Firebreaks are classified in first, second and third order, together forming a system isolating separate areas by wide strips. This parcelling aims in controlling the spread of large forest fires. (Nina Lauterburg)

Cleared strip network for fire prevention (firebreaks) (Espagne)

Área cortafuegos

Description

The basic principle of a firebreak network is to split continuous forest areas (where a lot of fuel is built up) into smaller patches separated by vegetation-free strips in order to prevent large forest fires.

In the forest law 3/1993 the declaration of special areas to “Zonas de Actuación Urgente (ZAU)” (zone of urgent actions) through the regional government of Valencia is defined. Objectives are the protection against natural hazards and the promotion of forest restoration within this area. Ayora was declared to a ZAU in 1997 due to its high risk of fires. In the “Plan de Selvicultura Preventiva de Incendios en los Sistemas Forestales de la Comunidad Valenciana” which became operative in 1996 and whose main objective is the reduction of the fire risk, the ZAU is practically addressed for the first time in the establishment of firebreaks (áreas cortafuegos). Based on this plan, the firebreaks were established within a pilot project “Proyecto Piloto de Selvicultura Preventiva” between 1998 and 2002, carried out by the company VAERSA (public company of the Generalitat Valenciana).

A firebreak is a strategically located strip on which the vegetation cover has been partially or totally removed down to mineral soil with the aim of controlling the spread of large forest fires. The main purposes are 1) to interrupt the continuity of hazardous fuels across a landscape to decrease the area affected by fires, 2) to provide areas where fire fighters are protected and can work more efficiently, 3) to slow down a fire, to reduce the fire intensity and caused damages, and 4) to provide strips where fuel management is facilitated. The total surface protected by the firebreaks is 33’851 ha while the management measures are executed on 1944,81 ha. This technology is also applied in other countries, e.g. Portugal, South Carolina or South Africa.

The establishment and maintenance are labour-intensive and expensive. Firebreaks can range between a protected area of 2000-6000 ha (first order), 500-1500 ha (second order), and 100-300 ha (third order), together forming a system isolating separate areas by wide strips. This parcelling aims in limiting the burnt area to a maximum of 6000 ha. Each firebreak consists of a bare vegetation-free strip (banda decapado). The width of the bare area ranges between 6m (first order), 3m (second order) and 1.5m (third order). Existing vegetation-free areas (e.g. roads) are used to establish firebreaks to have less visual impact. If there is no road, trees and shrubs have to be cleared and chipped entirely using chainsaws and special tractors. On each side of the bare area there is a totally cleared strip (banda de desbroce total). The width depends on the climatic zone, the order and the hazard of fuel, therefore ranging between 28m (first order), 11m (second order) and 6m (third order). Almost all the existing vegetation is cleared, only some isolated mature trees are not cut if they do not contribute to the propagation of a fire. On both sides of these strips there are auxiliary strips (banda auxiliar) where selective clearing is applied until reaching a desired density. Sick trees are cleared with priority. Species of high ecologic value and low flammability level are not cleared, such as Juniperus phoenicea, Juniperus oxycedrus and Quercus ilex ssp. rotundifolia. The width of these elements can vary according to the prevalent conditions. A part of the wood generated by the clearings is used as fuelwood, the other part is chipped and distributed on the soil as mulch. Firebreaks are often located on mountain ridges and created with 45° to the dominant wind direction (west) to facilitate fire extinction.
The maintenance of firebreaks is extremely important. Without clearing, fire-prone species will encroach which decreases the effectiveness of the firebreak. The maintenance is realized depending on the vegetation, usually in firebreaks of first order the maintenance is done every 2 years (“decapado” and “desbroce total”) or every 4 years (“banda auxiliar”) while firebreaks of second and third order are cleared every 4 years. In the here described project the maintenance was carried out in three phases (2001-2004, 2004-2008 and 2008-2012).

The region of Ayora is mountainous with a dry subhumid climate (~380 mm annual rainfall). The risk of fire incidence is at its highest from June to September when there are adverse conditions like drought, high temperatures and strong winds (mainly the winds coming from central Spain, called “poniente”). The population density is very low and there are only few job opportunities (e.g. marginal agriculture, grazing, hunting, beekeeping, artisanry, wind mill parc). Most of the inhabitants work in the nuclear power plant. Forest management could be a source for jobs.

Lieu

Lieu: Region of Ayora (including the municipalities Requena, Cofrentes, Jalance, Jarafuel, Zarra, Ayora), Spain, Valencia, Espagne

Nbr de sites de la Technologie analysés:

Géo-référence des sites sélectionnés
  • -1.18, 39.08054

Diffusion de la Technologie: répartie uniformément sur une zone (approx. 100-1 000 km2)

Dans des zones protégées en permanence ?:

Date de mise en oeuvre: il y a entre 10-50 ans

Type d'introduction
The firebreaks identified with a red poster were not realized within the pilot project and are therefore not part of the ZAU. They were established afterwards through the regional government of Valencia. (Nina Lauterburg)
A firebreak is a cleared strip to hinder fires to spread all over the area. (Nina Lauterburg)

Classification de la Technologie

Principal objectif
  • améliorer la production
  • réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées
  • préserver l'écosystème
  • protéger un bassin versant/ des zones situées en aval - en combinaison avec d'autres technologies
  • conserver/ améliorer la biodiversité
  • réduire les risques de catastrophes
  • s'adapter au changement et aux extrêmes climatiques et à leurs impacts
  • atténuer le changement climatique et ses impacts
  • créer un impact économique positif
  • créer un impact social positif
L'utilisation des terres

  • Forêts/ boisProduits et services: Bois d'œuvre (de construction), Bois de chauffage, Fruits et noix, Autres produits forestiers, Pâturage/ broutage, Conservation/ protection de la nature, Loisirs/ tourisme, Protection contre les aléas naturels , wind mill parc, hunting

Approvisionnement en eau
  • pluvial
  • mixte: pluvial-irrigué
  • pleine irrigation

But relatif à la dégradation des terres
  • prévenir la dégradation des terres
  • réduire la dégradation des terres
  • restaurer/ réhabiliter des terres sévèrement dégradées
  • s'adapter à la dégradation des terres
  • non applicable
Dégradation des terres traité
  • dégradation biologique - Bc: réduction de la couverture végétale, Bf: effets néfastes des feux
Groupe de GDT
  • gestion des forêts naturelles et semi-naturelles
Mesures de GDT
  • pratiques végétales - V3: Défrichement de la végétation

Dessin technique

Spécifications techniques
Firebreaks can range between a protected area of 2000-6000 ha (first order), 500-1500 ha (second order), and 100-300 ha (third order), together forming a system isolating separate areas by wide strips. This parcelling aims in limiting the burnt area to a maximum of 6000 ha. Each firebreak consists of a bare strip (banda decapado) ranging between 6m (first order), 3m (second order) and 1.5m (third order). On both sides of the bare area there is a totally cleared strip (banda de desbroce total) whose width ranges between 28m (first order), 11m (second order) and 6m (third order). On both sides of these strips there are auxiliary strips (banda auxiliar) where selective clearing is applied. The width of these elements can vary according to the prevalent conditions.
Location: Ayora. Valencia, Spain
Date: 02-12-2013

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (The forest agent needs a high technical knowledge. He acts as a link between engineer and forest brigade and controls if the brigade executes what the engineer dictates. He also provides assistance.)
Technical knowledge required for Engineer: high (The forest engineer works for the state and plans where to establish fire breaks and how to construct them (e.g. how much fuel to remove, which machines to use). He needs a high technical knowledge.)
Technical knowledge required for Forest brigade/workers: low (The forest workers only execute what the engineer and the forest agent tell them. They need to know how to handle the machines but don’t have to judge where and how to establish the firebreaks.)

Main technical functions: control of fires
Secondary technical functions: reduction of dry material (fuel for wildfires)
Vegetative measure: Clearing to establish strips free of vegetation
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Trees/ shrubs species: Trees and shrubs are cleared
Author: Nina Lauterburg

Mise en œuvre et entretien : activités, intrants et coûts

Calcul des intrants et des coûts
  • Les coûts sont calculés :
  • Monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts : Euro
  • Taux de change (en dollars américains - USD) : 1 USD = 0.74 Euro
  • Coût salarial moyen de la main-d'oeuvre par jour : 47.00
Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts
The costs of the establishment of firebreaks can be affected by numerous factors, such as slope (if the slope is steep, the work is much more difficult and takes more time, because machines cannot be used on steep slopes), vegetation density (it takes more time to clear a dense area), stone content of the soil (if there are many stones the work is much more difficult for the machines and more dangerous for the workers), availability of a road (where a firebreak can be established, costs can be saved). Important to note is that maintenance costs could increase with an increase in rainfall because the vegetation will grow faster (otherwise firebreaks are quite resistant against climate change or weather extremes). Furthermore, modifying a normal tractor for forest management can be extremely expensive.
Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement
  1. Project planning and design of firebreak system (Calendrier/ fréquence: 1996)
  2. Adaption of the agricultural tractors with forest management machinery (wheels, protection of the machine against stones, clearing machinery with chains) (Calendrier/ fréquence: 1998-2002)
  3. Cutting and chipping (in-situ) of trees and shrubs (execution of firebreak network) (Calendrier/ fréquence: 1998-2002)
  4. Transport of wood (fuel wood) (Calendrier/ fréquence: 1998-2002)
Intrants et coûts de mise en place
Spécifiez les intrants Unité Quantité Coûts par unité (Euro) Coût total par intrant (Euro) % des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre
labour ha 1,0 1095,0 1095,0
Equipements
machine use ha 1,0 675,0 675,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie 1'770.0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD) 2'391.89
Activités récurrentes d'entretien
  1. Clearing of firebreaks of first order (every 2 years) (Calendrier/ fréquence: every 2 years)
  2. Clearing of firebreaks of second and third order (every 4 years) (Calendrier/ fréquence: every 4 years)
Intrants et coûts de l'entretien
Spécifiez les intrants Unité Quantité Coûts par unité (Euro) Coût total par intrant (Euro) % des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Equipements
machine use ha 1,0 557,0 557,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie 557.0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD) 752.7

Environnement naturel

Précipitations annuelles
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1000 mm
  • 1001-1500 mm
  • 1501-2000 mm
  • 2001-3000 mm
  • 3001-4000 mm
  • > 4000 mm
Zones agro-climatiques
  • humide
  • subhumide
  • semi-aride
  • aride
Spécifications sur le climat
Ayora (383mm)
Thermal climate class: temperate
Pentes moyennes
  • plat (0-2 %)
  • faible (3-5%)
  • modéré (6-10%)
  • onduleux (11-15%)
  • vallonné (16-30%)
  • raide (31-60%)
  • très raide (>60%)
Reliefs
  • plateaux/ plaines
  • crêtes
  • flancs/ pentes de montagne
  • flancs/ pentes de colline
  • piémonts/ glacis (bas de pente)
  • fonds de vallée/bas-fonds
Zones altitudinales
  • 0-100 m
  • 101-500 m
  • 501-1000 m
  • 1001-1500 m
  • 1501-2000 m
  • 2001-2500 m
  • 2501-3000 m
  • 3001-4000 m
  • > 4000 m
La Technologie est appliquée dans
  • situations convexes
  • situations concaves
  • non pertinent
Profondeurs moyennes du sol
  • très superficiel (0-20 cm)
  • superficiel (21-50 cm)
  • modérément profond (51-80 cm)
  • profond (81-120 cm)
  • très profond (>120 cm)
Textures du sol (de la couche arable)
  • grossier/ léger (sablonneux)
  • moyen (limoneux)
  • fin/ lourd (argile)
Textures du sol (> 20 cm sous la surface)
  • grossier/ léger (sablonneux)
  • moyen (limoneux)
  • fin/ lourd (argile)
Matière organique de la couche arable
  • abondant (>3%)
  • moyen (1-3%)
  • faible (<1%)
Profondeur estimée de l’eau dans le sol
  • en surface
  • < 5 m
  • 5-50 m
  • > 50 m
Disponibilité de l’eau de surface
  • excès
  • bonne
  • moyenne
  • faible/ absente
Qualité de l’eau (non traitée)
  • eau potable
  • faiblement potable (traitement nécessaire)
  • uniquement pour usage agricole (irrigation)
  • eau inutilisable
La qualité de l'eau fait référence à:
La salinité de l'eau est-elle un problème ?
  • Oui
  • Non

Présence d'inondations
  • Oui
  • Non
Diversité des espèces
  • élevé
  • moyenne
  • faible
Diversité des habitats
  • élevé
  • moyenne
  • faible

Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Orientation du système de production
  • subsistance (auto-approvisionnement)
  • exploitation mixte (de subsistance/ commerciale)
  • commercial/ de marché
Revenus hors exploitation
  • moins de 10% de tous les revenus
  • 10-50% de tous les revenus
  • > 50% de tous les revenus
Niveau relatif de richesse
  • très pauvre
  • pauvre
  • moyen
  • riche
  • très riche
Niveau de mécanisation
  • travail manuel
  • traction animale
  • mécanisé/ motorisé
Sédentaire ou nomade
  • Sédentaire
  • Semi-nomade
  • Nomade
Individus ou groupes
  • individu/ ménage
  • groupe/ communauté
  • coopérative
  • employé (entreprise, gouvernement)
Genre
  • femmes
  • hommes
Âge
  • enfants
  • jeunes
  • personnes d'âge moyen
  • personnes âgées
Superficie utilisée par ménage
  • < 0,5 ha
  • 0,5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1 000 ha
  • 1 000-10 000 ha
  • > 10 000 ha
Échelle
  • petite dimension
  • moyenne dimension
  • grande dimension
Propriété foncière
  • état
  • entreprise
  • communauté/ village
  • groupe
  • individu, sans titre de propriété
  • individu, avec titre de propriété
Droits d’utilisation des terres
  • accès libre (non organisé)
  • communautaire (organisé)
  • loué
  • individuel
  • open access but organised (e.g. wood, hunting)
Droits d’utilisation de l’eau
  • accès libre (non organisé)
  • communautaire (organisé)
  • loué
  • individuel
  • open access but organised (e.g. wood, hunting)
Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

Impact

Impacts socio-économiques
production fourragère
en baisse
en augmentation


Vegetation removal produces fresh growth. More grasses available for animals (game and livestock) in the cleared areas.

qualité des fourrages
en baisse
en augmentation


The new growth provides more diverse and nutritious fodder. Animals (especially goats) eat everything but they like more young grasses than shrubs

production animale
en baisse
en augmentation


Game/wildlife and livestock are better because there is an increase in fodder quantity and quality

production de bois
en baisse
en augmentation


The wood/timber generated by the clearing can be used for biomass, fertilizers, pellets, firewood. A part of the wood is chipped in-situ and applied as mulch

surface de production (nouvelles terres cultivées/ utilisées)
en baisse
en augmentation


In some areas, the implementation of firebreaks can occupy productive land which means a loss of land. The main objective of this technology is to provide protection from forest fires instead of creating productive land

production d'énergie (par ex., hydro, bio)
en baisse
en augmentation


In some areas, the cleared ground on mountain ridges is used for wind mills. A part of the cleared vegetation is used for bioenergy (biomass).

dépenses pour les intrants agricoles
en augmentation
en baisse


The establishment and the maintenance of fire breaks is expensive.

job uncertainty
increased
decreased


If there is no money provided by the state the maintenance of fire breaks cannot be executed. This constitutes a high risk for forest workers because they never know if they will loose their job.

Impacts socioculturels
sécurité alimentaire/ autosuffisance
réduit
amélioré


Forest workers earn money to buy food, otherwise they would depend on unemployment pay and thus put pressure on the state.

situation sanitaire
détérioré
amélioré


Improved air quality by reducing forest fires.

possibilités de loisirs
réduit
amélioré


People often criticise the aesthetic impact of fire breaks. But this impact is smaller than if the whole forest is burnt

connaissances sur la GDT/ dégradation des terres
réduit
amélioré


Local people know about the importance of conservation of the area and really like to have the forest protected of wildfires

apaisement des conflits
détérioré
amélioré


Less fires result in a decrease of the destroyed area, less money will have to be invested in restoration or fire extinction. Farmers, hunters,honey producers will experience fewer losses. Wild animals remain in the forest (more grasses after clearing).

situation des groupes socialement et économiquement désavantagés (genre, âge, statut, ethnie, etc.)
détérioré
amélioré


More jobs for unemployed, this is especially important during the current economic crisis

Impacts écologiques
ruissellement de surface
en augmentation
en baisse


On the cleared strips, associated with the vegetation removal

humidité du sol
en baisse
en augmentation


On the cleared strips, associated with the vegetation removal

couverture du sol
réduit
amélioré


On the cleared strips, but not too bad because of the mulch layer (removed vegetation is chipped in-situ)

matière organique du sol/ au dessous du sol C
en baisse
en augmentation


On the cleared strips, associated with the vegetation removal

émissions de carbone et de gaz à effet de serre
en augmentation
en baisse


If the fire is stopped more quickly there will be less emissions

risques d'incendies
en augmentation
en baisse


The firebreaks prevent the occurrence and spread of large forest fires by providing access for fire fighters

Impacts hors site
inondations en aval (indésirables)
en augmentation
réduit


When fire removes less vegetation then the soil is less prone to flooding

envasement en aval
en augmentation
en baisse


When fire removes less vegetation then the soil is less vulnerable to erosion

dommages sur les champs voisins
en augmentation
réduit

dommages sur les infrastructures publiques/ privées
en augmentation
réduit


Forest fire frequency and intensity and the associated damages are reduced

Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Bénéfices par rapport aux coûts de mise en place
Rentabilité à court terme
très négative
très positive

Rentabilité à long terme
très négative
très positive

Bénéfices par rapport aux coûts d'entretien
Rentabilité à court terme
très négative
très positive

Rentabilité à long terme
très négative
très positive

Both the short-term and the long-term benefits are very positive assuming that maintenance is done. Together with the creation of jobs, directly after establishing the firebreaks there is firewood and timber available and a reduced risk of wildfires. But it should also be considered that the establishment costs are high. If maintenance is not done the long-term returns will be very negative because an increase in the risk of fire will occur again (without management, there will also be no firewood, no timber and no jobs). The maintenance costs increase the longer you wait because the vegetation will grow again densely.

Changement climatique

Changements climatiques progressifs
températures annuelles augmente

pas bien du tout
très bien
Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)
pluie torrentielle locale

pas bien du tout
très bien
tempête de vent locale

pas bien du tout
très bien
sécheresse

pas bien du tout
très bien
inondation générale (rivière)

pas bien du tout
très bien

Adoption et adaptation de la Technologie

Pourcentage d'exploitants des terres ayant adopté la Technologie dans la région
  • cas isolés/ expérimentaux
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement ?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
La Technologie a-t-elle été récemment modifiée pour s'adapter à l'évolution des conditions ?
  • Oui
  • Non
A quel changement ?
  • changements/ extrêmes climatiques
  • évolution des marchés
  • la disponibilité de la main-d'œuvre (par ex., en raison de migrations)

Conclusions et enseignements tirés

Points forts: point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
  • Improvement and maintenance of the forest paths and streets to establish firebreaks and to guarantee access for fire fighter vehicles but also for recreational activities (rural tourism).
  • Fewer fires result in a decrease of the destroyed area, less money will have to be invested in restoration or fire extinction. Furthermore, farmers, hunters and honey producers will experience fewer losses.
  • In Jarafuel where most of the land is public retired people receive the firewood gained by forest clearings for free. They can use the wood for cooking and heating and save a lot of money.
  • There are also off-site benefits. Fewer fires will result in a reduction of downstream flooding, downstream siltation and damage on neighbours’ fields. When fire removes less vegetation the soil is less vulnerable to erosion
Points forts: point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne-ressource clé
  • There is a reduction of fuel load within the firebreaks and therefore they contribute to fire prevention.
  • A firebreak does not stop a fire but facilitates the access for fire fighters (and vehicles) and guarantees a higher security for people, thus increasing the possibility to control/slow down a fire. By arranging the territory in different parcels (firebreaks of first, second and third order) the spread of large forest fires is less probable
  • There are both social and economic benefits for local people. The establishment and the maintenance of firebreaks provide jobs for rural people which allows them to increase their livelihood conditions. A part of the extracted wood is used for biomass, fertilizers, pellets, or firewood. Furthermore there would be improved conditions for grazing.
  • Vegetation removal produces fresh vegetation growth, therefore more diverse and nutritious fodder is available for animals (game and livestock) in the cleared areas. Game/wildlife and livestock are better because there is an increase in fodder quantity and quality.
  • Due to the high stone content of the soil, and due to mulching through in-situ brush-chipping of the cleared material, the firebreaks are not that prone to erosion as in other regions/countries (e.g. Portugal).
Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques: point de vue de l'exploitant des terrescomment surmonter
  • In some areas, the implementation of firebreaks can occupy productive land which means a loss of land The main objective of this technology is to provide protection from forest fires instead of creating productive land.
  • The work is dangerous and there is a high risk to harm oneself when clearing and chipping the vegetation. It is also a physical stress due to the exhausting work Establish big firebreaks and ensure maintenance.
  • When there is a strong and dry wind from the inland (poniente) the smaller firebreaks are useless because the fire just passes over. It should also be noted that without human intervention the firebreaks do not stop a fire
Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques: point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne-ressource clécomment surmonter
  • Firebreaks are a strong disturbance of the natural environment. People often criticise the negative aesthetic/visual impact which results in a decline of the recreational value. This problem is difficult to overcome, but the technology helps to prevent an even bigger disturbance of the forest caused by a fire. Even though criticising the firebreaks due to its visual impact people know about the importance of this measure and are also concerned with the devastating effects of a forest fire.
    There is always the question of what is better: to establish firebreaks and disturb nature, or to experience a large fire.
  • The establishment and the maintenance activities are expensive and labour-intensive. Without management the firebreaks are not effective anymore. It would be necessary to extract biomass from the forest to decrease the continuity of the trees and shrubs. In case of a lack of management the risk of fires increases. Management is crucial. It should be noted that prevention measures are often less expensive than rehabilitation activities after a fire. More investment in forest management and fire prevention is required. Managing the forest would not only decrease the risk of fire but also generate benefits (e.g. wood, biomass). Furthermore, jobs would be generated which is especially important during the current economy crisis in Spain.
    There are some good practices found in other regions to cover the maintenance costs: In Jarafuel (next to Ayora) a part of the rent paid by the wind mill company to the state is reinvested in forest management. Or in Andalucia, the government launched a project to invest subventions in maintenance of firebreaks through grazing and this was very successful. This could be a good alternative to expensive management measures.
    It was also mentioned by many stakeholders that traditional activities (such as grazing, agriculture, wood gathering) should be reactivated and that the villagers should get economic compensation to maintain the forest in a good state.
  • Firebreaks are not that efficient because after clearing, the first plants which grow are Ulex parviflorus and Cistus albidus which are fire-prone species. Furthermore, if you cut them each 4 or 5 years there will only be grassland which is not natural in Mediterranean region. A fire could be caused more easily due to the high amount of thin and dead material. CEAM suggests to plant more fire-resistant species (late successional stages) within some spots in the firebreaks to increase the resilience of the ecosystem. Green living plants have a higher humidity content which slows down a fire (oxygen is consumed). The issue is not to cover the whole firebreaks with plants but to establish some green spots. By planting late-successional species densely you don’t allow seeders to grow. This measure could also decrease management costs.
    People keep in their minds the idea of having to clear all the vegetation in order to not have fires or to stop them, but it is not really the most sustainable one. The idea of green firebreaks is already common in some other countries but you need to ensure water availability for irrigation.

Références

Compilateur
  • Nina Lauterburg
Editors
Examinateur
  • Alexandra Gavilano
  • Nina Lauterburg
  • Deborah Niggli
  • Hanspeter Liniger
Date de mise en oeuvre: 6 août 2013
Dernière mise à jour: 1 décembre 2021
Personnes-ressources
Description complète dans la base de données WOCAT
Données de GDT correspondantes
La documentation a été facilitée par
Institution Projet
Références clés
  • Primary strip network system for fuel management in Portugal. WOCAT documentation T_POR001en.: WOCAT database on Technologies.
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International