Tecnologías

Drought-resistant crops [Suiza]

technologies_6272 - Suiza

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1. Información general

1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Persona(s) de referencia clave

usuario de la tierra:

Brunner Stefan

Brunner Eichhof

Suiza

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)
OPtimal strategies to retAIN and re-use water and nutrients in small agricultural catchments across different soil-climatic regions in Europe (OPTAIN)
Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)
CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Suiza

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

2. Descripción de la Tecnología MST

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

In response to changing environmental conditions, it can be valuable to adopt new plant varieties that offer benefits such as drought tolerance. The technology described covers one such response in Switzerland.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

In response to changing environmental conditions, it can be valuable to adopt new plant varieties that offer benefits such as drought tolerance. The key is the improved adaptation of the crops to heat and drought. These adaptations are based on plant physiological and morphological characteristics that confer increased drought tolerance, as well as phenology, which can also affect the plants' water requirements. The goal is to reduce production losses and promote a regional, plant-based food system in Switzerland. To introduce and maintain drought-resistant crops requires specific activities and inputs, such as selecting suitable seeds and ensuring long-term profitable cultivation. This technology is applied to cropland in Switzerland, especially in the Swiss Plateau, where climate change is causing increasingly warmer and drier summers, as well as more intense precipitation in the winter months. These climatic changes favour the cultivation of crops that can better cope with drought periods, allowing for the replacement of crops that require irrigation in the same growing areas.
The main purpose is to adapt agricultural production to the effects of climate change while simultaneously reducing the emissions caused by farming. By cultivating drought-resistant crops, the risk of production losses during drought periods can be minimized, and a transformation towards more diverse, plant-based, and regional food production systems can be promoted. A major advantage of this technology lies in the adaptability of the selected crops to climate change. Since they are better adapted to tolerating drought periods, no additional irrigation is needed: this saves labour and other resources. Moreover, growing drought tolerant crops enables the production of regional, plant-based, and protein-rich foods (especially legumes) that are appreciated by certain consumer groups and can be better marketed.
However, there are also challenges and disadvantages that are not yet appreciated by land users. The lack of knowledge about non-traditional crops in Switzerland is a significant problem. Both theoretical knowledge and practical experience in cultivation are lacking, leading to high risk for farmers who must experiment with cultivation. Additionally, despite climate scenarios predicting drier summers, there is still the risk of cool and wet summers with increased precipitation. Besides the biophysical challenges, there are also socio-economic obstacles, as the demand from wholesalers is often focused on traditional crops, and niche crops like millet are commonly not popular.
This documentation focuses on an example of an innovative farmer in Spins, Switzerland. Stefan Brunner has been testing a wide variety of drought-resistant legumes such as lentils, lupins and black runner beans on his Eichhof farm since 2017. In addition to the large-scale cultivation of these drought-resistant crops, he also cultivates quinoa, peanuts, chia, sorghum, millet and rice in a demonstration plot. Stefan Brunner simultaneously attaches great importance to sustainable cultivation methods which include surface tillage and mulching.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

Comentarios generales sobre las fotos:

All pictures were taken on the agricultural land of Stefan Brunner in Spins near Aarberg. The pictures of the quinoa field, the bean cultivation and the peanut harvest were taken from the website of the Brunner family's Eichhof farm:

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

País:

Suiza

Región/ Estado/ Provincia:

western midlands of switzerland

Especifique más el lugar :

western midlands of switzerland (Broye catchment area), example farm in the canton of berne in Spins (near Aarberg)

Especifique la difusión de la Tecnología:
  • distribuida parejamente sobre un área
Si se desconoce el área precisa, indique el área aproximada cubierta:
  • 0.1-1 km2
¿El/los sitio(s) de la Tecnología se ubica(n) en un área de protección permanente?

No

Comentarios:

The regions in which the technology is used are located in the agricultural zone of Switzerland

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Indique año de implementación:

2017

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:
  • mediante la innovación de usuarios de tierras

3. Clasificación de la Tecnología MST

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

  • mejorar la producción
  • reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo
  • adaptarse al cambio climático/ extremos climáticos y sus impactos
  • crear impacto económico benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Mezcla de tipos de uso de tierras dentro de la misma unidad de tierras: :

No


Tierras cultivadas

Tierras cultivadas

  • Cosecha anual
Cosechas anuales - Especifique cultivos:
  • cereales - maíz
  • cereales - quinoa o amaranto
  • cereales - sorgo
  • cereales - trigo (invierno)
  • cultivos para forraje - pastos
  • legumes and pulses - lentils
Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:
  • 2
Especifique:

The number of growing seasons depends on the crops grown. With a crop rotation of 6 years, winter cereals, winter lentils/winter legumes and lupins are grown overlapping after three years of permanent grassland (grass production). Brunner also uses green manure between the different crops and therefore has around 2 growing seasons per year

¿Se practica el intercultivo?

No

¿Se practica la rotación de cultivos?

Si fuera el caso, especifique :

6 years crop rotation:
3 years grass
Winter cereals
Winter lentil (winter legumes)
Lupin

Tierra de pastoreo

Tierra de pastoreo

Pastoreo intensivo/ producción de forraje:
  • Cortar y llevar/ cero pastoreo

3.3 ¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?
  • No (Continúe con la pregunta 3.4)
Mezcla de tipos de uso de tierras dentro de la misma unidad de tierras: :

No

3.4 Provisión de agua

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:
  • totalmente irrigada
Comentarios:

Stefan Brunner is able to irrigate all his fields in Spins near Aarberg. He owes this to the nearby location of the "Alte Aare" river, which gives him the privilege of having sufficient water available even during the summer.

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

  • variedades vegetales/ razas animales mejoradas

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

medidas agronómicas

medidas agronómicas

  • A5: Manejo de semillas, variedades mejoradas

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

erosión de suelos por agua

erosión de suelos por agua

  • Wt: pérdida de capa arable/ erosión de la superficie
deterioro físico del suelo

deterioro físico del suelo

  • Pc: compactación
degradación biológica

degradación biológica

  • Bc: reducción de la cobertura vegetal del suelo
Comentarios:

Brunner sees soil degradation as an unavoidable consequence of all agricultural tillage. However, this can vary greatly depending on the type of tillage. Brunner does not see a direct improvement in soil degradation through the cultivation of drought-resistant plants. However, in combination with soil-conserving forms of cultivation. Brunner attaches particular importance to shallow tillage (maximum depth of 5 cm). Accordingly, crops that can be sown at this depth are suitable. Brunner strives for permanent rooting of the soil and prefers crops that can be sown in the fall so that the soil is rooted over the winter or can handle green manure. These measures (shallow cultivation and root penetration) keep the soil looser. The roots form flow paths, which increases the water storage capacity of the soil. The shallow tillage with small machines, which Brunner uses for his drought resistent crops, also reduces the physical pressure on the soil compaction.

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:
  • prevenir la degradación del suelo

4. Especificaciones técnicas, actividades de implementación, insumos y costos

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

Especificaciones técnicas (relacionadas al dibujo técnico):

The depicted technical drawing shows the farmland of Stefan Brunner, where lupins were sown in the spring of 2024. This field is representative of all the arable land, totaling 14 hectares of crop rotation areas managed by Brunner. The cultivation areas are situated at an altitude of 487 meters above sea level on flat or slightly sloping terrain on a hill range in the Bernese Mittelland. The depicted field is 200 meters long and 100 meters wide, with a slope of approximately 11° and an orientation towards the north/northwest. The soil is classified as silty loam based on the finger roll test, with the subsoil containing more clay compared to the topsoil. The pH value is 5, which is in the slightly acidic range.

The fields in Spins are located near the river "Alte Aare." Due to the proximity to the water, the farmer has the privilege of having irrigation available for all his fields. Since the implementation of large-scale cultivation of drought-resistant crops in 2017, Brunner has been growing a variety of crops on his land. According to Brunner, the following crops that he cultivates can cope well with drought: lentils, lupins, sorghum, corn, peanuts, millet, and cabbage. In combination with the method of surface rotting and mulching, the soil is protected against drying out and erosion and can retain moisture for longer. The cultivation of various crops can be combined with this farming method, leading to better drought resistance.The graphic illustrates the cultivation of lupins using a green manure cultivation method.

Autor:

Seraina Lerf

Fecha:

21/06/2024

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:
  • por área de Tecnología
Indique tamaño y unidad de área:

18 ha

Especifique la moneda usada para calcular costos:
  • USD

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

Actividad Momento/ frequencia
1. tillage: and sowing (once per cultivation period)
2. maintenance: weeding (recurring work step, but less labor-intensive than tillage) (Recurring work throughout the year)
3. harvesting: threshing (once a year for grain legumes)
4. Threshing the previous crop. Before the lupins, lentils were grown in Stefan Brunner's crop rotation. summer (july-september)
5. If there is no undersowing (as with the lentils), the soil must be tilled. This is very shallow, i.e. no more than 5 cm deep. summer (july-september)
6. A varied green manure is sown in the cultivated soil. The aim of this is to keep the soil rooted and to incorporate nutrients into the soil summer (july-september)
7. After 6-7 weeks, the green manure is worked back into the soil. When the plants are still young, they have the highest nutrient input before they extract the nutrients from the soil again if they continue to grow. As a result, the nutrients are mineral-bound in the soil, i.e. stored so that they are available to the plants. autumn (early/mid-September)
8. Another green manure is sown, which produces a lot of mass but freezes off in winter before it starts to flower. The aim is to keep the soil covered and rooted throughout the winter. autumn
9. In spring, the soil is again worked shallowly. This means a maximum depth of 3-4 cm. The winter green manure is "planed". This means cutting it to a depth of 3-4 cm and leaving the plant material on the ground. spring
10. The lupins are sown under the plant material to a depth of 4-5 cm, so that the soil remains moist and the plant material protects the soil from drying out. spring (beginning of March/April)
Comentarios:

The first three information does not refer to a specific crop, but describes general maintenance activities that Brunner takes into account when cultivating his crops.
Stefan Brunner's crop rotation also includes 3 years of grassland. This cultivation reduces the workload, as no maintenance work has to be taken into account in addition to the harvest.

The activities 4-10 described relate to the cultivation of lupins. This crop was cultivated at the time of documentation in spring 2024.

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

Si no puede desglosar los costos especificados en la tabla anterior, proporcione un estimado de los cálculos totales en los que se incurrió para mantener la Tecnología:

22575,0

Comentarios:

The costs of cultivating drought-resistant plants cannot be precisely quantified. Based on the interview results, it is therefore not possible to make any general statements about the costs of cultivation.

Nevertheless, in order to be able to make a rough estimate of the input costs required to implement the technology (Example based on the cultivation of lupins), information from REFLEX 2024 (AGRIDEA's business database) and FiBL (Research Institute of Organic Agriculture) was used. According to REFLEX 2024, the target price for lupins in 2023 and 2024 is 144Fr./dt. A FiBL leaflet also states a requirement of 130-170kg seed/ha (blue lupins).

According to the results collected, the documented farm uses a disk coulter seed drill with a row spacing of 12.5 cm, sows approx. 3-4 cm deep and requires 200 kg/ha of seed.

With a field size of the documented farm of approx. 2 ha, the costs for the required lupin seed amount to CHF 576 according to the data from REFLEX 2024.

Then there are the labor costs and the machines. Depending on which machines are required and whether the required machines are already available or whether a new investment or rental would be necessary.

The estimate only refers to the seed required. Additional recurring costs include maintenance/ rental costs for machinery and labour. Unfortunately, it is not possible to provide more precise information on this. It depends on the machines and labor costs used.
However, according to the interview results with a farmer who grows drought-resistant crops, there are no significant additional costs if the drought-resistant crops can be grown with the same machinery as for conventional crops.

4.7 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

The greatest difficulty in terms of costs lies in the lack of knowledge in the cultivation of these crops. The fact that very little scientific and practical knowledge and experience is available means that farmers take a greater risk in cultivating these crops. If cultivation is not carried out correctly and the farmer suffers production losses as a result, he bears the consequences. This is why they have to look for inventive solutions.

5. Entorno natural y humano

5.1 Clima

Lluvia anual
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Especifique el promedio anual de lluvia (si lo conoce), en mm:

865,00

Indique el nombre de la estación metereológica de referencia considerada:

Payerne

Zona agroclimática
  • Sub-húmeda

average maximum temperature 14.2°C, average minimum temperature 5.1°C

5.2 Topografía

Pendientes en promedio:
  • plana (0-2 %)
  • ligera (3-5%)
  • moderada (6-10%)
  • ondulada (11-15%)
  • accidentada (16-30%)
  • empinada (31-60%)
  • muy empinada (>60%)
Formaciones telúricas:
  • meseta/ planicies
  • cordilleras
  • laderas montañosas
  • laderas de cerro
  • pies de monte
  • fondo del valle
Zona altitudinal:
  • 0-100 m s.n.m.
  • 101-500 m s.n.m.
  • 501-1,000 m s.n.m
  • 1,001-1,500 m s.n.m
  • 1,501-2,000 m s.n.m
  • 2,001-2,500 m s.n.m
  • 2,501-3,000 m s.n.m
  • 3,001-4,000 m s.n.m
  • > 4,000 m s.n.m
Indique si la Tecnología se aplica específicamente en:
  • no relevante

5.3 Suelos

Profundidad promedio del suelo:
  • muy superficial (0-20 cm)
  • superficial (21-50 cm)
  • moderadamente profunda (51-80 cm)
  • profunda (81-120 cm)
  • muy profunda (>120 cm)
Textura del suelo (capa arable):
  • mediana (limosa)
Textura del suelo (> 20 cm debajo de la superficie):
  • mediana (limosa)
Materia orgánica de capa arable:
  • media (1-3%)

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Agua subterránea:

5-50 m

Disponibilidad de aguas superficiales:

bueno

Calidad de agua (sin tratar):

solo para uso agrícola (irrigación)

La calidad de agua se refiere a:

agua superficial

¿La salinidad del agua es un problema?

No

¿Se está llevando a cabo la inundación del área? :

Frecuencia:

frecuentemente

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

The increasing threat of heavy rainfall events due to climate change enhances the threat of flooding.

5.5 Biodiversidad

Diversidad de especies:
  • baja
Diversidad de hábitats:
  • baja
Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

Both are in between low and medium, but rather low

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Sedentario o nómada:
  • Sedentario
Orientación del mercado del sistema de producción:
  • comercial/ mercado
Ingresos no agrarios:
  • menos del 10% de todos los ingresos
Nivel relativo de riqueza:
  • promedio
Individuos o grupos:
  • individual/ doméstico
Nivel de mecanización:
  • mecanizado/motorizado
Género:
  • mujeres
  • hombres
Edad de los usuarios de la tierra:
  • personas de mediana edad

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
¿Esto se considera de pequeña, mediana o gran escala (refiriéndose al contexto local)?
  • gran escala
Comentarios:

The Swiss average of agricultural area per farm is 20.9 ha. In the Broye region, it is 31.65 ha

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:
  • individual, con título
Derechos de uso de tierra:
  • arrendamiento
  • individual
Derechos de uso de agua:
  • comunitarios (organizado)

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

salud:
  • pobre
  • moderado
  • bueno
educación:
  • pobre
  • moderado
  • bueno
asistencia técnica:
  • pobre
  • moderado
  • bueno
empleo (ej. fuera de la granja):
  • pobre
  • moderado
  • bueno
mercados:
  • pobre
  • moderado
  • bueno
energía:
  • pobre
  • moderado
  • bueno
caminos y transporte:
  • pobre
  • moderado
  • bueno
agua potable y saneamiento:
  • pobre
  • moderado
  • bueno
servicios financieros:
  • pobre
  • moderado
  • bueno

6. Impactos y comentarios para concluir

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

riesgo de fracaso de producción

incrementó
disminuyó
Comentarios/ especifique:

Production losses during periods of drought can be minimised

diversidad de producto

disminuyó
incrementó
Comentarios/ especifique:

Product diversity can be increased by growing alternative drought-resistant crops

manejo de tierras

obstaculizado
simplificado
Comentarios/ especifique:

By improving the soil's ability to cope with weather extremes (drought/heavy rainfall), land management in cultivation is simplified through greater flexibility.

Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

disponibilidad de agua potable

disminuyó
incrementó
Comentarios/ especifique:

Gentle tillage without the use of pesticides in the cultivation of drought-resistant crops (good groundwater quality)

demanda de agua para irrigar

incrementó
disminuyó
Comentarios/ especifique:

Drought-resistant crops require less irrigation. In addition, the tillage method (surface rotting) also prevents the soil from drying out.

Ingreso y costos

gastos en insumos agrícolas

incrementó
disminuyó

ingreso agrario

disminuyó
incrementó
Comentarios/ especifique:

more diverse market thanks to greater product diversity in the cultivation of alternative crops

diversidad de fuentes de ingreso

disminuyó
incrementó
Comentarios/ especifique:

more diverse market thanks to greater product diversity in the cultivation of alternative crops

carga de trabajo

incrementó
disminuyó
Comentarios/ especifique:

Gentle soil cultivation with minimal use of machinery (and application of surface rotting) requires more labour, even if the cultivation of drought-resistant crops does not mean additional work compared to conventional crops

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

cantidad de agua

disminuyó
incrementó
Comentarios/ especifique:

Less water required for irrigation

calidad de agua

disminuyó
incrementó
Comentarios/ especifique:

Avoiding the use of pesticides leads to improved water and soil quality
Harvesting/collection of water

cosecha/ recolección de agua

disminuyó
mejoró
Comentarios/ especifique:

The improved water absorption capacity of the soil (through soil cultivation methods) can lead to improved groundwater recharge

escurrimiento superficial

incrementó
disminuyó
Comentarios/ especifique:

Surface runoff can be minimised by improving the water absorption capacity of the soil (permanent root penetration).

drenaje de agua en exceso

disminuyó
mejoró
Comentarios/ especifique:

Due to the improved water absorption capacity of the soil (through soil cultivation methods), less excess water is formed

nivel freático/ acuífero

disminuyó
recargó
Comentarios/ especifique:

The improved water absorption capacity of the soil can lead to improved groundwater recharge

evaporación

incrementó
disminuyó
Comentarios/ especifique:

Permanent ground cover can reduce soil drying out

Suelo

humedad del suelo

disminuyó
incrementó
Comentarios/ especifique:

The permanent ground cover reduces drying out and the permanent root penetration leads to improved water absorption capacity of the soil. This can improve the soil water balance.

cubierta del suelo

disminuyó
mejoró
Comentarios/ especifique:

The ground should be permanently covered. The permanent ground cover reduces drying out.

pérdida de suelo

incrementó
disminuyó
Comentarios/ especifique:

The permanent covering and rooting of the soil prevents surface run-off. This can prevent soil loss.

acumulación de suelo

disminuyó
incrementó
Comentarios/ especifique:

Green manuring can ensure an improved hummus structure.

encostramiento/ sellado de suelo

incrementó
disminuyó
Comentarios/ especifique:

The permanent ground cover reduces dehydration and the permanent root penetration leads to improved water absorption capacity of the soil. This prevents soil sealing.

compactación de suelo

incrementó
disminuyó
Comentarios/ especifique:

The soil should remain permanently rooted and covered and be worked with as few and light machines as possible. This minimises soil compaction.

ciclo/ recarga de nutrientes

disminuyó
incrementó
Comentarios/ especifique:

By applying green manure, the soil can be enriched with nutrients (nutrient cycle of the soil).

materia orgánica debajo del suelo C

disminuyó
incrementó
Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

diversidad vegetal

disminuyó
incrementó
Comentarios/ especifique:

greater plant diversity in the cultivation of alternative crops

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

impactos de sequías

incrementó
disminuyó
Comentarios/ especifique:

Due to the improved ability of plants to cope with drought. to deal with drought. In combination with good water storage capacity of the soil, the effects of drought on the harvest can be minimised.

Especifique la evaluación de los impactos en el sitio (mediciones):

Information in this chapter on practical experience in the cultivation of drought-resistant crops is based on interview results from Stefan Brunner. He cultivates drought-resistant crops in combination with surface cultivation and mulching. As a result the effects of the two technologies cannot be considered entirely separately.

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

disponibilidad de agua

disminuyó
incrementó
Comentarios/ especifique:

In the analysed area (Spins near Aarberg) there is a permanent possibility to irrigate the fields due to the water availability of the nearby river Aare

corriente confiable y estable fluye en estación seca

disminuyó
incrementó
Comentarios/ especifique:

In the analysed area (Spins near Aarberg) there is a permanent possibility to irrigate the fields due to the water availability of the nearby river Aare

contaminación de aguas subterráneas/ de ríos

incrementó
disminuyó
Comentarios/ especifique:

The use of herbicides and fungicides was avoided in the cultivation of drought-resistant crops, thus preventing contamination

capacidad de amortiguación/ filtrado

disminuyó
mejoró
Comentarios/ especifique:

improved water absorption capacity (through soil cultivation methods) of the soil

Stability of production

decreased
increased
Comentarios/ especifique:

Due to the improved adaptability to climatic conditions, production remains more stable

Especifique la evaluación de los impactos fuera del emplazamiento (medidas):

Information in this chapter based on the state of knowledge from the research of Dr. Annelie Holzkämper

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual
Estación Incremento o reducción ¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual incrementó moderadamente
temperatura estacional verano incrementó moderadamente
lluvia estacional verano disminuyó bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos
¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
ola de calor moderadamente
ola de frío no se sabe
condiciones extremas de invierno no se sabe
sequía bien
Desastres biológicos
¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
enfermedades epidémicas no se sabe
Comentarios:

Information in this chapter based on the state of knowledge from the research of Dr. rer. nat. Annelie Holzkämper

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?
Ingresos a corto plazo:

negativo

Ingresos a largo plazo:

positivo

Comentarios:

The more equipment has to be used in cultivation, the more expensive the maintenance costs become. As Brunner is able to cultivate drought-resistant crops such as lupins and lentils with the existing equipment, he did not incur any additional costs. Even if a new machine for gentle soil cultivation in the cultivation of drought-resistant crops, such as a “planer”, had to be purchased, a plow could be sold in return. As long as the same mechanization can be used as Brunner was already using for conventional crops, the costs remain the same. As a result, Brunner's cost-benefit ratio was assessed as positive, even in the short term.
In the long term (over a period of 10 years), Brunner also sees an increased positive cost/benefit ratio. Consistently good soil cultivation regenerates the soil so well that it is able to absorb much more water. The amount of work required to implement this form of cultivation increases in the short term. However, the improved soil conditions in connection with the cultivation of drought-resistant crops have a positive effect on the workload and yield in the long term, as the crops on healthy soil are more flexible in the face of extreme weather conditions such as increasingly frequent droughts. Brunner also emphasizes that, from his perspective, it is worth incurring higher start-up costs for careful cultivation in order to generate long-term benefits.
The start-up costs are often relatively high, but the long-term benefits are all the more valuable. Start-up capital is therefore essential to be able to generate long-term benefits.

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

  • casos individuales / experimentales
De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, por ej. sin recibir nada de incentivos/ materiales:
  • 0-10%
Comentarios:

Information based on the experience of Stefan Brunner (Spins)

6.6 Adaptación

¿La tecnología fue modificada recientemente para adaptarse a las condiciones cambiantes?

otros (especifique):

breeding

Especifique la adaptación de la Tecnología (diseño, material/ especies, etc.):

Continuous adaptation in the context of breeding

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
No Irrigation Needed: These crops do not require irrigation, thus saving water and reducing labor.
Promotion of Soil Health: The cultivation of these crops is beneficial for the soil, as as the tillage is shallow and legumes do not require additional nutrient inputs through fertilization.
Benefits in Direct Marketing: These crops are niche products produced in limited quantities in Switzerland. Conscious consumers who value regional food products appreciate these items and understand the higher costs due to the high labor requirements.
Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Reduced Irrigation Needs: If the crops can tolerate more drought, less irrigation is needed.
Minimized Economic Risk: Drought tolerance reduces the risk of crop failure during dry periods.
Crop Rotation Benefits: Better adaptation through diverse crop cultivation.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra ¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
High Labour Requirements: initial labour requirements are significantly higher due to limited knowledge and practical experience in cultivation, but with time this reduces - as less and less work is required on healthy and nutrient rich soils. More practical knowledge should be gathered by encouraging more farmers to cultivate these crops and facilitating knowledge exchange.
Lack of Mechanization: Available market machines are not suited for the desired cultivation methods. Alternative machines are needed, which are smaller and lighter and only minimally till the soil. New approaches and inventions in machinery are required.
The wholesale market is not particularly interested in domestically produced alternative foods. Wholesalers are profit-oriented and primarily offer what is consumed in Switzerland. A reorientation of dietary habits is necessary. Millet, for example, is ideally suited to the climatic conditions in the Seeland region. Increased consumption could lead to more extensive cultivation.
Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave ¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Lack of knowledge: limited knowledge and practical experience in cultivation More research should be carried out in this area and practical experience in cultivation should be gained through practical implementation. Inovative farmers are in demand.
Weather Variability: There is no guarantee that heavy rains won't occur, potentially ruining the harvest. The extent to which crops are affected by severe weather events depends on when they occur. Severe weather events have an impact on every crop, but of course you don't know when they will occur. A useful strategy is therefore to build a highly diverse production system at farm and landscape level.
Practical and Socioeconomic Challenges: Market preferences and practical issues, such as livestock not favoring sorghum feed, can be obstacles. No answer given.

7. Referencias y vínculos

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

  • entrevistas con usuarios de tierras

On June 10, 2024, an interview was conducted with farmer Stefan Brunner on his farm in Spins near Aarberg. Additionally, the cultivated area was inspected

  • entrevistas con especialistas/ expertos en MST

On June 20, 2024, an interview was conducted with PD Dr. Annelie Holzkämper.

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

10/06/2024

Comentarios:

Inspection of the cultivation aera

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Heinz, Malve et al. (2023): How to find alternative crops for climate-resilient regional food production, in: Agricultural Systems, Bd. 213, S. 103793, doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103793.

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Wuyts, Nathalie et al. (2023): Klimaresilienter Ackerbau 2035, Agrarforschung Schweiz, doi:10.34776/afs13-135.

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Heinz, Malve. (2021): Prospects of cultivating alternative crops in a changing climate in Switzerland, Master’s Thesis, University of Bern.

7.3 Vínculos a la información relevante disponible en línea

Título/ descripción:

Internet platform of the Eichhof of the Brunner family from Spins near Aarberg

URL:

https://www.brunnereichhof.ch

7.4 Comentarios generales

The information used to complete this documentation is mainly based on the experience reports of Stefan Brunner from an interview on June 10, 2024

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