Chiog SLM action planning in Samchoeling chiog, Goshing geog, Zhemgang Dzongkhag (Hans van Noord)

Participatory SLM Action Planning (ប្រទេសប៊ូតង់)

ការពណ៌នា

A methodology to identify in a participatory manner at village level land-based problems, its causal factors and mitigation measures to reduce land degradation and enhance rural livelihoods

Aims / objectives: Participatory SLM Action Planning (SLM AP) is a methodology that aims at prioritiz-ing possible SLM interventions to mitigate the most critical land degradation issues. Priorities are based on the identification of land-based livelihoods and livelihood resources, the key area-based problems and their causes. SLM AP is carried out in the SLMP geogs (block) at chiog (village) level, including all community households. It involves elements of PRA/PLA such as problem census, cropping calendars, history lines, natural resource mapping and builds on the in-depth knowledge and understanding of farming households of their land, their problems and opportunities. The process is highly visual to include the illiterate and very interactive by giving the communities the lead in prioritizing their problems and deciding on SLM interventions.

Methods: The SLM AP is an iterative process, starting with building and training SLM planning teams (GSPTs) at geog level, comprising of extension staff and locally recruited geog SLM planners (GSPs) and geog administration staff. The GSPTs start awareness and mobilization activities in the first year at geog council level. This is followed by a 3 day SLM AP in each and every chiog of the geog to compile a chiog SLM action plan. The village SLM APs are combined into a geog SLM AP and discussed, amended and endorsed in a public meeting by the geog council. The necessary budget is allocated by SLMP project and implementation of the planned activities takes place at chiog level.

Stages of implementation: Implementation is preceded by intensive training and capacity building of the communities in SLM activities. In the second year a new SLM AP round is made, lasting only one day, with review of the previous SLM AP at chiog level. Potential new activities are identified, based on field experiences, to complete the new SLM AP for year 2. In the final year 3, a last SLM AP round is made in all chiogs to compile chiog and ultimately a geog SLM AP.

Role of stakeholders: SLM AP is an inclusive process and gender sensitive, with focus on vulnerable households. The approach includes participatory Natural Resource mapping at chiog level and participatory Monitoring & Evaluation to track implementation progress and impact and to get feedback of the communities.

Other important information: Environmental and social screening procedures are applied to exclude any negative impact on the land or on social groups. SLM AP was piloted in 3 geogs in 3 Dzongkhags since 2006 and has been rolled out to more than 130 chiogs in 9 geogs.

ទីតាំង

ទីតាំង: 9 separate geogs, Chhukha, Trashigang and Zhemgang Dzongkhags, ប្រទេសប៊ូតង់

ចំណុចយោងភូមិសាស្ត្រនៃទីតាំងជ្រើសរើស
  • មិនមាន

កាលបរិច្ឆេទចាប់ផ្តើម: 2006

ឆ្នាំបញ្ចប់: 2012

ប្រភេទនៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ
Chiog SLM action planning in Samchoeling chiog, Goshing geog, Zhemgang Dzongkhag (Hans van Noord (Schoutenkamp 43 Heteren The Netherlands))
Voting to rank and prioritize SLM interventions; note the use of drawings to include participation of illiterate farmers (Hans van Noord (Schoutenkamp 43 Heteren The Netherlands))

គោលបំណងនៃវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយនិងបរិស្ថានអំណោយផល

គោលបំណងនៃវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយ
The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (livelihoods, cash income, food security, capacity building, awareness raising)

- To build community capacity to assess land degradation and identify and prioritize mitigation measures
- Enhancement of rural livelihoods

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: - Lack of awareness of land degradation processes, combined with limited technical knowledge to tackle its causes.
- Planning procedures are top-down and do not incorporate land-based issues adequately and fail to build local ownership and sustainability.
លក្ខខណ្ឌអំណោយផលដល់ការអនុវត្តបចេ្ចកទេសដែលបានប្រើក្នុងវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយ
  • ក្របខណ្ឌច្បាប់ (សិទ្ធិកាន់កាប់ដីធ្លី កម្មសិទ្ធីប្រើប្រាស់ដីនិងទឹក): The existing land ownership, land use rights / water rights helped a little the approach implementation: Individual land titles of households favour greatly the planning and implementation of SLM activities
លក្ខខណ្ឌរាងរាំងដល់ការអនុវត្តបចេ្ចកទេសដែលបានប្រើក្នុងវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយ
  • ភាពអាចរកបាននៃធនធានហិរញ្ញវត្ថុ និងសេវាកម្ម: Large amount of cash to handle at municipality level Treatment through the SLM Approach: Training, monitoring and limitation of cash amounts
  • បរិបទនៃស្ថាប័ន: Delays in financial releases to decentralised level because of lengthy/complicated administrative chain Treatment through the SLM Approach: Training of key financial staff to shorten procedure and minimize frequency of budget releases
  • ក្របខណ្ឌច្បាប់ (សិទ្ធិកាន់កាប់ដីធ្លី កម្មសិទ្ធីប្រើប្រាស់ដីនិងទឹក): Lack of efforts in implementing SLM technologies on land without ownership and living as tenants Treatment through the SLM Approach: Awareness on the importance of proper management to prevent decline in productivity and their own livelihoods through loss of soil fertility and or loss of land physically due to landslides and mass movements.
  • ចំណេះដឹងស្តីពី SLM និងការទទួលបានការគាំទ្រផ្នែកបច្ចេកទេស: Awaraness of communities and technical confidence of teams Treatment through the SLM Approach: Training and capacity buidling
  • ទំហំការងារ ភាពអាចរកបាននៃកម្លាំងពលកម្ម: Large volume of work, especially in growing season Treatment through the SLM Approach: Make of use of lean winter season for labour-intensive SLM interventions
  • ផ្សេងៗ: Small land holding sizes to spare a portion for SLM technologies Treatment through the SLM Approach: Awareness on the advantages of SLM

ការចូលរួមនិងតួរនាតីរបស់ភាគីពាក់ព័ន្ធដែលចូលរួម

ភាគីពាក់ព័ន្ធដែលចូលរួមក្នុងវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយ​ និងតួរនាទីរបស់គាត់
តើមានភាគីពាក់ព័ន្ធ/ភ្នាក់ងារអនុវត្តន៍ណាខ្លះដែលបានចូលរួមក្នុងវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ? សូមបញ្ជាក់ភាគីពាក់ព័ន្ធ សូមពណ៌នាតួនាទីរបស់ភាគីពាក់ព័ន្ធ
អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីក្នុងតំបន់/សហគមន៍ communities of all chiogs In all villages the most vulnerable community members were identified (wealth / well-being ranking), ranked and specific effort made to include them in most interventions, where possible.
អ្នកឯកទេសគ្រប់គ្រងដីប្រកបដោយចីរភាព/ទីប្រឹក្សាបច្ចេកទេសកសិកម្ម
គ្រូបង្រៀន/សិស្សក្មេងៗ/សិស្ស-និស្សិត
រដ្ឋាភិបាលថ្នាក់មូលដ្ឋាន GSPT and Dzongkhag staff (Local government)
រដ្ឋាភិបាលថ្នាក់ជាតិ (អ្នករៀបចំផែនការ អ្នកសម្រេចចិត្ត) RGoB, MoAF, DoA
អង្គការអន្តរជាតិ GEF, World Bank
monk body
ការចូលរួមពីអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីឬសហគមមូលដ្ឋាន​ក្នុងតំណាក់កាលផ្សេងគ្នានៃវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយ
គ្មាន
អសកម្ម
ការគាំទ្រពីខាងក្រៅ
អន្តរកម្ម
គំនិតផ្តួចផ្តើមដោយខ្ឡួនឯង
ការចាប់ផ្តើម/ការលើកទឹកចិត្ត
x
National level stakeholders in consultation with district and municipality staff developed the methodology through an iterative consultation process
ការរៀបចំផែនការ
x
Decentralised training and planning of SLM interventions at chiog level (130+ chiogs) in 9 geogs in 3 Dzongkhags
ការអនុវត្តន៍
x
Range of SLM and livelihood activities at chiog level (130+ villages) during 6 year project period
ការត្រួតពិនិត្យ និងវាយតម្លៃ
x
Regular participatory M&E at chiog and geog level
Research
x
Few focused SLM related research topics commissioned to governmental research institutions
គំនូសបំព្រួញ

Overview of network of Stakeholders at chiog (village), geog and district level

អ្នកនិពន្ធ: Hans van Noord (Schoutenkamp 43 Heteren The Netherlands)
ការសម្រេចចិត្តលើការជ្រើសរើសបច្ចេកទេស SLM

ការសម្រេចចិត្តត្រូវបានធ្វើដោយ

  • អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីដោយខ្លួនឯងផ្ទាល់ (គំនិតផ្តួចផ្តើមដោយខ្លួនឯង)
  • អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី ដោយមានការគាំទ្រពីអ្នកជំនាញឯកទេស SLM
  • គ្រប់ភាគីពាក់ព័ន្ធទាំងអស់ដែលជាផ្នែកនៃវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយដោយមានការចូលរួម
  • អ្នកជំនាញឯកទេស SLM បន្ទាប់ពីបានប្រឹក្សាយោបល់ជាមួយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
  • អ្នកជំនាញឯកទេស SLM តែឯង
  • អ្នកនយោបាយ /អ្នកដឹកនាំ

ការសម្រេចចិត្តត្រូវបានធ្វើដោយផ្អែកលើ៖

  • វាយតម្លៃទៅលើចំណេះដឹងស្តីអំពី SLM ដែលបានចងក្រងជាឯកសារបានត្រឹមត្រូវ (ផ្អែកលើភស្តុតាងជាមូលដ្ឋានដើម្បីសម្រេចចិត្ត)
  • លទ្ធផលបានពីការស្រាវជ្រាវ
  • បទពិសោធន៍ និងគំនិតផ្ទាល់ខ្លួន(ពុំមានចងក្រងជាឯកសារ)

ការគាំទ្របច្ចេកទេស ការកសាងសមត្ថភាព និងការគ្រប់គ្រងចំណេះដឹង

សកម្មភាព ឬសេវាកម្មខាងក្រោមបានប្រើជាផ្នែកនៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ
ការកសាងសមត្ថភាព/ ការបណ្តុះបណ្តាល
ការបណ្តុះបណ្តាលបានផ្តល់ដល់អ្នកពាក់ព័ន្ធដូចខាងក្រោម
  • អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
  • បុគ្គលិកចុះទីវាល/អ្នកផ្តល់ប្រឹក្សាយោបល់
  • Project management staff
ទម្រង់នៃការបណ្តុះបណ្តាល
  • អនុវត្តន៍ជាមួយការងារ
  • ពីកសិករទីកសិករ
  • ទីតាំងបង្ហាញ
  • ការប្រជុំជាសាធារណៈ
  • វគ្គបណ្តុះបណ្តាល
មុខវិទ្យាដែលបានបញ្ចូល

Extensive training programmes for project management staff and field coordinators and the decentralised extension staff (forestry, livestock and agriculture) at geog level together with the geog administration staff and finally to all chiog communities (130+). Initial training was on SLM action planning and Natural Resource mapping; later on a range of technical intervention such as hedgerow establishment, check dam construction, bioengineering, afforestation, community forestry, fodder development, bamboo plantation, bench terracing etc.

សេវាកម្មប្រឹក្សា
សេវាកម្មប្រឹក្សាត្រូវបានផ្តល់ឱ្យ
  • នៅលើដីរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
  • នៅមជ្ឈមណ្ឌលជាអចិន្ត្រៃ
Name of method used for advisory service: SLM planning knowledge transfer; Key elements: participatory planning, capacity and skills building of RNR extension staff; Whole range of extension advisory services by all extension teams related to SLM, cash generation and group formation

Advisory service is quite adequate to ensure the continuation of land conservation activities; Capacity built, awareness raised, institutions supported. Adequate human and institutional capacities and awareness have been created during the GEF/World Bank SLM Project period and the effort is still being continued. The actual implementation of the SLM technologies in the field is constrained by inadequate fund support and small land holdings.
ការពង្រឹងស្ថាប័ន
ស្ថាប័នត្រូវបានព្រឹង/ បង្កើត
  • ទេ
  • បាទ/ច៎ា តិចតួច
  • បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
  • បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង
នៅកម្រិតដូចខាងក្រោម
  • ថ្នាក់មូលដ្ឋាន
  • កម្រិតថ្នាក់តំបន់
  • កម្រិតថ្នាក់ជាតិ
ពិពណនាស្ថាប័ន៖ តួនាទី និងការទទួលខុសត្រូវ សមាជិក ។ល។
ប្រភេទនៃការគាំទ្រ
  • ហិរញ្ញវត្ថុ
  • ការកសាងសមត្ថភាព/ បណ្តុះបណ្តាល
  • សម្ភារៈ
  • curriculum development support, seeds, seedlings
សេចក្តីលម្អិតបន្ថែមទៀត
Moderate support to monk body, schools, Non-Formal Education and geog administrations
ការត្រួតពិនិត្យ និងវាយតម្លៃ
bio-physical aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: Regular measurements and observations of acreage of improved vulnerable land through SLM interventions; annual soil erosion plot measurements bio-physical aspects were regular monitored by project staff through measurements; indicators: Regular measurements and observations of acreage of improved vulnerable land through SLM interventions; annual soil erosion plot measurements technical aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: Regular measurements and observations of acreage and properties of specific areas of improved vulnerable land technical aspects were regular monitored by project staff through measurements; indicators: Regular measurements and observations of acreage and properties of specific areas of improved vulnerable land socio-cultural aspects were regular monitored by project staff, land users through observations; indicators: Regular observations through participatory M&E meetings economic / production aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: Regular observations and measurements by field extension staff (crop cut, animal production, volume of bamboo marketed; CBA study to establish economic viability economic / production aspects were regular monitored by project staff through measurements; indicators: Regular observations and measurements by field extension staff (crop cut, animal production, volume of bamboo marketed; CBA study to establish economic viability area treated aspects were regular monitored by project staff, land users through measurements; indicators: Regular measurements of area treated: range of project indicators for vulnerable land improved no. of land users involved aspects were ad hoc monitored by project staff, government through measurements; indicators: Regular measurements of households and farmers (male/female) participating management of Approach aspects were regular monitored by None through observations; indicators: WB, MTAC, Regular reviews with key stakeholders (Annual Review Workshops) There were several changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: Two-tier approach: combination of inclusion of all household combined with limited areal focus; vulnerable households focus; financial disbursement system; ch more cash-generating activities; more group/community focus; labour-saving machinery There were few changes in the Technology as a result of monitoring and evaluation: change of type and variety of seeds and seedlings
ការស្រាវជ្រាវ
ការស្រាវជ្រាវពាក់ព័ន្ធនឹងប្រធានបទខាងក្រោម
  • សង្គមវិទ្យា
  • សេដ្ឋកិច្ច/ទីផ្សារ
  • បរិស្ថានវិទ្យា
  • បច្ចេកវិទ្យា

Little involvement, apart from some focused research on group formation at chiog level and studies on CBA, SLM-poverty linkage, rangeland management, rural-urban transition etc.

Research was carried out both on station and on-farm

ការផ្តល់ថវិកា និងការគាំទ្រសម្ភារពីខាងក្រៅ

ថវិកាប្រចាំឆ្នាំគិតជាដុល្លាអាមេរិក​សម្រាប់ផ្នែក SLM
  • < 2,000
  • 2,000-10,000
  • 10,000-100,000
  • 100,000-1,000,000
  • > 1,000,000
Precise annual budget: មិនមាន
Approach costs were met by the following donors: international (GEF-World Bank): 70.0%; government (RGoB): 20.0%; local community / land user(s): 10.0%
សេវាកម្ម និងការលើកទឹកចិត្តខាងក្រោមត្រូវបានផ្តល់ដល់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
  • ការគាំទ្រផ្នែកហិរញ្ញវត្ថុ / សម្ភារៈដែលបានផ្តល់ទៅឱ្យអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
  • បដិភាគសម្រាប់ធាតុចូលជាក់លាក់
  • ឥណទាន
  • ការលើកទឹកចិត្ត ឬវិធីសាស្ត្រដ៏ទៃទៀត
ការគាំទ្រថវិការ/​ សម្ភារដែលបានផ្តល់ដល់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
Incentives for specific SLM interventions per area and through short-term input support (seeds and seedlings)
ផ្តល់ហិរញ្ញវត្ថុមួយផ្នែក
ផ្តល់ហិរញ្ញវត្ថុទាំងស្រុង
សម្ភារៈ: ឧបករណ៍

x
កសិកម្ម: គ្រាប់ពូជ

x
Seedlings

x
for fencing and dams

x
FYM sheds, irrigation channel renovation

x

កំលាំងពលកម្មដោយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីគឺ

ការវិភាគផលប៉ះពាល់ និងសេចក្តីសន្និដ្ឋាន

ឥទ្ធិពលនៃវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយ
ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង
តើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយជួយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីដើម្បីអនុវត្តន៍ និងថែទាំបច្ចេកទេស SLM?

Considerable area of vulnerable land brought under SLM, reduction of loss of land, improved yields, improved income, improved animal production, improved fodder base

x
តើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយនេះផ្តល់សិទ្ធិអំណាចដល់សង្គមនិងសេដ្ឋកិច្ចដែលក្រុមមិនទទួលបានផលប្រយោជន៍?

Moderate improvement of vulnerable households (poorest and single-headed households) through targeted interventions and pro-active inclusion. The labour sharing approach in implementing SLM activities greatly benefited the resource (human and capital) constrained household.

x
តើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយបានឱ្យប្រសើរឡើងនូវបញ្ហាកាន់កាប់ដីធ្លី/សិទ្ធិអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដែលរារាំងដល់ការអនុវត្ត SLM?

The problem is unlikely to be overcome in the near future. Individual land titles of households favour greatly the planning and implementation of SLM activities

x
Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?

Other government and donor-funded projects have adopted elements of the participatory SLM action planning methodology (DANIDA, REAP)

x
ការជំរុញទឹកចិត្តសំខាន់បំផុតនៃអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីក្នុងការអនុវត្ត SLM
និរន្តរភាពនៃសកម្មភាពផ្សព្វផ្សាយ
តើអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីអាចបន្តដោយនិរន្តរភាពនូវអ្វីដែលបានអនុវត្តតាមរយៈការផ្សព្វផ្សាយ (ដោយមិនមានការគាំទ្រពីខាងក្រៅ)?

សេក្តីសន្និដ្ឋាន និងមេរៀនបទពិសោធន៍

ភាពខ្លាំង: ទស្សនៈអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
ភាពខ្លាំង: ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកចងក្រង ឬបុគ្គលសំខាន់ផ្សេងទៀត
  • Decentralised, village level bottom-up planning and implementation ensures capacity building, ownership and empowerment of rural land users
    Participatory character gives a voice to farmers with in-depth knowledge of land-based issues and its causes and history
    Inclusiveness of approach, reaching to all households
    Helps to build community sense
    (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Continued annual AP


    Continued annual AP; add with NR mapping and ITK studies and participatory M&E
    Continued annual AP; targeted focus on most vulnerable households
    Additional group formation and community group support
    )
ចំណុចខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យ​ : ទស្សនៈអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីវិធីដោះស្រាយ
ចំណុចខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យ​ : ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកចងក្រង ឬបុគ្គលសំខាន់ផ្សេងទៀតវិធីដោះស្រាយ
  • Time-consuming and resource demanding
    Requires large workload of both extension staff and farmers
    Costly as the approach also covers actual implementation of all of planned SLM activities and reaches more than 130 villages for 3 year period
    Combine and align with Five Year Plan planning procedures; mainstreaming into governmental decentralised planning procedures
    Mainstreaming into regular planning and budgeting
    Spread over calendar year; labour-intensive SLM activities in lean winter season.

ឯកសារយោង

អ្នកចងក្រង
  • Karma Dorji
Editors
អ្នកត្រួតពិនិត្យ
  • Fabian Ottiger
កាលបរិច្ឆេទនៃការអនុវត្ត: 3 ខែ កក្កដា ឆ្នាំ 2014
កែតម្រូវចុងក្រោយ: 3 ខែ សីហា ឆ្នាំ 2017
បុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ
ការពណ៌នាលម្អិតក្នុងប្រព័ន្ធគ្រប់គ្រងទិន្នន័យរបស់វ៉ូខេត
ទិន្នន័យ SLM ភ្ជាប់ជាមួយ
ឯកសារនេះត្រូវបានសម្របសម្រួលដោយ
ស្ថាប័ន៖ គម្រោង
ឯកសារយោងសំខាន់ៗ
  • Working the Land - Documenting the Key Lessons of Sustainable Land Management on Steep to Very Steep Slopes in Bhutan 2011: NSSC, DoA, MoAF, RGoB
  • Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) on Soil & Soil Fertility Management 2011: NSSC, DoA, MoAF, RGoB
  • Participatory Approaches in Sustainable Land Management – Planning, Implementation & Monitoring as Continuous Learning Processes 2011: NSSC, DoA, MoAF, RGoB
  • National Action Plan to Combat Land Degradation 2010, 2014: NSSC, DoA, MoAF, RGoB
  • BHUCAT, Best Practices and Guidelines from Bhutan for SLM on Steep to very Steep Slope: NSSC, DoA, MoAF, RGoB
  • Documentary of the achievements made in SLM through SLM Project: NSSC, DoA, MoAF, RGoB
  • Bhutan Land Cover Assessment 2010-Technical Report, NSSC, 2011: NSSC, DoA, MoAF, RGoB
  • Soil Erosion – Measurement and analysis of soil erosion plot data, NSSC, 2010, 2011: NSSC, DoA, MoAF, RGoB
  • Integrated Biodiversity Survey of the Lower Wangchhu Watershed, Bhutan 2010: NSSC, DoA, MoAF, RGoB
  • Rangeland Management in Bhutan 2009: NSSC, DoA, MoAF, RGoB, A consultancy report
  • Study on Poverty Sustainable Land Management Linkages in Bhutan-A consultancy Report-2009 2009: NSSC, DoA, MoAF, RGoB, A consultancy report
  • Sustainable Land Management Participatory Action Planning Manual & Tool Kit 2009: NSSC, DoA, MoAF, RGoB, A consultancy report
  • Sustainable Land Management Interventions: Cost Benefit Analysis Report 2009: NSSC, DoA, MoAF, RGoB, A consultancy report
  • Rural Livelihoods and Peri-Urban Analysis 2008: NSSC, DoA, MoAF, RGoB, A consultancy report
  • Review of Mainstreaming of sustainable Land Management in Government Policies and Plans in Bhutan 2008: NSSC, DoA, MoAF, RGoB, A consultancy report
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