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ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ນີ້ເປັນປັນຫາໃນເລື່ອງກ່ຽວກັບການເຊື່ອມໂຊມຂອງທີ່ດິນ, ດັ່ງນັ້ນຈຶ່ງບໍ່ສາມາດປະກາດໃຫ້ເປັນເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ສຳລັບການຄຸ້ມຄອງທີ່ດິນແບບຍືນຍົງ
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A sloping area used for intensive grazing in Crete (Costas Kosmas)
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ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ນີ້ເປັນປັນຫາໃນເລື່ອງກ່ຽວກັບການເຊື່ອມໂຊມຂອງທີ່ດິນ, ດັ່ງນັ້ນຈຶ່ງບໍ່ສາມາດປະກາດໃຫ້ເປັນເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ສຳລັບການຄຸ້ມຄອງທີ່ດິນແບບຍືນຍົງ
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The technology is applied on semi-arid areas of Asteroussia Mountains of Crete used as grazing land with an annual rainfall between 501-750 mm. These areas are usually highly degraded, characterized by steep mountainous slopes (31-60%). This technology was mainly found in shallow (depth: 21-50 cm), moderately fine textured soils which moderate concentrations of soil organic matter (1-3%). The stock breeders in the region use a special regime for transferring livestock grazing rights from the communities to individuals. Nowadays the off farm income of breeders is between 10-50% of their total income.
Looking back, in the early 1950s to the 1980s the Asteroussia Mountains were a livestock-specialized area. Livestock production was based on controlled summer grazing in the mountains and overwintering in the lowlands. After the early 1960s, the area increasingly felt the impact of agricultural mechanization and - by consequence - excessive under-occupied rural labor force, which led to disproportionate out-migration from the area. In areas where limited natural capital was already fully utilized, such as in Asteroussia Mountains, further growth through increasing flocks was only possible by importing fodder. In a parallel, increasing intensification of agriculture in the nearby Messara plain limited the opportunities for the tradition of transhumance. Throughout the mid-1980s–2010s the economy remained livestock-dominated but the population decline continued. However, the presence of foreign migrants offering cheap labor from the early 1990s onwards contributed to keep many farms active.
Coming back to the technology, it consists of: (a) clearing natural vegetation, usually perennial shrubs accompanied with annual plants including mainly grasses, (b) sowing of high value palatable plant species for animals such as oat, vetch, etc. during winter, (c) allowing plants to grow adequately, and (d) grazing by the animals mainly during spring for a period of about one month, and (e) keeping the land bare until next wet cultivation period starts. The purpose is to increase the available biomass for the grazing animals in areas of low productivity of natural vegetation suitable for them. The major activities consists of clearing the land, plowing usually by a bulldoze type tractor, sowing the seeds and adding appropriate fertilizers. However, the establishment of this technology may face problems in clearing natural vegetation, if the existing Greek institutional framework does not allow doing it. Land degradation and desertification are very frequent processes in semi-arid areas and both processes have been enhanced in the last decades by climatic variations and human activities. The EU-funded research project DESIRE in Eastern and Western Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia have identified soil erosion, forest fires, and overgrazing among the most important causes of land degradation. The main benefit of this technology therefore is the increase in the amount of high quality palatable biomass for the grazing animals in degraded lands. Land users like this technology, if the number of animals is high, as without the technology they face problems of feeding them. However, such an action increases the cost of animal production such as milk. In addition, soil erosion problems are expected since land remains bare for some period of the year especially after sowing the plants.
ສະຖານທີ່: Asteroussia Mountain, Paranimfi, Crete, Heraklion province, ກຣີສ
ຈໍານວນ ພື້ນທີ່ ທີ່ໃຊ້ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ທີ່ໄດ້ວິເຄາະ: 10-100 ພຶ້ນທີ່
ການແຜ່ກະຈາຍຂອງເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ: ແຜ່ຂະຫຍາຍຢ່າງໄວວາໃນພື້ນທີ່ (approx. < 0.1 ກິໂລແມັດ2 (10 ເຮັກຕາ))
ຢູ່ໃນເຂດປ່າສະຫງວນທີ່ບໍ?:
ວັນທີຂອງການປະຕິບັດ: 10-50 ປີ ຜ່ານມາ
ປະເພດຂອງການນໍາສະເໜີ
| ລະບຸ ປັດໃຈ ນໍາເຂົ້າ ໃນການຜະລີດ | ຫົວໜ່ວຍ | ປະລິມານ | ຕົ້ນທຶນ ຕໍ່ຫົວໜ່ວຍ (USA) | ຕົ້ນທຶນທັງໝົດ ຂອງປັດໃຈຂາເຂົ້າ ໃນການຜະລິດ (USA) | % ຂອງຕົ້ນທຶນທັງໝົດ ທີ່ຜູ້ນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ ໃຊ້ຈ່າຍເອງ |
| ແຮງງານ | |||||
| Clearing the field | person - days | 2.0 | 40.0 | 80.0 | 100.0 |
| ອຸປະກອນ | |||||
| Tractor equiped with a mouldboard | 1 | 1.0 | 60.0 | 60.0 | 100.0 |
| ຕົ້ນທຶນທັງໝົດ ໃນການຈັດຕັ້ງປະຕິບັດ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ | 140.0 | ||||
| ຄ່າໃຊ້ຈ່າຍທັງໝົດ ສຳລັບການສ້າງຕັ້ງເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ເປັນສະກຸນເງີນໂດລາ | 140.0 | ||||
| ລະບຸ ປັດໃຈ ນໍາເຂົ້າ ໃນການຜະລີດ | ຫົວໜ່ວຍ | ປະລິມານ | ຕົ້ນທຶນ ຕໍ່ຫົວໜ່ວຍ (USA) | ຕົ້ນທຶນທັງໝົດ ຂອງປັດໃຈຂາເຂົ້າ ໃນການຜະລິດ (USA) | % ຂອງຕົ້ນທຶນທັງໝົດ ທີ່ຜູ້ນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ ໃຊ້ຈ່າຍເອງ |
| ແຮງງານ | |||||
| Ploughing | person-days | 0.2 | 40.0 | 8.0 | 100.0 |
| Sowing | person-days | 0.2 | 40.0 | 8.0 | 100.0 |
| Fertilizing | person-days | 0.2 | 400.0 | 80.0 | 100.0 |
| ອຸປະກອນ | |||||
| Tractor equiped with a mouldboard | 1 | 0.5 | 60.0 | 30.0 | 100.0 |
| ວັດສະດຸໃນການປູກ | |||||
| Seed | Kg/ha | 250.0 | 0.2 | 50.0 | 100.0 |
| ຝຸ່ນ ແລະ ຢາຊີວະພາບ | |||||
| Fertilization | Kg/ha | 350.0 | 0.4 | 140.0 | 100.0 |
| ຕົ້ນທຶນທັງໝົດ ທີ່ໃຊ້ໃນການບໍາລຸງຮັກສາ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ | 316.0 | ||||
| ຄ່າໃຊ້ຈ່າຍທັງໝົດ ສຳລັບການບົວລະບັດຮກສາເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ເປັນສະກຸນເງີນໂດລາ | 316.0 | ||||
Increase in biomass production for feeding the animals
In consequence of increased fodder production
There are not available data on surface runoff for the area.
Because the natural vegetation is cleared.
The soil sediments are transported in the low land of Messara valley or into the sea.
