Researchers introducing the procedure of the venn diagram to local participants of the MARP study. (Jutta Hammer)

Rapid and Participatory Rural Appraisal Study (MARP) (ប្រទេសម៉ាដាហ្គាស្កា)

Etude de Méthode Accélérée de Recherche Participative (MARP) (French)

ការពណ៌នា

The MARP approach, as reported here from Madagascar, is a participatory, but rapid, interdisciplinary assessment of local perspectives on livelihoods and natural resources use.

Aims / objectives: ‘MARP’ is a methodology for assessing local situations that is both participatory and rapid. It was used during the initial stage of a six-year research project (2011-2016) on sustainable land management (SLM) in Madagascar conducted by a consortium of German and Malagasy universities in collaboration with a NGO. The aim of the MARP study was to facilitate the local population to express their perspectives on local livelihoods and natural resource use. The approach sought to integrate local voices into project planning. Specific objectives were (a) to build a link between German and Malagasy researchers from different disciplines, (b) to train them in the MARP methodology, (c) to understand the broad outlines of subsistence strategies, and (d) to explore the diversity of social and environmental situations in the Mahafa-ly Plateau region.

Methods: The MARP methodology facilitated an exchange between the local population (in-cluding land users and village representatives) and researchers about selected themes. Participants were invited to express themselves about their lives, social and ecological conditions and their use of natural resources. Four villages were chosen for the study, two at the coast and two on the plateau. The researchers were divided into two groups. Each group was accompanied by a facilitator and translators and each collected data in one village at the coast and one village on the plateau. Differ-ent techniques were applied to gather the information including semi-structured interviews, social maps, calendars (demonstrating cropping systems and historic developments etc), venn diagrams, and transect walks. In group discussions among researchers, information was triangulated and validated. After assessing a village, researchers called its villagers for feedback and discussion about the collected data. In this meeting the researchers presented a summary of results on local livelihoods, cropping systems and socio-cultural events, to discuss how accurate they were.

Stages of implementation: The MARP study was developed and carried out by researchers from various disci-plines including agriculture, livestock farming, silviculture, economics and human geography. It was divided into four phases, (1) an introductory workshop and tech-nical training, (2) data collection, (3) data analysis, and (4) a final workshop. In phase (1) two external experts in the MARP techniques introduced these to the par-ticipating Malagasy and German researchers in a four-day workshop. Phase (2) and (3) were implemented in the study region over a four-week period. In phase (4) the MARP study closed with a final workshop in the regional capital Tuléar, where re-sults were discussed with regional stakeholders.

Role of stakeholders: The local population played a particularly important role in the MARP study through providing key information about livelihoods and natural resource use etc. People from different clans and lineages, social status and both men and women were stra-tegically included. The MARP study group comprised 27 people who participated in the assessment: they included researchers, facilitators, socio-organizers, and trans-lators. Researchers had to develop contact with the local population, to learn from their insights, to collect and analyse data and to discuss the results with them. The facilitators’ role was to give directions to the teams during the study process. Social organizers dealt with equipment and accommodation, and translators accompanied non-native researchers during the information-gathering process.

ទីតាំង

ទីតាំង: Beheloke-Atsimo, Mahafaly Plateau, south-western Madagascar, ប្រទេសម៉ាដាហ្គាស្កា

ចំណុចយោងភូមិសាស្ត្រនៃទីតាំងជ្រើសរើស
  • 43.70012, -24.06151

កាលបរិច្ឆេទចាប់ផ្តើម: 2011

ឆ្នាំបញ្ចប់: 2016

ប្រភេទនៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ
Researchers introducing the procedure of the venn diagram to local participants of the MARP study. (Jutta Hammer)
participant of the MARP study shows with beans on a map the historic development of the region (Jutta Hammer)

គោលបំណងនៃវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយនិងបរិស្ថានអំណោយផល

គោលបំណងនៃវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយ
The Approach focused mainly on other activities than SLM (stakeholder participation, inter- and transdisciplinary research, community involvement)

The aim of the MARP study was to start dialogue between the local population and researchers about: subsistence strategies in agriculture and livestock keeping, natural resources use, the socio-cultural context and the local economy. Another aim was to provide information on community perspectives for the research project planning process and to start interdisciplinary exchange.

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: Lack of dialogue between researchers and local population, researchers’ lack of knowledge of specific insights into community life, researchers’ lack of knowledge about stakeholder participation
លក្ខខណ្ឌអំណោយផលដល់ការអនុវត្តបចេ្ចកទេសដែលបានប្រើក្នុងវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយ
លក្ខខណ្ឌរាងរាំងដល់ការអនុវត្តបចេ្ចកទេសដែលបានប្រើក្នុងវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយ
  • សង្គម/វប្បធម៌/ និងតម្លៃនៃសាសនា: The cultural differences between international/ na-tional researchers and local population proved to be a challenge for the implementation of the MARP study (Malagasy researchers participating in the process mainly originated from a different region in Madagascar). Treatment through the SLM Approach: Awareness-raising among the researchers to adapt to local cultural norms and engagement of personnel from the region to support the communication process.
  • បរិបទនៃស្ថាប័ន: Researchers were not familiar with the MARP methodology and the regional context. Treatment through the SLM Approach: Offering an introductory workshop at the begin-ning of the MARP study and supporting the learning-by-doing process by facilitators.
  • ចំណេះដឹងស្តីពី SLM និងការទទួលបានការគាំទ្រផ្នែកបច្ចេកទេស: Lack of water and electricity in the field. Treatment through the SLM Approach: Organization of enough water, organization of generators, adaptation to conditions by not using computers, but reporting through handwritten notes.
  • ទំហំការងារ ភាពអាចរកបាននៃកម្លាំងពលកម្ម: Need of researchers to adapt to local/regional con-ditions, to learn a new methodology and to collect viable information all at once; demand on the local population to spend time and effort on communica-tion and knowledge exchange. Treatment through the SLM Approach: Scheduling enough time for the study and offer also leisure time for all participants.

ការចូលរួមនិងតួរនាតីរបស់ភាគីពាក់ព័ន្ធដែលចូលរួម

ភាគីពាក់ព័ន្ធដែលចូលរួមក្នុងវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយ​ និងតួរនាទីរបស់គាត់
តើមានភាគីពាក់ព័ន្ធ/ភ្នាក់ងារអនុវត្តន៍ណាខ្លះដែលបានចូលរួមក្នុងវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ? សូមបញ្ជាក់ភាគីពាក់ព័ន្ធ សូមពណ៌នាតួនាទីរបស់ភាគីពាក់ព័ន្ធ
អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីក្នុងតំបន់/សហគមន៍ More men participated in group meetings, according to local customs men dominate village meetings, women do not have the right to speak, however, it was sought to also involve women in the study through approaching groups of women in the villages. People from different lineages, status and age were deliberately involved
អង្គការក្រៅរដ្ឋាភិបាល WWF, Madagascar National Parks
រដ្ឋាភិបាលថ្នាក់មូលដ្ឋាន village representatives
រដ្ឋាភិបាលថ្នាក់ជាតិ (អ្នករៀបចំផែនការ អ្នកសម្រេចចិត្ត)
អង្គការអន្តរជាតិ international research consortium
តួអង្គឈានមុខ៖ {}
National specialists provided relevant information for the on site implementation of the study; international specialists designed the approach; land users provided relevant information for the on site implementation of the study.
ការចូលរួមពីអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីឬសហគមមូលដ្ឋាន​ក្នុងតំណាក់កាលផ្សេងគ្នានៃវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយ
គ្មាន
អសកម្ម
ការគាំទ្រពីខាងក្រៅ
អន្តរកម្ម
គំនិតផ្តួចផ្តើមដោយខ្ឡួនឯង
ការចាប់ផ្តើម/ការលើកទឹកចិត្ត
x
ការរៀបចំផែនការ
x
local decision-makers were involved in the planning process; they took decisions about the study procedure and payment.
ការអនុវត្តន៍
x
various persons from the local communities; information exchange and provision of local insights.
ការត្រួតពិនិត្យ និងវាយតម្លៃ
x
Various persons from the local communities were involved in monitoring of the results; feedback and discussion.
Research
x
គំនូសបំព្រួញ

Flow chart shows the MARP study procedure exemplified by the first village.
Right after the introductory workshop and technical training the MARP team went off into the field. It spent six days in the first village starting with an introduction followed by a structured guidance through the MARP exercis-es and reflection on gathered information. The MARP study process in the first village closed with a final meeting of villagers and the MARP team in order to discuss the outcome. Subse-quently the MARP team moved to another place for data analysis and reporting before prepar-ing the stay in the second village.

អ្នកនិពន្ធ: Nadine Fritz-Vietta
ការសម្រេចចិត្តលើការជ្រើសរើសបច្ចេកទេស SLM

ការសម្រេចចិត្តត្រូវបានធ្វើដោយ

  • អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីដោយខ្លួនឯងផ្ទាល់ (គំនិតផ្តួចផ្តើមដោយខ្លួនឯង)
  • អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី ដោយមានការគាំទ្រពីអ្នកជំនាញឯកទេស SLM
  • គ្រប់ភាគីពាក់ព័ន្ធទាំងអស់ដែលជាផ្នែកនៃវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយដោយមានការចូលរួម
  • អ្នកជំនាញឯកទេស SLM បន្ទាប់ពីបានប្រឹក្សាយោបល់ជាមួយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
  • អ្នកជំនាញឯកទេស SLM តែឯង
  • អ្នកនយោបាយ /អ្នកដឹកនាំ

ការសម្រេចចិត្តត្រូវបានធ្វើដោយផ្អែកលើ៖

  • វាយតម្លៃទៅលើចំណេះដឹងស្តីអំពី SLM ដែលបានចងក្រងជាឯកសារបានត្រឹមត្រូវ (ផ្អែកលើភស្តុតាងជាមូលដ្ឋានដើម្បីសម្រេចចិត្ត)
  • លទ្ធផលបានពីការស្រាវជ្រាវ
  • បទពិសោធន៍ និងគំនិតផ្ទាល់ខ្លួន(ពុំមានចងក្រងជាឯកសារ)

ការគាំទ្របច្ចេកទេស ការកសាងសមត្ថភាព និងការគ្រប់គ្រងចំណេះដឹង

សកម្មភាព ឬសេវាកម្មខាងក្រោមបានប្រើជាផ្នែកនៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ
ការកសាងសមត្ថភាព/ ការបណ្តុះបណ្តាល
ការបណ្តុះបណ្តាលបានផ្តល់ដល់អ្នកពាក់ព័ន្ធដូចខាងក្រោម
  • អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
  • បុគ្គលិកចុះទីវាល/អ្នកផ្តល់ប្រឹក្សាយោបល់
  • researchers
ទម្រង់នៃការបណ្តុះបណ្តាល
  • អនុវត្តន៍ជាមួយការងារ
  • ពីកសិករទីកសិករ
  • ទីតាំងបង្ហាញ
  • ការប្រជុំជាសាធារណៈ
  • វគ្គបណ្តុះបណ្តាល
មុខវិទ្យាដែលបានបញ្ចូល

Rapid and Participatory Rural Appraisal Methodology in the field of local livelihoods and natural resource use for researchers; local population was provided with awareness raising about the research project and the way how to participate in the research process

សេវាកម្មប្រឹក្សា
សេវាកម្មប្រឹក្សាត្រូវបានផ្តល់ឱ្យ
  • នៅលើដីរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
  • នៅមជ្ឈមណ្ឌលជាអចិន្ត្រៃ
Name of method used for advisory service: Rapid and participatory rural appraisal (MARP); Key elements: Applying a multitude of visual and verbal appraisal techniques, Triangulation of information to guarantee validity, Starting dialogue, communication and discussion concerning local livelihoods

Land conservation activities were not part of the MARP study
ការត្រួតពិនិត្យ និងវាយតម្លៃ
socio-cultural aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: data on history and socio-cultural aspects in natural resource use socio-cultural aspects were regular monitored by project staff through measurements; indicators: data from venn-diagram economic / production aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: data on local livelihoods and subsistence economy economic / production aspects were regular monitored by project staff through measurements; indicators: data from e.g. social mapping and crop calendars no. of land users involved aspects were ad hoc monitored by None through observations; indicators: data on stakeholder participation in conservation activities management of Approach aspects were ad hoc monitored by None through observations; indicators: data for project evaluation There were several changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: Based on the data in the first two villages studied at the coast, other villages were chosen for the second set on the plateau; this was a result of social and economic interdependencies between coastal and plateau villages; furthermore, the set of applied tech-niques and the questions posed in the semi-structured interviews were adapted.
ការស្រាវជ្រាវ
ការស្រាវជ្រាវពាក់ព័ន្ធនឹងប្រធានបទខាងក្រោម
  • សង្គមវិទ្យា
  • សេដ្ឋកិច្ច/ទីផ្សារ
  • បរិស្ថានវិទ្យា
  • បច្ចេកវិទ្យា
  • natural resources use

The aim was to gain a collective picture about local livelihoods, subsistence economy, and natural resources use.

Research was carried out on-farm

ការផ្តល់ថវិកា និងការគាំទ្រសម្ភារពីខាងក្រៅ

ថវិកាប្រចាំឆ្នាំគិតជាដុល្លាអាមេរិក​សម្រាប់ផ្នែក SLM
  • < 2,000
  • 2,000-10,000
  • 10,000-100,000
  • 100,000-1,000,000
  • > 1,000,000
Precise annual budget: មិនមាន
Approach costs were met by the following donors: international (German Ministry of Education and Research BMBF): 100.0%
សេវាកម្ម និងការលើកទឹកចិត្តខាងក្រោមត្រូវបានផ្តល់ដល់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
  • ការគាំទ្រផ្នែកហិរញ្ញវត្ថុ / សម្ភារៈដែលបានផ្តល់ទៅឱ្យអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
  • បដិភាគសម្រាប់ធាតុចូលជាក់លាក់
  • ឥណទាន
  • ការលើកទឹកចិត្ត ឬវិធីសាស្ត្រដ៏ទៃទៀត
ការគាំទ្រថវិការ/​ សម្ភារដែលបានផ្តល់ដល់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
ផ្តល់ហិរញ្ញវត្ថុមួយផ្នែក
ផ្តល់ហិរញ្ញវត្ថុទាំងស្រុង
paper boards, markers, generators, computer

x

កំលាំងពលកម្មដោយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីគឺ

ការវិភាគផលប៉ះពាល់ និងសេចក្តីសន្និដ្ឋាន

ឥទ្ធិពលនៃវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយ
ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង
តើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយជួយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីដើម្បីអនុវត្តន៍ និងថែទាំបច្ចេកទេស SLM?

the focus of the MARP study was to gain insights into local people's perceptions regarding livelihoods and natural resource use rather than helping local land users to improve sustainable land management – though improved SLM was the aim of the overall research project to which the study contributed.

x
តើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយនេះផ្តល់សិទ្ធិអំណាចដល់សង្គមនិងសេដ្ឋកិច្ចដែលក្រុមមិនទទួលបានផលប្រយោជន៍?

socially and economically disadvantaged people participated in the MARP study and explained their situation.

x
Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?

x
ការជំរុញទឹកចិត្តសំខាន់បំផុតនៃអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីក្នុងការអនុវត្ត SLM
និរន្តរភាពនៃសកម្មភាពផ្សព្វផ្សាយ
តើអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីអាចបន្តដោយនិរន្តរភាពនូវអ្វីដែលបានអនុវត្តតាមរយៈការផ្សព្វផ្សាយ (ដោយមិនមានការគាំទ្រពីខាងក្រៅ)?

សេក្តីសន្និដ្ឋាន និងមេរៀនបទពិសោធន៍

ភាពខ្លាំង: ទស្សនៈអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
  • From the land users’ point of view the MARP study offered the opportunity to start dialogue with researchers. By participating and responding to researchers’ questions they reflected about own livelihoods and their way of living.
    Local people took the experts role in the study by explaining their perspective on local livelihoods and natural resource use.
    The MARP methodology also facilitated to include everybody who was willing to participate, including illiterate and socially disadvantaged people.
ភាពខ្លាំង: ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកចងក្រង ឬបុគ្គលសំខាន់ផ្សេងទៀត
  • A team building process was initiated by the MARP study. A team of interdisciplinary researchers from Madagascar and Germany got together to work on a common goal.
    Communication between disciplines was fostered and team members learned how to overcome cultural differences.
    The MARP team had the opportunity to gain hands-on experiences with the MARP methodology.
    The MARP study facilitated mutual exchange between local people and researchers. By spending time in the field together with local people researchers started dialogue with them and thus gained important insights into local livelihoods and natural resource use.
    With the process of joint reflection on gained insights the researchers had valuable information at hand to design the further research process including interdisciplinary approaches. Participants also benefitted from an improved intercultural understanding.
ចំណុចខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យ​ : ទស្សនៈអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីវិធីដោះស្រាយ
  • Local people were only involved in a late stage of the MARP study’s development process. Although village representatives were consulted before the MARP study implementation, local people only received the information about the study when the study started.
    Local people did not see a direct benefit in participating in the MARP study. They rather noticed that they need to spend valuable hours of work for the study.
    People perceived a sort of disturbance of their village life through a group of foreign people with a different cultural background. In order to prepare local people for the study, the overall research project should be introduced in an early stage.
    Inform about and communicate MARP study objectives, methodologies, visions etc. to target groups early enough and as detailed as possible.
    Local people (not only representatives) should be involved right from the beginning of the conception of the study.
    Compensation could be provided to participants (local people) for hours spent for the study.
    In order to avoid cultural disturbances in the villages and provide for compliance with local norms and rules, researchers should be provided with cultural awareness training.
ចំណុចខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យ​ : ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកចងក្រង ឬបុគ្គលសំខាន់ផ្សេងទៀតវិធីដោះស្រាយ
  • In some cases communication barriers (lack of language skills) hindered the process. This was true for communication between local people and researchers but also among German and national/local researchers. Consequently a great number of translators were needed, who increased the number of people participating the MARP study.
    Some researchers were new to the area or even to the country and had to work with a high amount of complex new information, while being required to adapt to local conditions. This led to an overwhelming workload.
    Concerning the MARP study process local people were not always available for enquiry, which was difficult to manage for the MARP team. A session on cultural awareness should be integrated into the introductory workshop.
    The MARP study should be announced early enough to both the researchers so that they can prepare and the local people so that they can plan their availability for the study.

ឯកសារយោង

អ្នកចងក្រង
  • Nadine Fritz-Vietta
Editors
អ្នកត្រួតពិនិត្យ
  • Fabian Ottiger
  • Deborah Niggli
កាលបរិច្ឆេទនៃការអនុវត្ត: 19 ខែ មករា ឆ្នាំ 2016
កែតម្រូវចុងក្រោយ: 4 ខែ មេសា ឆ្នាំ 2018
បុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ
ការពណ៌នាលម្អិតក្នុងប្រព័ន្ធគ្រប់គ្រងទិន្នន័យរបស់វ៉ូខេត
ទិន្នន័យ SLM ភ្ជាប់ជាមួយ
ឯកសារនេះត្រូវបានសម្របសម្រួលដោយ
ស្ថាប័ន៖ គម្រោង
ឯកសារយោងសំខាន់ៗ
  • Diagnostic participatif de la gestion des ressource naturelles sur le plateau Mahafaly Commune Rurale de Beheloka – Toliara, SuLaMa, 2011Summary MARP survey, SuLaMa, 2012Freudenberger, K. (1999). Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) - A manual for CRS field workers and partners: www.sulama.de
  • Summary MARP survey, SuLaMa, 2012: www.sulama.de
  • Freudenberger, K. (1999). Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) - A manual for CRS field workers and partners: Baltimore, Maryland
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