Researchers introducing the procedure of the venn diagram to local participants of the MARP study. (Jutta Hammer)

Rapid and Participatory Rural Appraisal Study (MARP) (Мадагаскар)

Etude de Méthode Accélérée de Recherche Participative (MARP) (French)

Тодорхойлолт

The MARP approach, as reported here from Madagascar, is a participatory, but rapid, interdisciplinary assessment of local perspectives on livelihoods and natural resources use.

Aims / objectives: ‘MARP’ is a methodology for assessing local situations that is both participatory and rapid. It was used during the initial stage of a six-year research project (2011-2016) on sustainable land management (SLM) in Madagascar conducted by a consortium of German and Malagasy universities in collaboration with a NGO. The aim of the MARP study was to facilitate the local population to express their perspectives on local livelihoods and natural resource use. The approach sought to integrate local voices into project planning. Specific objectives were (a) to build a link between German and Malagasy researchers from different disciplines, (b) to train them in the MARP methodology, (c) to understand the broad outlines of subsistence strategies, and (d) to explore the diversity of social and environmental situations in the Mahafa-ly Plateau region.

Methods: The MARP methodology facilitated an exchange between the local population (in-cluding land users and village representatives) and researchers about selected themes. Participants were invited to express themselves about their lives, social and ecological conditions and their use of natural resources. Four villages were chosen for the study, two at the coast and two on the plateau. The researchers were divided into two groups. Each group was accompanied by a facilitator and translators and each collected data in one village at the coast and one village on the plateau. Differ-ent techniques were applied to gather the information including semi-structured interviews, social maps, calendars (demonstrating cropping systems and historic developments etc), venn diagrams, and transect walks. In group discussions among researchers, information was triangulated and validated. After assessing a village, researchers called its villagers for feedback and discussion about the collected data. In this meeting the researchers presented a summary of results on local livelihoods, cropping systems and socio-cultural events, to discuss how accurate they were.

Stages of implementation: The MARP study was developed and carried out by researchers from various disci-plines including agriculture, livestock farming, silviculture, economics and human geography. It was divided into four phases, (1) an introductory workshop and tech-nical training, (2) data collection, (3) data analysis, and (4) a final workshop. In phase (1) two external experts in the MARP techniques introduced these to the par-ticipating Malagasy and German researchers in a four-day workshop. Phase (2) and (3) were implemented in the study region over a four-week period. In phase (4) the MARP study closed with a final workshop in the regional capital Tuléar, where re-sults were discussed with regional stakeholders.

Role of stakeholders: The local population played a particularly important role in the MARP study through providing key information about livelihoods and natural resource use etc. People from different clans and lineages, social status and both men and women were stra-tegically included. The MARP study group comprised 27 people who participated in the assessment: they included researchers, facilitators, socio-organizers, and trans-lators. Researchers had to develop contact with the local population, to learn from their insights, to collect and analyse data and to discuss the results with them. The facilitators’ role was to give directions to the teams during the study process. Social organizers dealt with equipment and accommodation, and translators accompanied non-native researchers during the information-gathering process.

Байршил

Байршил: Beheloke-Atsimo, Mahafaly Plateau, south-western Madagascar, Мадагаскар

Сонгосон байршлуудын газарзүйн холболт
  • 43.70012, -24.06151

Эхлэх огноо: 2011

Төгсөх жил: 2016

Арга барилын төрөл
Researchers introducing the procedure of the venn diagram to local participants of the MARP study. (Jutta Hammer)
participant of the MARP study shows with beans on a map the historic development of the region (Jutta Hammer)

Арга барилын зорилго ба эерэг нөлөө

Арга барилын үндсэн зорилго, зорилт
The Approach focused mainly on other activities than SLM (stakeholder participation, inter- and transdisciplinary research, community involvement)

The aim of the MARP study was to start dialogue between the local population and researchers about: subsistence strategies in agriculture and livestock keeping, natural resources use, the socio-cultural context and the local economy. Another aim was to provide information on community perspectives for the research project planning process and to start interdisciplinary exchange.

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: Lack of dialogue between researchers and local population, researchers’ lack of knowledge of specific insights into community life, researchers’ lack of knowledge about stakeholder participation
Тухайн Арга барилын хүрээнд нэвтрүүлсэн Технологийг хэрэгжүүлэхэд дэмжлэг болох нөхцлүүд
Тухайн Арга барилын хүрээнд нэвтрүүлсэн Технологийг хэрэгжүүлэхэд хүндрэл учруулах нөхцлүүд
  • Нийгэм / соёл / шашны хэм хэмжээ, үнэт зүйлс: The cultural differences between international/ na-tional researchers and local population proved to be a challenge for the implementation of the MARP study (Malagasy researchers participating in the process mainly originated from a different region in Madagascar). Treatment through the SLM Approach: Awareness-raising among the researchers to adapt to local cultural norms and engagement of personnel from the region to support the communication process.
  • Бүтэц зохион байгуулалт: Researchers were not familiar with the MARP methodology and the regional context. Treatment through the SLM Approach: Offering an introductory workshop at the begin-ning of the MARP study and supporting the learning-by-doing process by facilitators.
  • ГТМ-ийн талаарх мэдлэг, техникийн дэмжлэг авах боломж: Lack of water and electricity in the field. Treatment through the SLM Approach: Organization of enough water, organization of generators, adaptation to conditions by not using computers, but reporting through handwritten notes.
  • Ажлын багтаамж, хүн хүчний нөөц бололцоо: Need of researchers to adapt to local/regional con-ditions, to learn a new methodology and to collect viable information all at once; demand on the local population to spend time and effort on communica-tion and knowledge exchange. Treatment through the SLM Approach: Scheduling enough time for the study and offer also leisure time for all participants.

Талуудын оролцоо ба үүрэг

Арга барилд оролцогч талууд болон тэдгээрийн үүрэг
Ямар оролцогч талууд / хэрэгжүүлэгч байгууллагууд арга барилд оролцож байсан бэ? Оролцогч талуудыг тодорхойлно уу Оролцогч талуудын үүргийг тайлбарлана уу
Орон нутгийн газар ашиглагч / орон нутгийн иргэд More men participated in group meetings, according to local customs men dominate village meetings, women do not have the right to speak, however, it was sought to also involve women in the study through approaching groups of women in the villages. People from different lineages, status and age were deliberately involved
ТББ WWF, Madagascar National Parks
Орон нутгийн захиргаа village representatives
Засгийн газар (шийдвэр гаргагч, төлөвлөгч)
Олон улсын байгууллага international research consortium
Тэргүүлэх байгууллага
National specialists provided relevant information for the on site implementation of the study; international specialists designed the approach; land users provided relevant information for the on site implementation of the study.
Арга барилын янз бүрийн үе шатанд орон нутгийн газар ашиглагчид / бүлгүүдийг татан оролцуулах
үгүй
идэвхигүй
Гадаад дэмжлэг
интерактив
өөрийн хүчийг нэгтгэсэн
санаачлага/идэвхжүүлэлт
x
Төлөвлөгөө
x
local decision-makers were involved in the planning process; they took decisions about the study procedure and payment.
Хэрэгжилт
x
various persons from the local communities; information exchange and provision of local insights.
Мониторинг/ үнэлгээ
x
Various persons from the local communities were involved in monitoring of the results; feedback and discussion.
Research
x
Арга барил хэрэгжүүлэх бүдүүвч

Flow chart shows the MARP study procedure exemplified by the first village.
Right after the introductory workshop and technical training the MARP team went off into the field. It spent six days in the first village starting with an introduction followed by a structured guidance through the MARP exercis-es and reflection on gathered information. The MARP study process in the first village closed with a final meeting of villagers and the MARP team in order to discuss the outcome. Subse-quently the MARP team moved to another place for data analysis and reporting before prepar-ing the stay in the second village.

Зохиогч: Nadine Fritz-Vietta
ГТМ-ийн технологи сонгох шийдвэр гаргах явц

Шийдвэр гаргасан этгээд

  • Газар ашиглагч дангаараа (өөрийн санаачлага)
  • ГТМ-ийн мэргэжилтнүүдийн дэмжлэгтэйгээр, голчлон газар ашиглагчид
  • оролцооны зарчмын хэсэг болох бүх холбогдох талууд
  • голдуу ГТМ-ийн мэргэжилтнүүд, газар ашиглагчидтай зөвлөлдсөний үндсэн дээр
  • ГТМ-ийн мэргэжилтэн дангаараа
  • улс төрчид / удирдагчид

Шийдвэр гаргах үндэслэл нь

  • ГТМ-ийн мэдлэгийг баримтжуулалтын үнэлгээ (нотолгоонд суурилсан шийдвэр гаргах)
  • Судалгааны үр дүн, ололтууд
  • Хувь хүний туршлага ба санал бодол (баримтжуулаагүй)

Техникийн туслалцаа, чадавхи бий болгох болон мэдлэгийн менежмент

Дараах үйл ажиллагаа эсвэл үйлчилгээ нь арга барилын нэг хэсэг болсон
Чадавхи бэхжүүлэх / сургалт
Дараах сонирхогч талуудад сургалт хийсэн
  • Газар ашиглагчид
  • хээрийн ажилтан / зөвлөх
  • researchers
Сургалтын хэлбэр
  • Ажил дээр
  • фермерээс -фермер
  • үзүүлэнгийн талбай
  • Олон нийтийн уулзалт
  • курс дамжаа
Хамарсан сэдэв

Rapid and Participatory Rural Appraisal Methodology in the field of local livelihoods and natural resource use for researchers; local population was provided with awareness raising about the research project and the way how to participate in the research process

Зөвлөх үйлчилгээ
Зөвлөх үйлчилгээ үзүүлсэн
  • Газар ашиглагчийн талбай дээр
  • Тогтмол төвд
Name of method used for advisory service: Rapid and participatory rural appraisal (MARP); Key elements: Applying a multitude of visual and verbal appraisal techniques, Triangulation of information to guarantee validity, Starting dialogue, communication and discussion concerning local livelihoods

Land conservation activities were not part of the MARP study
Мониторинг ба үнэлгээ
socio-cultural aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: data on history and socio-cultural aspects in natural resource use socio-cultural aspects were regular monitored by project staff through measurements; indicators: data from venn-diagram economic / production aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: data on local livelihoods and subsistence economy economic / production aspects were regular monitored by project staff through measurements; indicators: data from e.g. social mapping and crop calendars no. of land users involved aspects were ad hoc monitored by None through observations; indicators: data on stakeholder participation in conservation activities management of Approach aspects were ad hoc monitored by None through observations; indicators: data for project evaluation There were several changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: Based on the data in the first two villages studied at the coast, other villages were chosen for the second set on the plateau; this was a result of social and economic interdependencies between coastal and plateau villages; furthermore, the set of applied tech-niques and the questions posed in the semi-structured interviews were adapted.
Судалгаа
Судалгаа нь дараах сэдвийг хамарсан
  • Социологи
  • Эдийн засаг/ зах зээл
  • Экологи
  • Технологи
  • natural resources use

The aim was to gain a collective picture about local livelihoods, subsistence economy, and natural resources use.

Research was carried out on-farm

Санхүүжилт болон хөндлөнгийн материаллаг дэмжлэг

ГТМ-ийн бүрэлдэхүүн хэсгийн жилийн төсөв ам.доллараар
  • < 2,000
  • 2,000-10,000
  • 10,000-100,000
  • 100,000-1,000,000
  • > 1,000,000
Precise annual budget: тодорхойгүй
Approach costs were met by the following donors: international (German Ministry of Education and Research BMBF): 100.0%
Газар ашиглагч нарт дараах урамшуулал, үйлчилгээг үзүүлсэн
  • Газар ашиглагчдад санхүүгийн / материаллаг дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн
  • Тодорхой хөрөнгө оруулалтанд нөхөн олговор олгох
  • Кредит
  • Бусад урамшуулал, хэрэгсэл
Газар ашиглагчдад санхүүгийн болон материаллаг дэмжлэг үзүүлэх
хэсэгчлэн санхүүждэг
Бүрэн санхүүждэг
paper boards, markers, generators, computer

x

Газар ашиглагчаас гаргасан хөдөлмөр хүчний зардал

Нөлөөллийн дүн шинжилгээ ба дүгнэлт

Арга барилын үр нөлөө
Үгүй
Тийм, бага зэрэг
Тийм, зарим
Тийм, их
Арга барил нь ГТМ-ийн технологийг хэрэгжүүлж, хадгалахад газар ашиглагчдад тусласан уу?

the focus of the MARP study was to gain insights into local people's perceptions regarding livelihoods and natural resource use rather than helping local land users to improve sustainable land management – though improved SLM was the aim of the overall research project to which the study contributed.

x
Арга барил нь эмзэг бүлгийнхнийг нийгэм, эдийн засгийн хувьд чадавхижуулсан уу?

socially and economically disadvantaged people participated in the MARP study and explained their situation.

x
Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?

x
Газар ашиглагчид ГТМ хэрэгжүүлэх болсон үндсэн шалтгаан
Арга барилын хүрээнд хэрэгжүүлсэн үйл ажиллагааны тогтвортой байдал
Газар ашиглагчид арга барилаар дамжуулан хэрэгжүүлсэн арга хэмжээг тогтвортой үргэлжлүүлж чадах уу (гадны дэмжлэггүйгээр)?

Дүгнэлт, сургамж

Давуу тал: газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор
  • From the land users’ point of view the MARP study offered the opportunity to start dialogue with researchers. By participating and responding to researchers’ questions they reflected about own livelihoods and their way of living.
    Local people took the experts role in the study by explaining their perspective on local livelihoods and natural resource use.
    The MARP methodology also facilitated to include everybody who was willing to participate, including illiterate and socially disadvantaged people.
Давуу тал: эмхэтгэгч эсвэл бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн бодлоор
  • A team building process was initiated by the MARP study. A team of interdisciplinary researchers from Madagascar and Germany got together to work on a common goal.
    Communication between disciplines was fostered and team members learned how to overcome cultural differences.
    The MARP team had the opportunity to gain hands-on experiences with the MARP methodology.
    The MARP study facilitated mutual exchange between local people and researchers. By spending time in the field together with local people researchers started dialogue with them and thus gained important insights into local livelihoods and natural resource use.
    With the process of joint reflection on gained insights the researchers had valuable information at hand to design the further research process including interdisciplinary approaches. Participants also benefitted from an improved intercultural understanding.
Сул тал/ дутагдал / эрсдэл: газар ашиглагчийн бодлоордаван туулах боломжууд
  • Local people were only involved in a late stage of the MARP study’s development process. Although village representatives were consulted before the MARP study implementation, local people only received the information about the study when the study started.
    Local people did not see a direct benefit in participating in the MARP study. They rather noticed that they need to spend valuable hours of work for the study.
    People perceived a sort of disturbance of their village life through a group of foreign people with a different cultural background. In order to prepare local people for the study, the overall research project should be introduced in an early stage.
    Inform about and communicate MARP study objectives, methodologies, visions etc. to target groups early enough and as detailed as possible.
    Local people (not only representatives) should be involved right from the beginning of the conception of the study.
    Compensation could be provided to participants (local people) for hours spent for the study.
    In order to avoid cultural disturbances in the villages and provide for compliance with local norms and rules, researchers should be provided with cultural awareness training.
Сул тал/ дутагдал / эрсдэл: эмхэтгэгч эсвэл бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн бодлоордаван туулах боломжууд
  • In some cases communication barriers (lack of language skills) hindered the process. This was true for communication between local people and researchers but also among German and national/local researchers. Consequently a great number of translators were needed, who increased the number of people participating the MARP study.
    Some researchers were new to the area or even to the country and had to work with a high amount of complex new information, while being required to adapt to local conditions. This led to an overwhelming workload.
    Concerning the MARP study process local people were not always available for enquiry, which was difficult to manage for the MARP team. A session on cultural awareness should be integrated into the introductory workshop.
    The MARP study should be announced early enough to both the researchers so that they can prepare and the local people so that they can plan their availability for the study.

Суурь мэдээлэлүүд

Эмхэтгэгч
  • Nadine Fritz-Vietta
Хянан тохиолдуулагчид
Хянагч
  • Fabian Ottiger
  • Deborah Niggli
Баримтжуулсан огноо: 19 1-р сар 2016
Сүүлийн шинэчлэл: 04 4-р сар 2018
Мэдээлэл өгсөн хүн
WOCAT мэдээллийн сан дахь бүрэн тодорхойлолт
Холбогдох ГТМ мэдээлэл
Баримтжуулалтыг зохион байгуулсан
Байгууллага Төсөл
Гол сурвалж баримт сэлт
  • Diagnostic participatif de la gestion des ressource naturelles sur le plateau Mahafaly Commune Rurale de Beheloka – Toliara, SuLaMa, 2011Summary MARP survey, SuLaMa, 2012Freudenberger, K. (1999). Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) - A manual for CRS field workers and partners: www.sulama.de
  • Summary MARP survey, SuLaMa, 2012: www.sulama.de
  • Freudenberger, K. (1999). Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) - A manual for CRS field workers and partners: Baltimore, Maryland
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