like drought, floods, etc. Thus, land degradation by means of lands turning barren, dry,etc is tackled by this technology.

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:

• por área de Tecnología

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

NPR

Si fuera relevante, indique la tasa de cambio de dólares americanos a la moneda local (ej. 1 U$ = 79.9 Reales Brasileros): 1 U$ =:

110,0

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Momento (estación)
1.	Enclosement for the groundwater source	Summer Season ( Before Rains)
2.	Construction of Ferro-cement tank for Drinking Water	Summer Season ( Before Rains)
3.	Construction of Concrete tank for Irrigation	Summer Season and During Rainy Season
4.	Securing the perimeter for the tanks	Rainy Season
5.	Laying down the PVC pipework	Rainy Season
6.	Construction of 6 individual MUWS tap towers ( Thaado in Nepalese language)	After Rains
7.	Final touch-ups, Setting up faucets, Preliminary checking	After Rains

Comentarios:

A total of roughly 5 months (140 days ) was required for the construction of the technology to be completed.
Construction was initiated before the rains, and could only be completed after the rainy season.

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Labour Costs by Locals	N/A	1,0	85600,0	85600,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Primary Survey and Securing of Source	1	1,0	146000,0	146000,0
Equipo	Construction of Tank, Pond and MUWS Tap Towers	1	1,0	100000,0	100000,0
Equipo	Laying down pipework, Other Construction	1	1,0	139183,0	139183,0	100,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					470783,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología en USD					4279,85

Si no puede desglosar los costos especificados en la tabla anterior, proporcione un estimado de los cálculos totales en los que se incurrió para establecer la Tecnología:

470783,0

Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

Village Developmment Committee, Anukulan Project (under UK-AID) NGO, Sundar Nepal (NGO)

Comentarios:

1.Village Developmment Committee:NPR. 1,00,000
2.Anukulan Project (under UK-AID) NGO: ~ NPR. 1,46,000
3.Water – Users : NPR. 1,39,000 ( collected from households)
4. NPR. 85,600 ( labour costs contributed by the locals)

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Pipeline Maintenance Work	During Dry Seasons (Winter) annually

Comentarios:

The maintenance works have been carried out on the pipework for 2-3 times during the winter seasons, wherein the PVC pipes had to be replaced due to the collection of lime inside.

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Voluntary Labour borne by the Locals	1	1,0			100,0
Equipo	PVC Pipes	1 metres	400,0	30,0	12000,0	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					12000,0
Costos totales para mantener la Tecnología en USD					109,09

Comentarios:

The maintenance works were borne by the locals through voluntary contribution, which couldn't be calculated to an exact number. However, estimating the costs of PVC pipes per meter and the number of times they were replaced, the total costs for maintenance came to around 109.09 USD (~ NPR 12,000).
The locals voluntarily agreed for labour required.

4.7 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

PVC Pipes costs.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

5.3 Suelos

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

¿La salinidad del agua es un problema?

No

¿Se está llevando a cabo la inundación del área? :

No

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

Before the introduction of MUWS technology, the water used to be a problem during the dry seasons. However, after the technology was applied, the natural ground water source is conserved, people have been monitoring the water levels cautiously and nowadays, the water sustains the locals during the dry seasons as well.
Salinity is not a problem, but the presence of lime in the water is a problem.

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

Birds are abundant, new fowls are sighted regularly.Lampuchhre ( Long-tailed widowbird),Ravens,Hawks,Peacocks and peafowls,Peasants,Guinea fowls and other fowls; rarely seen before are common after setting up the technology.

Animal sighting is rare. Forests, although consisting of a few varieties of trees, like Saal ( shorea robusta), Sadhana ( Moringa) , Belauti ( Guava), Sallo ( pine tree), Aap ( Mango). very few species are abundant in a given stretch of land.

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Members of the community: 1:1 ratio of males to females
Age : mostly middle-aged, a few children and few elderly
Caste/ Ethnicity: Thakuri, Dalit and Janajati
Literacy: few persons completed High – School level (+2), rest are literate ( Class 5)
Total Land Holding: 16 ropanis (1 Hectare = 19.65 ropanis) of land. Human Settlement since last 40+ years in search of better opportunities and access to better services of water, roads, etc.
Total households: 23
Jobs: Males : bread- earners, construction workers, labour, farming
Females: Housewives, Farming. Most of the males in the village have been to foreign country ( India specially) for manual labor and mostly females are present in the village.
Ethnicity: Few families are of Upper- Caste: Thakuris ( as per Nepalese traditions) and most are Dalits and Janajatis; who were considered lower caste previously. But, the caste system has already been abolished from Nepal.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• individual, sin título

• The source, tanks fall under private land area- owned by the Mr. Krishna Bdr. B.K., who voluntarily donated the land

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• comunitarios (organizado)

Derechos de uso de agua:

• comunitarios (organizado)

¿Los derechos del uso de la tierra se basan en un sistema legal tradicional?

No

Especifique:

Previously, the society had a caste system in which the higher and lower caste discrimination was done and the water tainted by the lower caste ( Dalits, Janajatis) were deemed “unfit” by the upper caste ( Thakuris, Brahmins, Chhetris). However, after the abolishment of the caste system, everyone enjoys equal rights to the access to water.

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

Comentarios:

The access to health, education and markets along with other facilities is only accessible after a 15 minute journey to the ‘bazaar’ or market area from the village.
After implementation of the project, people are able to grow vegetables in green houses, annually, and that has added to their source of income.

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

Especifique la evaluación de los impactos fuera del emplazamiento (medidas):

Since this technology is adapted in a small area, without any significant construction, there is virtually no off-site impact.
However, this technology is bound to show some beneficial impacts (off-site) in the long run.

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	Incremento o reducción	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	moderadamente
temperatura estacional	verano	incrementó	moderadamente
lluvia anual		disminuyó	moderadamente
lluvia estacional	estación húmeda/ de lluvias	disminuyó	moderadamente

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	bien

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

Comentarios:

The system has been in operation since 3 years only. Thus, long term effects are yet to be visible.
The running and maintenance costs were an approximate calculation as per the local water users.
However, it is evident from the running and maintenance costs that the benefits outweigh the costs.

6.6 Adaptación

¿La tecnología fue modificada recientemente para adaptarse a las condiciones cambiantes?

No

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
The system has been in operation since 3 years only. Thus, long term effects are yet to be visible
Availability of water even during the dry seasons.
Increase in the productivity of perennial vegetables in kitchen garden, construction of tunnels for farming vegetables possible. Hence, new source of income generated by selling vegetables annually.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Increase in the productivity of perennial vegetables in kitchen garden, construction of tunnels for farming vegetables possible
Need of alternative sources of water during dry seasons not present after construction of MUWS system
Overall productivity of land improved through effective irrigation of water
Self-sufficiency in the aspect of water and crops, as well as alternative sources of income increased, improving the quality of lives of the water users.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Water levels not rising in few tap systems out of the six constructed	Technician could oversee the problem of elevation and give a viable solution so that 6 out of 6 tap systems could be functional again
Pipes breaking down due to lime, and their diameter and quality could be improved	If the government and/or NGO could add to the savings of the group, good quality of Galvanized Iron (GI) pipes could be installed instead of the PVC pipes used

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
The tank for irrigation is left open at the top, leading to evaporation of water, usually in dry seasons leading to less water in taps during dry seasons	Closing the top of the tank using a lid
The pipes used are not sustainable	The use of heavier PVC pipes and/or hybrid GI pipes could result in less chances of system failure due to lime in the water

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información