1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Combating land degradation and biodiversity loss by promoting sustainable rangeland management and biodiversity conservation in Afghanistan

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

FAO Afghanistan (FAO Afghanistan) - Afganistán

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

1.5 Referencia al (los) Cuestionario(s) de Enfoques MST (documentados usando WOCAT)

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

The learning site incorporates several key elements of the technology including a solar-powered water lifting system, three reservoirs and an adopted irrigation system. It features demonstration plots for various initiatives, such as tree planting (walnut, almond, pomegranate and mulberry , the cultivation of fodder (alfalfal Mazari palm) and and medicinal plants (e,g, cumin), and a nursery (walnut) established through the community’s own contributions.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

The site was rich in flora and fauna, but human and animal interference has led to significant degradation. Many indigenous plants have been uprooted, and wildlife has migrated due to the loss of habitat. In response, the community has begun to manage and restore the land through practices like rotational grazing and quarantine measures to combat illegal logging. The degradation of natural resources, particularly forests and rangelands, has significantly impacted local communities in Khost. Many residents rely on these resources for fuel, heating, and grazing livestock. However, challenges such as overgrazing, the uprooting of bushes and shrubs, and deforestation for fuel have led to considerable environmental degradation. The lack of proper management of these natural resources has resulted in consistent flooding, which erodes and pollutes agricultural lands. Additionally, local communities often do not recognize the value of these resources, leading to unsustainable land-use practices. Poverty, ongoing conflicts, political instability, and unemployment have driven residents to cut down trees for sale in local markets to support their livelihoods.
To address these challenges, we conducted a participatory assessment involving local communities and stakeholders, aiming to establish a learning site for sustainable land and forest management practices. Our assessment revealed that many local residents were unaware of sustainable practices or the ecological significance of these resources, contributing to ongoing environmental degradation.
After assessing the natural resources and community needs, we established a learning site for sustainable forest and rangeland management. Feasibility studies helped us identify available water sources, assess community interest, and select suitable land next to forests and rangelands. The site selected is easily accessible, located about 10 kilometers from the main road.
In the initial phase, we installed 26 solar panels on three metal stands, each with a capacity of 400 watts, positioned 200 meters from the water source. At the water source, we installed a 2-inch submersible pump to lift water to the learning site, which encompasses approximately 20 hectares of land across three small hills, each situated 300 meters apart.
We constructed three reservoirs, each with a capacity of 192 cubic meters. The first reservoir is located 300 meters from the water source and is fed by the solar system. A pipe network system utilizing 2-inch pipes connects the water source to the first reservoir and the other two reservoirs. This system allows the reservoirs to supply water to lower fields or demonstration plots via gravity.
In the demonstration plots, a network of pipes was installed every 50 meters, with taps placed accordingly. We established a 20-hectare learning site focused on sustainable forest and rangeland management practices, featuring demonstration plots for reforestation, fodder and medicinal plant production, reseeding, and a forest nursery. The dimensions of these plots include 10 hectares for reforestation, 2 hectares for fodder production, 0.5 hectares for medicinal plants, and 0.1 hectares for the walnut nursery. A total of 3,000 forest species were planted in the reforestation plot, along with alfalfa and Mazari palm in the fodder plots, and black cumin in the medicinal plot.
These plots are irrigated using flexible 1-inch pipes connected to the taps installed every 50 meters. Given Khost Province's favorable weather conditions, the plants require irrigation primarily from April to August; outside of this interval, the irrigation system provides sufficient water to sustain the site. And the site were fenced with barbed wire for protection.
The technology is applied to communal land adjacent to forests and rangelands. It serves as an educational center for the local community, focusing on sustainable landscape restoration and management. A savings box was created, and a Forest and Rangeland Management Association was established. Social funds were set up, along with fencing and hiring guards for the maintenance of the technology.
Key infrastructure was established, including a solar-powered lifting system, constructed reservoirs, and a piping network for irrigation. Various forest species were planted in reforestation plots, while local seeds were planted in fodder and medicinal plots. Additionally, walnut seeds were sown in a nursery for diverse restoration practices. These efforts have revitalized the land. Barbed wire fencing was installed for protection, and the site is now fully operational as a learning site.
The introduction of this technology brought about positive changes in the local community. They have successfully quarantined forest and rangeland, implemented rotational grazing, and collected local seeds and cuttings to plant on degraded lands and riverbanks. Community-based nurseries were also established to transplant seedlings into degraded forest areas, helping to revitalize natural resources.
The local community is optimistic about the technology, particularly the reservoir construction and solar-powered lifting systems that ensure water availability, as well as the restoration techniques employed. However, they expressed concerns about interference from neighbors, livestock grazing, floods that can clog pumps, and damage from hail and windstorms to solar panels.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.4 Videos de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Indique año de implementación:

2023

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

FAO- GEF-07 Combating land degradation and biodiversity loss by promoting sustainable rangeland management and biodiversity conservation in Afghanistan (GEF7)

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación de la tierra
• conservar el ecosistema
• preservar/ mejorar biodiversidad
• adaptarse al cambio climático/ extremos climáticos y sus impactos

• serves as educational centre for the local community on sustainable landscape restoration and management

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Mezcla de tipos de uso de tierras dentro de la misma unidad de tierras: :

Sí

Especifique el uso combinado de tierras (cultivos/ pastoreo/ árboles):

• Silvo-pastoralismo

Comentarios:

Due to poor management, the land has been overgrazed. To address this, we established a learning site focused on restoration through various interventions: reforestation, fodder and medicinal plant demonstration plots, and a 50-square-meter nursery for sapling production. The site is protected by fencing to prevent herders from grazing, allowing them to collect fodder instead. Some fodder is left in the field to produce seeds for natural regeneration.
Forest and Rangeland Management Association focuses on:
Local seed collection: Gathering native seeds to enhance biodiversity and ensure ecosystem resilience.
Ecotourism development: Encouraging visitors to explore the sites, fostering appreciation for local flora and fauna while supporting conservation efforts.
Regeneration of native species: Implementing strategies to restore and regenerate various native plant species, which play crucial roles in maintaining ecological balance.
Fodder production for silage: Cultivating high-quality fodder crops that contribute to livestock nutrition and support sustainable agriculture.
Sapling production through nurseries: Establishing nurseries dedicated to growing saplings of native forest species as well as fruit and nut trees, which can be used for reforestation, habitat restoration efforts and generating income.

3.3 ¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

• Sí (Por favor responda las preguntas de abajo referidas al uso de la tierra antes de implementar la Tecnología)

Mezcla de tipos de uso de tierras dentro de la misma unidad de tierras: :

Sí

Especifique el uso combinado de tierras (cultivos/ pastoreo/ árboles):

• Agropastoralismo (incluyendo cultivo-ganado integrados)

Comentarios:

The area is a dry mountainous terrain with natural vegetation including wild olive, mazari palm, hopbush, and grasses. It supports nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoralism, primarily grazing goats, sheep, and cows.

3.4 Provisión de agua

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• mixta de secano – irrigada

Comentarios:

Near the learning site, a gully and springs provide a year-round water source. We have installed a solar-powered lifting system and constructed three reservoirs to distribute water across 20 hectares, including the planted areas and demonstration plots. A network of pipes and taps with flexible hoses ensures efficient water distribution. This water source is exclusively for this site and does not affect neighboring villages or farmers.

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• manejo de plantación forestal
• cobertura de suelo/ vegetal mejorada
• Manejo de irrigación: (incl. provisión de agua, invernaderos)

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

The whole area 20 hectares have been fenced with barbed wire, under the structure measures, reservoirs have been constructed and dug pits for plants.

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación de la tierra encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

The local community relies on natural resources for their livelihoods, leading to deforestation, overgrazing, and the uprooting of shrubs and bushes for fuel. Severe runoff, droughts, and climate change have further contributed to environmental degradation.

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación de la tierra

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada
• adaptarse a la degradación de la tierra

Comentarios:

An educational center (learning site) has been established on degraded land to enhance the capacity of the local community and other stakeholders about best practices for landscape restoration.

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:

• por área de Tecnología

Especifique la moneda usada para calcular costos:

• USD

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Momento (estación)
1.	Conduction of survey, feasibility study, and site selection	1st month
2.	Finding of water source	2nd month
3.	Installation of solar power lifting system	4rd month
4.	Construction of reservoirs	5th month
5.	Installation of irrigation piping system	12th-1st month of the year
6.	Saplings delivered by supplier to the site from contracted nurseries	1st-2th month
7.	Planting of saplings	2-3rdmonth
8.	Preparation of two demonstration plots for fodder and medicinal plants	3rd month
9.	Planting of seeds for fodder and medicinal plants	3rd month
10.	Installation of barbed wire fencing for 20 hectares	7-9th month
11.	Ensurance of operation and maintenance of all systems	24th month

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Installation of solar system and pipe installation	Person/day	100,0	6,0	600,0
Mano de obra	Digging pits, plantation and irrigation of Plants	Person/day	453,0	6,0	2718,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Excavation of foundation	Person/day	80,0	5,0	400,0
Mano de obra	Preparing demonstration plots for fodder and medicinal plants	Square meter	25000,0	0,13	3250,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Stone Masonry	Person/day	136,0	6,0	816,0
Mano de obra	Plastering	Person/day	72,0	5,0	360,0
Mano de obra	Plain cement concrete	Person/day	57,0	5,0	285,0
Mano de obra	Plain cement concrete PCC M20	Person/day	390,0	5,0	1950,0
Equipo	Entrance Gate	Number	1,0	200,0	200,0
Equipo	Solar panel 400W	Sheet	26,0	140,0	3640,0
Equipo	Rotating PV panel mount	Number	3,0	350,0	1050,0
Equipo	Submersible pump 2 inch (10PH-7500W)	Number	1,0	300,0	300,0
Equipo	DC-AC current inverter 7.5-11kw	Number	1,0	200,0	200,0
Equipo	Distribution board	Number	1,0	75,0	75,0
Equipo	Sign board	Number	3,0	3,0	9,0
Equipo	Sign board	Number	1,0	150,0	150,0
Material para plantas	Walnut	Sapling	2000,0	0,56	1120,0
Material para plantas	Almond	Sapling	500,0	0,67	335,0
Material para plantas	Mulberry	Sapling	100,0	0,44	44,0
Material para plantas	Pomegranate	Sapling	500,0	0,51	255,0
Material para plantas	Alfalfa seed	Kg	50,0	2,72	136,0
Material para plantas	Black Cumin seed	Kg	15,0	6,72	100,8
Material de construcción	Tap	Number	30,0	3,0	90,0
Material de construcción	Flexon 1 inch rubberized pipes	Meter	1250,0	2,0	2500,0
Material de construcción	DC current wire	Meter	100,0	2,0	200,0
Material de construcción	AC current wire	Meter	150,0	2,0	300,0
Material de construcción	Polyethylene pipe 1.5 inch	Meter	2000,0	2,0	4000,0
Material de construcción	Polyethylene pipe 2 inch	Meter	780,0	3,0	2340,0
Material de construcción	Polyethylene pipe 3 inch	Meter	300,0	5,0	1500,0
Otros	Delivery to the site	Lump sum	1,0	300,0	300,0
Otros	Galvanized iron pipe 2 inch for pillar	Meter	125,0	5,0	625,0
Otros	Galvanized iron pipe 1.5 inch for bracing	Number	470,0	10,5	4935,0
Otros	Fence	Meter	15,0	25,0	375,0
Otros	Double strand galvanized barbed wire for fencing	Meter	4200,0	0,25	1050,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					36208,8
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología en USD					36208,8

Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

FAO

Comentarios:

The land users contributed primarily by digging pits for planting, preparing demonstration plots, and maintaining the system. Additionally, they hired guards to protect the area from disturbances. All other costs associated with the project were covered by the FAO.

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Removal of sediment from reservoirs	Spring/annually
2.	Safeguarding the site such as solar system, and on-site interventions	All seasons/regular
3.	Repairing solar system & water pump and pipes	Regularly
4.	Demonstration plots maintenance (pest-diseases control, mulching, weeding and Irrigation	Spring & Automn/annually
5.	Replacing dead and dried plants	Feb/two times (1st & 2nd year)
6.	Repairing fencing	Year around

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Labour for cleaning the reservoir from sediment annually	Person/day	15,0	5,0	75,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Hiring guards for safeguarding the site	Person/day	12,0	100,0	1200,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Fixing pump when needed	Lump sum	1,0	50,0	50,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Repairing pipes	Lump Sum	1,0	100,0	100,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Repairing solar panel when required	Lump sum	1,0	1000,0	1000,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Weed control	Person/day	10,0	5,0	50,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Integrated Pest Management	Lump sum	1,0	5,0	5,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Irrigation	Person/day	8,0	50,0	400,0	100,0
Material para plantas	Saplings	Number	1500,0	0,56	840,0	100,0
Material para plantas	Local Seed	Kg	15,0	26,0	390,0	100,0
Material de construcción	Barbed wire	meter	3000,0	0,14	420,0	100,0
Otros	Replacing dead and dried plants	Lump sum	1,0	300,0	300,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					4830,0
Costos totales para mantener la Tecnología en USD					4830,0

4.7 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Construction materials cost

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Indique si la Tecnología se aplica específicamente en:

• situaciones convexas

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

The site is situated near a forest and rangeland, with a gentle slope of approximately 45 degrees and an elevation of 1,279.49 meters above sea level. Surrounding mountains are covered with wild olive forests.

5.3 Suelos

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

¿La salinidad del agua es un problema?

No

¿Se está llevando a cabo la inundación del área? :

Sí

Frecuencia:

frecuentemente

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

The water quality meets site requirements; however, seasonal fluctuations occur due to droughts. Floods in the lower gully, carry debris and sediments that can impact the source.

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

The site was rich in flora and fauna, but human and animal interference has led to significant degradation. Many indigenous plants have been uprooted, and wildlife has migrated due to the loss of habitat. In response, the community has begun to manage and restore the land through practices like rotational grazing and quarantine measures to combat illegal logging.

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• comunitaria/ aldea

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• comunitarios (organizado)

Derechos de uso de agua:

• comunitarios (organizado)

¿Los derechos del uso de la tierra se basan en un sistema legal tradicional?

Sí

Especifique:

Land use rights in traditional legal systems are generally straightforward, with each family in a village having equal access to natural resources.

Comentarios:

Overall, this traditional approach emphasizes community and family roles in resource management, balancing individual rights with communal responsibilities

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

Comentarios:

Due to three to four decades of political conflict, people lack access to essential services and infrastructure. This situation has been largely overlooked, with insufficient attention given to providing these services. Additionally, there has been a lack of budget allocation and support from the government and NGOs. As a result, communities continue to suffer from inadequate resources and infrastructure development.

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	Incremento o reducción	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		disminuyó	nada bien
lluvia anual		incrementó	nada bien
lluvia estacional	verano	incrementó	nada bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de nieve local	nada bien

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
ola de calor	nada bien
sequía	nada bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación repentina	nada bien

Comentarios:

Before the implementation of the project land users faced severe challenges, including drought, high temperatures, water scarcity for irrigation, reduced yields, and a lack of winter feed alternatives for livestock.
Following the introduction of sustainable rangeland management and biodiversity conservation, local communities adopted rotational grazing practices and protected forests from cutting, which had previously been their main source of income. As a result, vegetation cover improved, carbon stocks increased, and rainwater began to seep into the ground, recharging the water table, springs, canals, and Karezes. These efforts reulted in a more resilient and productive environment.

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• 1-10%

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, por ej. sin recibir nada de incentivos/ materiales:

• 0-10%

Comentarios:

The adoption of the technology in the specified area has primarily been spontaneous, significantly influenced by the support provided by the project. While a small percentage of land users may have received material incentives, the majority embraced the technology due to its demonstrated benefits and the project's educational efforts. This support helped to build trust and confidence among the land users, enabling them to implement the technology effectively in their practices. Overall, this highlights the importance of community engagement and capacity building in fostering sustainable land management practices.

6.6 Adaptación

¿La tecnología fue modificada recientemente para adaptarse a las condiciones cambiantes?

No

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
It is crucial for local communities to learn sustainable land and forest restoration techniques. These methods are not only accessible but also involve minimal operational costs. By empowering land users with this knowledge.
We can adopt sustainable land and forest management practices to revitalize our degraded land. This learning process is straightforward and easily applicable.
We have great opportunities and abundant resources to utilize. This area serves as a hub for scaling sustainable practices, allowing us to learn, observe, and implement solutions that will benefit future generations.
We can efficiently use surface water for irrigation instead of groundwater, helping to restore degraded land through these initiatives.
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions through effective carbon sequestration.
Learn regeneration techniques, rainwater harvesting, and grazing management methods like rotational grazing. Focus on producing fodder and medicinal plants, while understanding indigenous plants and shrubs for the future.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
This site is highly accessible, surrounded by dense forests and extensive rangelands that can be utilized sustainably.
Local community members, university students, and stakeholders can easily visit this site.
This site is an excellent destination for tourists to visit, enjoy, and learn about the importance of natural resources and their management techniques.
The local community can easily adopt these simple techniques to learn sustainable land and forest restoration practices.
The local community has hired guards to maintain the site effectively. They are gaining knowledge and enhancing their capacity for future interventions, contributing positively to development initiatives.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
Insufficient maintenance and repair services for the technology.	Establishing strong linkages with service providers and maintenance support. This also facilitates nationwide technology transfer, enabling broader adoption and implementation of sustainable practices.
There is a lack of qualified professionals on-site to teach visitors the technical aspects of the technology. This gap hinders effective learning and limits the ability of visitors to fully understand and engage with the technology.	Hire on-farm officers to oversee and manage the learning site and provide information to visitors.
A check dam is required in the gully to store water for sustainability, especially during drought seasons when water availability decreases.	Construct a check dam in the lower section of the gully to store water for sustainability, allowing visitors to learn about water harvesting techniques.
There are currently no available resources for replacing the dead plants.	Establish nurseries for forest species to produce saplings that can replace dead and dried plants in the future.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
There are concerns about windstorms and hail potentially damaging the solar panels.	The local community should establish a social fund to cover repairs for any damage to solar panels caused by windstorms or hail, as well as to fund the installation of fencing around the solar panel stands.
Concerns have arisen regarding land disputes as the local community acts on land distribution amidst a growing population.	All villagers should receive a formal guaranteed letter, signed by the district governor, ensuring that no future actions will be taken to redistribute this site among the villagers.
There is a lack of essential water structures, such as percolation tanks and detention ponds, for effective rainwater harvesting.	Construct percolation tanks and detention ponds to harvest rainwater, which can be used to water livestock. Additionally, this initiative will provide an opportunity to learn and implement dryland farming techniques.
Too much water is wasted through flexible pipe basin irrigation methods. Additionally, required live hedges for fencing and windbreaks.	Install a drip irrigation system with an efficient piping layout and plant pine, poplar, and other trees alongside barbed wire to create a windbreak and a natural barrier for site protection. This will also provide an opportunity to learn various agricultural techniques.

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

N/A

7.3 Vínculos a la información relevante disponible en línea

Título/ descripción:

N/A

7.4 Comentarios generales

The questionnaire is well-structured, but some sections, particularly 6.2 and 6.3, need simplification. Additionally, the database should provide outputs during data processing, highlighting both best practices and common mistakes related to the technology. This will help us generate a comprehensive report that showcases effective practices and identifies areas for improvement.