1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Pilot Program for Climate Resilience, Tajikistan (WB / PPCR)

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Suisse

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Soil Science Institute (Soil Science Institute) - Tadjikistan

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.5 Référence au(x) Questionnaires sur les Approches de GDT (documentées au moyen de WOCAT)

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

An agroforestry system where legumes and cereals are planted in fruit orchards, giving simultaneous production and conservation benefits.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

In the Faizabad region, Tajikistan, an area which is characterised by hilly topography, and deep but highly erodible loess soils, farmers traditionally cultivate beans and wheat in combination with fruit trees. This was a rather unsystematic agroforestry system, and during Soviet times (in the 1980s) fruit production was intensified. Pure-stand orchards were established: the land was levelled and on slopes exceeding 20%, terraces were constructed mechanically. The density of trees was increased, and the little space remaining between was used for hay production. Annual cropping was stopped.

Purpose of the Technology: After the Soviet era, farmers reduced the number of trees, allowing room for inter-cropping. They also established new orchards according to this same pattern. Those who farm rented land merely inter crop wheat, whereas the few farmers who own their land, rotate crops with two years of wheat, followed by one of legumes (beans or lucern). Crops are grown both for home consumption and sale.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The density of apples was reduced by expanding the spacing from approx 5 m to 10 m between rows, and from 2 m to 4 m within rows. Along each row of trees a 2-3 m strip of grass was left to grow. The layout of fruit trees in lines is a compromise between being along the contour, and against the prevailing wind. After harvesting of the fruit, between August and October, farmers sow their annual crops.

Natural / human environment: This agroforestry system provides protection against strong winds, heavy rains and flooding. Soil erosion (by water) has been reduced due to improved soil cover by the inter cropping, and through leaf litter, which is left to decompose on the ground. Furthermore, after harvesting, about three quarters of the crop residues are left on the field as mulch. The remainder is used as fodder. Soil organic matter within the current agroforestry system is considerably higher than in the surrounding grazing areas. Soil fertility has improved also: beans can fix 60-80 kg/ha/year of nitrogen. Compared with other crops, wheat provides the best erosion protection. Since the lateral rooting system of the apple trees reaches only 1-1.5 m from the trunk, competition for nutrients is not a major problem. Neither is there a problem with shade, since during the crop establishment period the trees have lose their leaves. In order to increase production, farmers plan to apply supplementary irrigation where possible.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a entre 10-50 ans

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• grâce à l'innovation d'exploitants des terres

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Les divers types d'utilisation des terres au sein du même unité de terrain: :

Oui

Précisez l'utilisation mixte des terres (cultures/ pâturages/ arbres):

• Agroforesterie

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Most of the rains fall in late autumn and early spring, and the rains coincide with very strong winds. The topsoil is therefore exposed to erosion during this period if left uncovered, and without a windbreak. A particular problem during the soviet period was that the intensive orchard system meant annual food crops were left out of the production system: soil cover was reduced and there was less food.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: two years of wheat followed by one of legumes (beans or lucerne)

3.4 Approvisionnement en eau

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

3.5 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• agroforesterie
• brise-vent/ plantations abris
• Amélioration de la couverture végétale/ du sol

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures, structural measures

Type of agronomic measures: mulching, rotations / fallows

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -against wind

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Et: loss of topsoil, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

Main causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (The suplementary irrigation system could not be maintained after state farms stopped recieving government support. Thus, it became more interesting to increase crop production through intercropping.)

Secondary causes of degradation: governance / institutional (With the transformation of the planned economy to a market economy, for the state farm areas new forms of management had to be found.)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Indiquez la monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts:

• dollars américains

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Calendrier des activités (saisonnier)
1.	Planting of fruit orchard
2.	Thinning: doubling the spacing between trees (by farmers, after Soviet period)
3.	Hand planting of fruit tree seedlings
4.	planting fruit trees
5.	1. Levelling of steep land into terraces with graders
6.	Planting of fruit orchards

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% du coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Planting of fruit orchard	ha	1,0	60,0	60,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Thinning and hand lanting	ha	2,0	10,0	20,0	100,0
Equipements	machine use	ha	1,0	120,0	120,0	100,0
Equipements	tools		1,0	10,0	10,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	seedlings	ha	1,0	250,0	250,0
Engrais et biocides	fertilizer	ha	1,0	50,0	50,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	biocides	ha	1,0	30,0	30,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	pesticides	ha	1,0	30,0	30,0	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					570,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					570,0

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Applying organic manure for crops and trees	(November to March)
2.	Ploughing to depth of 25–30 cm for annual crops	(November to March)
3.	Disc ploughing and harrowing .	(March)
4.	Chemical fertiliser application to crops	(once during season).
5.	Pest management with chemicals	(two-three times where possible/affordable)
6.	harvesting: wheat is the only crop, which can be harverted if tractor and petrol is available
7.	mulching trees (humus cover)
8.	cutting trees

4.6 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% du coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	applying organic manure for crops and trees	ha	1,0	45,0	45,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	ploughing	ha	2,0	10,0	20,0	100,0
Equipements	labour animal traction	ha	1,0	10,0	10,0	100,0
Equipements	labour harvesting	ha	1,0			100,0
Equipements	labour mulching and cutting	ha	1,0	50,0	50,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	seeds	ha	1,0	30,0	30,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	fertilizer	ha	1,0	50,0	50,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	biocides	ha	1,0	5,0	5,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	compost manure	ha	1,0	10,0	10,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					220,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					220,0

Commentaires:

Cost calculation refers to farmers who established new agroforestry plots (without receiving any incentives). These are farmers who have rented land from state farms. However, conversion of Soviet orchards is more common than the establishment of new agroforestry plots (information on costs not available).

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• non pertinent

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Landforms also mountain slopes.

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil fertility: low

Soil drainage / infiltration: good

Soil water storage capacity: medium

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

5.5 Biodiversité

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Off-farm income specification: trade and business; young men often migrate to Russia (seasonally or for several years) to search for jobs

Level of mechanization manual work: pruning of trees, harvesting, applying herbizids

Level of mechanization animal traction: ploughing if no fuel for tractors is available

Level of mechanization mechanized/motorized: Disc ploughing and harrowing, if petrol is available

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• loué

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Autres impacts socio-économiques

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

Autres impacts écologiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• 11-50%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

3500 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support in an area of 45 km^2

De tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle, ou aucune rémunération? :

• 91-100%

Commentaires:

3500 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Adoption rate is high: 3,500 households in the region, who rented the orchards, have converted them themselvs without any incentives.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Easy to convert orchards How can they be sustained / enhanced? Land reform from state to private ownership would assist the process and strengthen farmers' associations.
Helps provide employment (mainly self- employment, partial employment of additional labourers) and increased self-sufficiency. With the cultivation of wheat, some farmers can solve their food problems and do not need an off-farm income.
Improvement of soil fertility and soil organic matter content How can they be sustained / enhanced? Use all the crop residue and leaves of trees as cover (mulch).
Considerable reduction of soil erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? Adopt cover crop and rotate with other legumes and minimum tillage system.
Wider spacing between the rows of trees (to 10 m) is best for the agroforestry How can they be sustained / enhanced? Remaining orchards with the original Soviet spacing of 5m between the rows should be thinned.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
The irrigation system established during Soviet times required high maintenance inputs due to siltation of the canals. During the period of the civil war systems ceased to function, the canals filled up with sediments and finally overflowed during rain storms causing gully formation	Control of water flow within the orchard using cutoff drains and drainage ditches.
Lines of trees which are planted up and down the slope to provide wind.	Compromise in layout design (see description).
Orchards managed by state farms are often not well looked after.	Leasing of land and awarding landholder certificates leads to improved orchard management.

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

7.3 Liens vers les informations pertinentes en ligne

Titre/ description:

Loes Masselink. 2012. Monitoring SLM Practices in Tajikistan. BSc thesis, Land Degradation and Development Group, International Land and Water Management at Wageningen University. The Netherlands.

URL:

https://www.wocat.net/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/Theses/Masselink2012.pdf