A cluster of innovators in Kabale District, Uganda, with the national coordinator, Alex Lwakuba (far left).

Promoting farmer innovation (Уганда)

Тодорхойлолт

Identification of farmer innovators in SWC and water harvesting, and using them as focal points for visits from other farmers to spread the practices and stimulate the process of innovation.

Aims / objectives: The Promoting Farmer Innovation (PFI) approach seeks to build on technical initiatives - innovations in the local context - developed by farmers themselves in dry/marginal areas where the conventional approach of transfer of technology from research to extension agents, and then on to farmers, has so often failed. The approach basically comprises identifying, validating and documenting local innovations/initiatives. Simple monitoring and evaluation systems are set up amongst those innovative farmers who are willing to co-operate. Through contact with researchers, extra value is added to these techniques where possible. Farmer innovators are brought together to share ideas. Finally, best-bet technologies, in other words those that are considered to be good enough to be shared, are disseminated through farmer-to-farmer extension. This takes two forms. First, farmers are brought to visit the innovators in their farms. Secondly farmer innovators are used as teachers/trainers to visit groups of farmers - including FAOs farmer field schools in some cases. Only in this second form of extension is an allowance payable to the innovator. A ten-step field activity methodology has been developed.

Methods: At programme level, there is capacity building of in-line extension and research staff, who are the main outside actors in the programme. In each of the countries the project has been implemented through a government ministry, which partners various NGOs in the field. The principle, and practice, is not to create separate project enclaves, but to work through existing personnel, sharing buildings and vehicles that are already operational in the area. A programme development process methodological framework shows how the ultimate goal of institutionalisation can be achieved. PFIs first phase, completed in 2000, was financed by the Government of The Netherlands, through UNDP, and was active in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.

Байршил

Байршил: East Africa (parts of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda), Уганда

Сонгосон байршлуудын газарзүйн холболт
  • 33.892, 1.88

Эхлэх огноо: 1996

Төгсөх жил: 2000

Арга барилын төрөл
A cluster of innovators in Kabale District, Uganda, with the national coordinator, Alex Lwakuba (far left).
Farmer-to-farmer extension: a female innovator shares her skills.

Арга барилын зорилго ба эерэг нөлөө

Арга барилын үндсэн зорилго, зорилт
The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (Better land husbandry practices (eg composting, crop selection))

Improve rural livelihoods through an increase in the rate of diffusion of appropriate SWC/water harvesting technologies based on farmer innovation, and through farmer-to-farmer exchange visits. At a higher level: to demonstrate the effectiveness of such an approach so that it can be institutionalised.

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: - poor supply of relevant recommendations from research for small scale farmers in marginal areas - poor delivery of SWC technologies (where they exist) to farmers - lack of motivation of research and extension staff - isolation of promising ???innovative??? SWC/water harvesting ideas which address low crop yields, land degradation and poverty - lack of exchange of this knowledge
Тухайн Арга барилын хүрээнд нэвтрүүлсэн Технологийг хэрэгжүүлэхэд дэмжлэг болох нөхцлүүд
Тухайн Арга барилын хүрээнд нэвтрүүлсэн Технологийг хэрэгжүүлэхэд хүндрэл учруулах нөхцлүүд
  • Нийгэм / соёл / шашны хэм хэмжээ, үнэт зүйлс: Favoured farmer syndrome: where too much attention is given to particular innovative farmers and jealousy is aroused in others Treatment through the SLM Approach: Avoid working with innovators who are so exceptional that they are outside society and others cannot relate to them. Rotate the farmers who are used as learning points: in other words once another farmer has adopted the technology, use him or her as the focal point.
  • Санхүүгийн нөөц, үйлчилгээний хүртээмж / боломж: Danger of identifying innovations that are good technically but too expensive for ordinary farmers to implement. Treatment through the SLM Approach: Linked to point (1) above: beware of farmers who are too exceptional/too rich.
  • Бүтэц зохион байгуулалт: Lack of motivation of research and extension institutions Treatment through the SLM Approach: Bringing them together with farmer innovatiors
  • Хууль, эрхзүйн хүрээ (газар эзэмшил, газар, ус ашиглах эрх): Who gets the credit for the particular innovation? Treatment through the SLM Approach: Important to make sure that an innovation is traced back within the locality to its roots, identifying the 'owner'. Especially important when a name is attached to an innovation. The existing land ownership, land use rights / water rights hindered a little the approach implementation Farmers will only invest time and effort in innovation when they have secure land use rights (though not necessarily ownership), which is the case in all the areas where PFI has been operational. Access to land for women was a problem which inhibits women innovating.
  • Бусад: Cultural: Gender imbalance in identification of innovators: women overlooked Treatment through the SLM Approach: Gender sensitisation and training: bring together the identifiers with the farmers - male and female.

Талуудын оролцоо ба үүрэг

Арга барилд оролцогч талууд болон тэдгээрийн үүрэг
Ямар оролцогч талууд / хэрэгжүүлэгч байгууллагууд арга барилд оролцож байсан бэ? Оролцогч талуудыг тодорхойлно уу Оролцогч талуудын үүргийг тайлбарлана уу
Орон нутгийн газар ашиглагч / орон нутгийн иргэд
ГТМ-ийн мэргэжилтэн/ хөдөө аж ахуйн зөвлөх
ТББ All involved et different levels: after implementation mainly government and NGO
Засгийн газар (шийдвэр гаргагч, төлөвлөгч) All involved et different levels: after implementation mainly government and NGO
Олон улсын байгууллага All involved et different levels: after implementation mainly government and NGO
Тэргүүлэх байгууллага
International specialists in collaboration with/after discussions with national specialists and land users
Арга барилын янз бүрийн үе шатанд орон нутгийн газар ашиглагчид / бүлгүүдийг татан оролцуулах
үгүй
идэвхигүй
Гадаад дэмжлэг
интерактив
өөрийн хүчийг нэгтгэсэн
санаачлага/идэвхжүүлэлт
public meetings, interviews/questionnaires, workshops/seminars, rapid/participatory rural appraisal; interviews/Participatory Rural Appraisals etc
Төлөвлөгөө
rapid/participatory rural appraisal, interviews/questionnaires, public meetings, workshops/seminars; interviews/Participatory Rural Appraisals etc
Хэрэгжилт
Mainly: farmer-to-farmer exchange, responsibility for minor steps; partly: responsibility for major steps; interviews/Participatory Rural Appraisals etc
Мониторинг/ үнэлгээ
Mainly: public meetings, measurements/observations; partly: workshop/seminars; monitoring, using forms designed mainly by specialists
Research
on-farm
Арга барил хэрэгжүүлэх бүдүүвч

Farmer innovation methodology left: Field activities: the ten steps– from identification through to using innovators as trainers. (Critchley, 2000) right: Programme development processes: the framew

ГТМ-ийн технологи сонгох шийдвэр гаргах явц

Шийдвэр гаргасан этгээд

  • Газар ашиглагч дангаараа (өөрийн санаачлага)
  • ГТМ-ийн мэргэжилтнүүдийн дэмжлэгтэйгээр, голчлон газар ашиглагчид
  • оролцооны зарчмын хэсэг болох бүх холбогдох талууд
  • голдуу ГТМ-ийн мэргэжилтнүүд, газар ашиглагчидтай зөвлөлдсөний үндсэн дээр
  • ГТМ-ийн мэргэжилтэн дангаараа
  • улс төрчид / удирдагчид

Шийдвэр гаргах үндэслэл нь

  • ГТМ-ийн мэдлэгийг баримтжуулалтын үнэлгээ (нотолгоонд суурилсан шийдвэр гаргах)
  • Судалгааны үр дүн, ололтууд
  • Хувь хүний туршлага ба санал бодол (баримтжуулаагүй)

Техникийн туслалцаа, чадавхи бий болгох болон мэдлэгийн менежмент

Дараах үйл ажиллагаа эсвэл үйлчилгээ нь арга барилын нэг хэсэг болсон
Чадавхи бэхжүүлэх / сургалт
Дараах сонирхогч талуудад сургалт хийсэн
  • Газар ашиглагчид
  • хээрийн ажилтан / зөвлөх
  • SWC specialists, extensionists/trainers
Сургалтын хэлбэр
  • Ажил дээр
  • фермерээс -фермер
  • үзүүлэнгийн талбай
  • Олон нийтийн уулзалт
  • курс дамжаа
  • farm visits
Хамарсан сэдэв

Staff seconded from Ministries of Agriculture/NGOs provide: (1) methodology training for participating staff (2) presentational skill training for farmer innovators and (3) training in gender aspects.

Зөвлөх үйлчилгээ
Зөвлөх үйлчилгээ үзүүлсэн
  • Газар ашиглагчийн талбай дээр
  • Тогтмол төвд
Name of method used for advisory service: Farmer innovator approach; Key elements: There are new roles for government/NGO extension staff under this methodology - as trainers and faci, Identify farmer innovators, form networks of farmer innovators, which meet, Bring farmers to se 'best bet' innovations; 1) Advisory service was carried out through: government's existing extension system, non-governmental agency; Extension staff: mainly government employees 3) Target groups for extension: land users

Advisory service is quite adequate to ensure the continuation of land conservation activities
Институцийг бэхжүүлэх
Институци бэхжисэн / бий болсон
  • Үгүй
  • Тийм, бага
  • Тийм, дунд зэрэг
  • Тийм, маш их
дараах түвшинд
  • Орон нутгийн
  • Бүс нутгийн
  • Үндэсний
Байгууллага, үүрэг, хариуцлага, гишүүд зэргийг тодорхойлно уу.
Дэмжлэгийн төрөл
  • Санхүүгийн
  • чадавхи бэхжүүлэх / сургалт
  • Тоног төхөөрөмж
Дэлгэрэнгүй мэдээлэл
training (see also Annex A3)
Мониторинг ба үнэлгээ
bio-physical aspects were regular monitored by 0 through observations; indicators: soils, moisture technical aspects were regular monitored by 0 through observations; indicators: inputs socio-cultural aspects were ad hoc monitored by 0 through measurements; indicators: number of men/women participating economic / production aspects were regular monitored by 0 through observations; indicators: yields area treated aspects were ad hoc monitored by 0 through observations; indicators: None no. of land users involved aspects were ad hoc monitored by 0 through observations; indicators: None There were few changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: Some changes, for example (a) increased numbers of women identified as innovators in response to gender sensitisation/training and (b) ???rotation??? of farmer innovators used for training - that is not using the same farmers all the time, as this can create envy. E.g. also better integration with government services/system for technical backstopping and extension
Судалгаа
Судалгаа нь дараах сэдвийг хамарсан
  • Социологи
  • Эдийн засаг/ зах зээл
  • Экологи
  • Технологи
  • socio-economics

Theoretically, researchers should respond to the farmers??? research agenda, though this has proved difficult to achieve in practice. Apart from process monitoring of the methodology, which has led to improvements, technical research into the innovations has been relatively weak.

Research was carried out on-farm

Санхүүжилт болон хөндлөнгийн материаллаг дэмжлэг

ГТМ-ийн бүрэлдэхүүн хэсгийн жилийн төсөв ам.доллараар
  • < 2,000
  • 2,000-10,000
  • 10,000-100,000
  • 100,000-1,000,000
  • > 1,000,000
Precise annual budget: тодорхойгүй
Approach costs were met by the following donors: government (national government): 20.0%; international (International agency): 60.0%; local community / land user(s) (-): 20.0%
Газар ашиглагч нарт дараах урамшуулал, үйлчилгээг үзүүлсэн
  • Газар ашиглагчдад санхүүгийн / материаллаг дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн
  • Тодорхой хөрөнгө оруулалтанд нөхөн олговор олгох
  • Кредит
  • Бусад урамшуулал, хэрэгсэл

Нөлөөллийн дүн шинжилгээ ба дүгнэлт

Арга барилын үр нөлөө
Үгүй
Тийм, бага зэрэг
Тийм, зарим
Тийм, их
Арга барил нь ГТМ-ийн технологийг хэрэгжүүлэхэд саад учруулсан газрын эзэмшил / ашиглах эрхийг сайжруулахад чиглэсэн үү?

Gender sensitisation training may have helped. The problem is unlikely to be overcome in the near future.

Газар ашиглагчид ГТМ хэрэгжүүлэх болсон үндсэн шалтгаан
  • тодорхойгүй
Арга барилын хүрээнд хэрэгжүүлсэн үйл ажиллагааны тогтвортой байдал
Газар ашиглагчид арга барилаар дамжуулан хэрэгжүүлсэн арга хэмжээг тогтвортой үргэлжлүүлж чадах уу (гадны дэмжлэггүйгээр)?
  • Үгүй
  • Тийм
  • Тодорхойгүй

Дүгнэлт, сургамж

Давуу тал: газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор
Давуу тал: эмхэтгэгч эсвэл бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн бодлоор
  • Builds on local ideas (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Continue the approach and institutionalise.)
  • Revitalises the extension service (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Train and make use of existing Government extension agents.)
  • attractive to stakeholders at all levels (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Involve and inform stakeholders at all levels of plans and progress.)
  • Gives land users more confidence in their own abilities (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Continue to prioritise farmers and keep them at centre of activities.)
  • Offers new locally tested ideas/technologies which work (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Keep the focus on the farmers??? initiatives and use participatory technology development processes to improve these technologies.)
Сул тал/ дутагдал / эрсдэл: газар ашиглагчийн бодлоордаван туулах боломжууд
Сул тал/ дутагдал / эрсдэл: эмхэтгэгч эсвэл бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн бодлоордаван туулах боломжууд
  • Dependent on individual commitment and flexibility Training in skills and methodologies.
  • Does not follow the conventional institutional chain of command Considerable training in skills and methodologies required.
  • Sometime confers too much prestige on a particular group of ???favoured farmers??? Rotate??? farmers who are the focus of attention.
  • Researchers reluctant to respond to farmers??? agenda Effort needed to convince research staff of the need for, and potential benefits from, joint Critchley WRS (2000) Inquiry, Initiatives and Inventiveness: Farmer Innovators in East Africa. Phs Chem Earth (B), Vol 25, no 3, pp 285??¡§288Critchley WRS (2000) Inquiry, Initiatives and Inventiveness: Farmer Innovators in East Africa. Phs Chem Earth (B), Vol 25, no 3, pp 285??¡§288Critchley WRS (2000) Inquiry, Initiatives and Inventiveness: Farmer Innovators in East Africa. Phs Chem Earth (B), Vol 25, no 3, pp 285??¡§288Critchley WRS (2000) Inquiry, Initiatives and Inventiveness: Farmer Innovators in East Africa. Phs Chem Earth (B), Vol 25, no 3, pp 285??¡§288research with farmers.

Суурь мэдээлэлүүд

Эмхэтгэгч
  • Kithinji Mutunga
Хянан тохиолдуулагчид
Хянагч
  • Fabian Ottiger
  • Deborah Niggli
Баримтжуулсан огноо: 12 1-р сар 2009
Сүүлийн шинэчлэл: 04 4-р сар 2018
Мэдээлэл өгсөн хүн
WOCAT мэдээллийн сан дахь бүрэн тодорхойлолт
Холбогдох ГТМ мэдээлэл
Баримтжуулалтыг зохион байгуулсан
Байгууллага Төсөл
Гол сурвалж баримт сэлт
  • Critchley WRS (2000) Inquiry, Initiatives and Inventiveness: Farmer Innovators in East Africa. Phs Chem Earth (B), Vol 25, no 3,Mutunga K and Critchley W (2001) Farmers??? initiatives in land husbandry. Regional Land Management Unit, Nairobi, KenyaCritchley W and Mutunga K (2003) Local innovation in a global context: documenting farmer initiatives in land husbandry through WOCAT.Critchley et al. (1999). Promoting farmer innovationPromoting farmer innovation VIDEO: RELMA, Nairobi (cost free)RELMA, Nairobi (cost free)
  • Mutunga K and Critchley W (2001) Farmers initiatives in land husbandry. Regional Land Management Unit, Nairobi, Kenya:
  • Critchley W and Mutunga K (2003) Local innovation in a global context: documenting farmer initiatives in land husbandry through WOCAT.:
  • Critchley et al. (1999). Promoting farmer innovation: RELMA, Nairobi (cost free)
  • Promoting farmer innovation VIDEO: RELMA, Nairobi (cost free)
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International