Technologies

Establishment of living seabuckthorn fences for the protection of reforestation sites (CACILM) [Tadjikistan]

technologies_1036 - Tadjikistan

État complet : 78%

1. Informations générales

1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Personne(s)-ressource(s) clé(s)

Spécialiste GDT:

Angermann Michael

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH,

Tadjikistan

Spécialiste GDT:

Neusel Benjamin

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH,

Tadjikistan

Spécialiste GDT:

Kirchhoff Joachim F.

GIZ GmbH,

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)
Central Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management (CACILM I)
Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) - Allemagne

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.5 Référence au(x) Questionnaires sur les Approches de GDT (documentées au moyen de WOCAT)

Savings Book Approach
approaches

Savings Book Approach [Tadjikistan]

Reforestation of deserted state forest plots through a financial incentive system for the labour intensive first years of forest establishment, after which harvests of forest products from the plot provide income opportunities for the forest tenants and the State Forestry Agency (in the frame of CACILM).

  • Compilateur : Roziya Kirgizbekova
Joint Forest Management (JFM)
approaches

Joint Forest Management (JFM) [Tadjikistan]

Protection and rehabilitation of state forests based on joint long term agreements set up between the State Forestry Agency, and local forest users (in the frame of CACILM).

  • Compilateur : Roziya Kirgizbekova

2. Description de la Technologie de GDT

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Protection of reforestation sites (willow, poplar and fruit trees) through living seabuckthorn perimeter fencing on Joint Forestry Management plots.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

In the heavily degraded flood plain forests of the Pamirs in eastern Tajikistan, living fences made out of seabuckthorn are protecting reforestation and Joint Forestry Management (JFM) sites. A living seabuckthorn fence consists of two layers. The outer layer is an instant fence made of thorny seabuсkthorn branches. The purpose of the outer layer is to immediately restrict animal and human access to the reafforestation site. The outer layer also buffers the inner layer of seabuckthorn, which is planted from seabuckthorn seedlings. The inner layer will establish itself over a number of seasons, eventually growing to a height of 1.5-2m. Once established, the seabuckthorn bush provides a low cost sustainable perimeter fence to protect reforestation activities. The bush also produces fruits for processing (in the frame of CACILM)

Purpose of the Technology: The purpose of this technology is to improve heavily degraded forest areas and establish new areas by restricting open access to the human population and preventing uncontrolled livestock grazing. As part of the Joint Forestry Management approach, these reforested areas are leased to the land user providing long-term legal control, as well as income opportunities for the tenants and the State Forestry Agency.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: As part of the Joint Forestry Management approach (TAJ015), land is allocated by the State Forestry Agency to a designated land user. Once the size of the plot is established, a solid fence constructed of off-cuts of seabuckthorn and supported by willow poles is established around the perimeter of the JFM reforestation area. The seabuckthorn branches are fixed together with willow twigs, willow branches or wire and are attached to wooden poles. Once completed, seabuckthorn seedlings are planted at 0.5m intervals along a small irrigation channel on the inner side of the perimeter fence. After a few seasons these seedlings will grow into a natural living fence, which will take over the protection role from the perimeter fence constructed from off-cuts. The reforestion area is planted with branches of willow and poplar and interspersed with fruit trees. Reforestation planting materials are readily available in most parts of GBAO, and the Forestry Agency facilitates free access to seabuckthorn branches, willow branches and wooden poles. If required, wire and tools are provided by the JFM project.

Natural / human environment: The natural forest cover and biological diversity in many areas of GBAO has been significantly degraded. While population density in GBAO is low, natural resources are scarce due to the high altitude mountain environment and the pressure on these resources is great. In Soviet times, the Pamir region was highly dependent on subsidized coal from other parts of the Soviet Union. After independence, coal was no longer available and other fuel had to be sourced. Population pressure, poverty, and the lack of established local level institutions to manage forest lands have rendered forest areas an open access resource where the local population harvests forest products and grazes livestock without regulation. The local Forestry Agencies do not have the capacity to control overuse or to implement sustainable forestry management. As a part of the Joint Forestry Management approach (TAJ015) this SLM technology is a reintroduction of a traditional method for the protection of reforestation sites against livestock and, additionally, it clearly demarcates forest plot ownership and boundaries.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

Pays:

Tadjikistan

Région/ Etat/ Province:

Tajikistan, Gorno Badakhshan Autonomous Region (GBAO)

Autres spécifications du lieu:

Ishkashim, Roshtkala and Shugnan Districts

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 20 km2.

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :
  • il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :
  • par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures
Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

Living seabuckthorn fencing is a traditional/indigenous method used for many years in the Pamirs. This technology has more recently been promoted by the project for the protection of forest plots under JFM. Similarly, the tree planting techniques used also follow traditionally applied methods in the Pamirs.

3. Classification de la Technologie de GDT

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Forêts/ bois

Forêts/ bois

  • plantation forestry
  • Seabuckthorn
Produits et services:
  • Bois d'œuvre (de construction)
  • Bois de chauffage
  • Fruits et noix
  • Autres produits forestiers
  • Conservation/ protection de la nature
  • Protection contre les aléas naturels
Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Open access to forests leads to illegal use and destruction of forests; grazing of livestock within forest areas hinder regeneration of forests.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Shortage of fuel wood for cooking and heating; lack of pastures and fodder for maintaining or increasing livestock herds; land degradation and increasing vulnerability to natural hazard periods

Selective felling of (semi-) natural forests: Yes

Plantation forestry: Yes

Problems / comments regarding forest use: For now most of the forest plots are strongly degraded natural and formerly forested areas. So far felling is strongly restricted and permitted only where afforestation is conducted.

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, fruits and nuts, other forest products / uses (honey, medical, etc.), nature conservation / protection, protection against natural hazards

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Forests / woodlands: Fp: Plantations, afforestations

3.3 Est-ce que l’utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie ?

Est-ce que l’utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie ?
  • Oui (Veuillez remplir les questions ci-après au regard de l’utilisation des terres avant la mise en œuvre de la Technologie)
Les divers types d'utilisation des terres au sein du même unité de terrain: :

Oui

Précisez l'utilisation mixte des terres (cultures/ pâturages/ arbres):
  • Sylvo-pastoralisme
Forêts/ bois

Forêts/ bois

  • Plantations d'arbres, boisements

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

pratiques végétales

pratiques végétales

  • V1: Couverture d’arbres et d’arbustes
modes de gestion

modes de gestion

  • M5: Contrôle/ changement de la composition des espèces
Commentaires:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Secondary measures: management measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -along boundary

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

érosion éolienne des sols

érosion éolienne des sols

  • Et: perte de la couche superficielle des sols (couche arable)
  • Eo: effets hors site de la dégradation
dégradation biologique

dégradation biologique

  • Bc: réduction de la couverture végétale
  • Bh: perte d’habitats
Commentaires:

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, land tenure, governance / institutional (Lack of human and material resources of Forest Agency)

Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing, population pressure, poverty / wealth, war and conflicts (Lack of energy resources during civil war)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Commentaires:

Main goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4. Spécifications techniques, activités, intrants et coûts de mise en œuvre

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

Spécifications techniques (associées au dessin technique):

Living seabuckthorn fence: The dead part of the fence prevents livestock from entering the forest plot, while in the long run the planted seedlings take over this role by forming a dense living seabuckthorn barrier.

Location: -. Gorno Badakhshan, Tajikistan

Date: February 2011

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (It is not a difficult technology to implement.)

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase of biomass (quantity)

Secondary technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply, water spreading, reduction in wind speed, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 400-800
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5

Trees/ shrubs species: seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)

Change of land use type: Enclosure of the plot, change from grazing to forest

Change of land use practices / intensity level: Change from open access to controlled access (fence)

Control / change of species composition

Auteur:

Hahnewald/Gaude/Rosset

4.2 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

Tajik Somoni

Indiquez le taux de change des USD en devise locale, le cas échéant (p.ex. 1 USD = 79.9 réal brésilien): 1 USD = :

4,5

Indiquez le coût salarial moyen de la main d'œuvre par jour:

7.00

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

Activité Calendrier des activités (saisonnier)
1. Establishment of living seabuckthorn fence Any time
2. Planting of poplar and willows early spring
3. Planting of fruit trees early spring

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

Spécifiez les intrants Unité Quantité Coûts par unité Coût total par intrant % du coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre Establishment of living seabuckthorn fence Mandays 160,0 6,6625 1066,0 100,0
Main d'œuvre Planting of poplar and willows Mandays 40,0 6,65 266,0 100,0
Main d'œuvre Planting of fruit trees Mandays 3,0 6,666 20,0 100,0
Equipements Tools piece 4,0 5,5 22,0
Matériel végétal Seedlings Seabuckthorn piece 2000,0 0,2225 445,0
Matériel végétal Seedlings of poplar and willows piece 1200,0 0,22166 265,99
Matériel végétal Seedlings fruit trees piece 50,0 1,11 55,5 100,0
Matériaux de construction Wood 360 cub per m 1000,0 0,8 800,0
Matériaux de construction Wire m 1000,0 0,111 111,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie 3051,49
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD) 678,11
Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

Activité Calendrier/ fréquence
1. Fence repair spring, annually
2. Plant tending spring, annually

4.6 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

Spécifiez les intrants Unité Quantité Coûts par unité Coût total par intrant % du coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre Fence repair Mandays 3,0 6,666 20,0 100,0
Main d'œuvre Plant tending Mandays 4,0 6,75 27,0 100,0
Equipements Tools piece 2,0 13,5 27,0
Matériel végétal 8,0
Matériaux de construction Wood 2 cub per m 1000,0 0,0089 8,9 100,0
Matériaux de construction Wire meter 10,0 0,1 1,0 100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie 83,9
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD) 18,64
Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: Spades, scissors, picks, gloves, planting bars.

The costs were calculated for 1000m of live seabuckthorn fence and approximately 1ha of tree planting, including 50 fruit trees and 1200 poplars and willows. Costs were calculated in April 2011. It is assumed that seabuckthorn and wood for poles are readily available on the forest plot or can be provided by the State Forestry Agency from nearby plots. Seedlings needed for the live part of the fence are very small parts of seabuckthorn plants, which are available as well wherever seabuckthorn grows. Tools are provided through the Joint Forestry Management project for the period they are needed for construction and maintenance. The mentioned enrichment plantings do not apply to every plot to the same extent. These also highly depend on the motivation and interest of the tenant.

4.7 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

The seabuckthorn seedlings are readily available in the area of implementation and incur no financial cost to the forest tenant. The labour is provided by the forest tenant. Labour is potentially a major expense if the land user must pay for it. Factors that contribute to the amount of labour required include the distance the seabuckthorn wood and seedlings have to be transported and the soil texture for the digging of a trench for the erection of the fence.
So far, the material needed for fencing and tree planting has been provided free of charge by the Forestry Agency. The only financial cost to the land user is the cost of the fruit trees, approximately 5 som per sapling. The land is provided by the Forestry Agency free of charge, however percentages of harvested forest products have to be paid to the Forestry Agency as the land owner's share.

5. Environnement naturel et humain

5.1 Climat

Précipitations annuelles
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1000 mm
  • 1001-1500 mm
  • 1501-2000 mm
  • 2001-3000 mm
  • 3001-4000 mm
  • > 4000 mm
Spécifications/ commentaires sur les précipitations:

Spring and autumn are (moderate) rainy seasons, summer is a dry period of min. 3 months

Zone agro-climatique
  • aride

Thermal climate class: temperate. continental climate, cold winters but warm, rather long summers

5.2 Topographie

Pentes moyennes:
  • plat (0-2 %)
  • faible (3-5%)
  • modéré (6-10%)
  • onduleux (11-15%)
  • vallonné (16-30%)
  • raide (31-60%)
  • très raide (>60%)
Reliefs:
  • plateaux/ plaines
  • crêtes
  • flancs/ pentes de montagne
  • flancs/ pentes de colline
  • piémonts/ glacis (bas de pente)
  • fonds de vallée/bas-fonds
Zones altitudinales:
  • 0-100 m
  • 101-500 m
  • 501-1000 m
  • 1001-1500 m
  • 1501-2000 m
  • 2001-2500 m
  • 2501-3000 m
  • 3001-4000 m
  • > 4000 m
Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:
  • situations convexes
Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Footslopes only where there is sufficient water coming from the gorges. Flood plain forests in the valley floors (convex). Flood plain forests in valley floors, flat areas.

5.3 Sols

Profondeur moyenne du sol:
  • très superficiel (0-20 cm)
  • superficiel (21-50 cm)
  • modérément profond (51-80 cm)
  • profond (81-120 cm)
  • très profond (>120 cm)
Texture du sol (de la couche arable):
  • grossier/ léger (sablonneux)
Matière organique de la couche arable:
  • faible (<1%)

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Profondeur estimée de l’eau dans le sol:

< 5 m

Disponibilité de l’eau de surface:

moyenne

Qualité de l’eau (non traitée):

eau potable

La salinité de l'eau est-elle un problème? :

Non

5.5 Biodiversité

Diversité des espèces:
  • moyenne

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Orientation du système de production:
  • subsistance (auto-approvisionnement)
  • exploitation mixte (de subsistance/ commerciale)
Revenus hors exploitation:
  • > 50% de tous les revenus
Niveau relatif de richesse:
  • pauvre
Individus ou groupes:
  • individu/ ménage
Genre:
  • hommes
Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Women are encouraged to participate, but as the work consists in rather strenuous forestry work, it is mainly applied by men.

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

10% of the land users are average wealthy.
80% of the land users are poor (mostly villagers with no formal employment).
10% of the land users are poor.

Off-farm income specification: Mostly subsistence farming. Income mainly from remittances and formal employment.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

  • < 0,5 ha
  • 0,5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1 000 ha
  • 1 000-10 000 ha
  • > 10 000 ha
Cette superficie est-elle considérée comme de petite, moyenne ou grande dimension (en se référant au contexte local)?
  • petite dimension
Commentaires:

Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology: 0.5-1 ha, 1-2 ha, 2-5 ha, 5-15 ha

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:
  • état
Droits d’utilisation des terres:
  • loué
Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:
  • communautaire (organisé)
Commentaires:

Forest plots of the State Forestry Agency are leased to local forest tenants according to the procedure described in the approach TAJ015 "Joint Forestry Management". Therefore the tenants hold 20-years management and user rights specified in the contract for the leased plots. The technology is applied on these forest plots leased by the State Forestry Agency. Water use rights are strictly regulated on a communal basis, whereas use rights for forest plots have to be negotiated on a communal basis as well.

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

santé:
  • pauvre
  • modéré
  • bonne
éducation:
  • pauvre
  • modéré
  • bonne
assistance technique:
  • pauvre
  • modéré
  • bonne
emploi (par ex. hors exploitation):
  • pauvre
  • modéré
  • bonne
marchés:
  • pauvre
  • modéré
  • bonne
énergie:
  • pauvre
  • modéré
  • bonne
routes et transports:
  • pauvre
  • modéré
  • bonne
eau potable et assainissement:
  • pauvre
  • modéré
  • bonne
services financiers:
  • pauvre
  • modéré
  • bonne

6. Impacts et conclusions

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

production fourragère

en baisse
en augmentation

production de bois

en baisse
en augmentation
Quantité après la GDT:

2-10m3

Commentaires/ spécifiez:

Before: illegal open access

diversité des produits

en baisse
en augmentation
Commentaires/ spécifiez:

non-timber forest products

production d'énergie

en baisse
en augmentation
Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

disponibilité de l'eau d'irrigation

en baisse
en augmentation
Revenus et coûts

diversité des sources de revenus

en baisse
en augmentation

Impacts socioculturels

sécurité alimentaire/ autosuffisance

réduit
amélioré

situation sanitaire

détérioré
amélioré

connaissances sur la GDT/ dégradation des terres

réduit
amélioré

situation des groupes socialement et économiquement désavantagés

détérioré
amélioré

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

ruissellement de surface

en augmentation
en baisse
Sols

humidité du sol

en baisse
en augmentation

couverture du sol

réduit
amélioré

perte en sol

en augmentation
en baisse
Biodiversité: végétale, animale

biomasse/ au dessus du sol C

en baisse
en augmentation

diversité végétale

en baisse
en augmentation

diversité des habitats

en baisse
en augmentation
Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

vitesse du vent

en augmentation
en baisse

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

inondations en aval

en augmentation
réduit

sédiments (indésirables) transportés par le vent

en augmentation
réduit

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs
Saison Augmentation ou diminution Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles augmente bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques
Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale pas bien
tempête de vent locale bien
Catastrophes climatiques
Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse pas bien
Catastrophes hydrologiques
Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière) pas bien

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat
Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance pas bien

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?
Rentabilité à court terme:

légèrement négative

Rentabilité à long terme:

positive

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?
Rentabilité à court terme:

neutre / équilibrée

Rentabilité à long terme:

positive

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

  • > 50%
Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

80% = 333 number of land user families / 85% of the area

De tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle, ou aucune rémunération? :
  • 51-90%
Commentaires:

20% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

83 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: Material support was only provided where necessary inputs were not available but fencing nonetheless was crucial for the rehabilitation of the site.

80% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

333 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: For some forest areas a fence was established around the whole forest plot (not around each tenants individual plot), significantly reducing the workload as compared to the calculated costs.

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Ownership for a demarcated forest plot.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Support trust in the ownership among tenants, effective collaboration with the Forestry Agency.
Increased income opportunities if regeneration of forests is improved, and legal access to fuelwood for subsistence.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Support the establishment of marketing opportunities.
Technology is easy to implement and non-available materials are provided.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Encourage building of living seabuckthorn fences and provide access to places where building materials are available.
Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Use of locally available material and indigenous species, therefore low level of external input.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Support availability and spatial distribution of seabuckthorn for fencing, establish nurseries for seabuckthorn seedlings.
Implementation and promotion of traditionally used technology.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Training to show advantages and sustainability of the traditional fencing technique.
Effective protection of forest areas, protection of planted seedlings, support of natural regeneration.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Support the establishment of marketing opportunities for forest products and highlight the increased income and harvest opportunities if forests are protected and growing well.
Sustainability through the planting of seabuckthorn seedlings and the evolution towards a living seabuckthorn fence.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Highlight the lower maintenance costs once the fence is naturally growing and dense.
Potential for further processing of seabuckthorn.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Support the establishment of sustainable and market-oriented structures for seabuckthorn and other NTFP processing.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Livestock cannot be grazed on forest areas. Trainings and participatory discussions on opportunities to increase fodder and pasture availability, including "cut and carry" systems and increased production of perennial and other fodder crops within the forest plots.
High workload for fencing and planting. Highlight the longterm income and subsistence opportunities when increased amounts of forest products can be harvested and support the creation of value chains and marketing options for forest products.
Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Conflicts might arise within the village between the interest of protecting and supporting regeneration of the forest and the interest of villagers to graze their livestock on the forest plots. Facilitation of integrated land management including forestry, pasture management and irrigation; facilitation of civil society organization formation.

7. Références et liens

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

Modules