Farmer bringing fodder home from the field: grass is cut between the fruit trees

Transition from a centralised regime to a local initiative (Тажикистан)

Тодорхойлолт

A land use system established during the previous authoritarian regime of the Soviet Union is now being adapted to the farmers' needs via their own initiative.

Aims / objectives: This case study compares two approaches which both contributed to the development of the current orchard-based agroforestry system: (1) Soviet approach: the previous state-run dictatorial system of the soviet times and (2) Farmers initiative: the current bottom-up approach. Farmers from the hilly Faizabad region with its deep and highly erodible loess soils had traditionally combined the cultivation of beans and wheat with fruit trees. During the 1980s the Soviet administration decided to intensify apple production in this area and to establish orchards on a large scale, making use of the well suited environmental conditions. The system introduced, comprised of densely planted purestand orchards, mechanically constructed terraces (where the slopes required this), and an irrigation system. Establishment was conducted through a top-down/authoritarian approach, and all inputs for implementation and maintenance were provided by the state. Farmers worked as employees on the state farms and received cash wages.

Methods: After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the start of the civil war, Tajikistan suffered from acute food shortages. In 1993, the Tajik government lifted the prohibition on planting wheat in rainfed areas. Farmers renting the land of the former state farms began to revert to intercropping annual crops, mainly wheat and beans, between thinned rows of apple trees. This was for both household use and for sale at the market. The initiative came from the farmers, and reflected the traditional system of production. However the pumping station and irrigation system have not been working for the last 10 years and therefore supplementary irrigation has not been available. In contrast to former times, decision-making, management activities, and provision of inputs/finance are all carried out by the land users themselves. In some cases, marginal farmers received incentive support from NGOs or from the World Food Programme. Systematic assistance from extension services, financial support to purchase pesticides or fertilisers, and investment to restore the irrigation system would all help to improve the agroforestry system and thus increase yields.

Байршил

Байршил: Faizabad, Тажикистан

Сонгосон байршлуудын газарзүйн холболт
  • 68.757, 38.635

Эхлэх огноо: 1993

Төгсөх жил: тодорхойгүй

Арга барилын төрөл
Farmer bringing fodder home from the field: grass is cut between the fruit trees.
The farmer and his agroforestry system: a combination of pear trees and wheat.

Арга барилын зорилго ба эерэг нөлөө

Арга барилын үндсэн зорилго, зорилт
The previous Soviet approach aimed to increase apple production in a region with ideal environmental conditions. The current approach used by farmers aims to make more intensive use of agricultural lands through an agroforestry system, and especially to provide food security by growing annual crops between the trees.

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: - Soviet times: the original problems addressed by the authorities during the soviet era were how to increase agricultural production, without consideration of the needs of the local rural population. - Post-soviet period: in 1993, when the soviet era ended, and the prohibition on cultivation of wheat was lifted, the underlying problem was a shortage of food, especially of wheat.
Тухайн Арга барилын хүрээнд нэвтрүүлсэн Технологийг хэрэгжүүлэхэд дэмжлэг болох нөхцлүүд
Тухайн Арга барилын хүрээнд нэвтрүүлсэн Технологийг хэрэгжүүлэхэд хүндрэл учруулах нөхцлүүд
  • Санхүүгийн нөөц, үйлчилгээний хүртээмж / боломж: 1) Soviet Approach: The establishment and maintenance of the irrigation system, terraces and the orchards themselves required high financial input. 2)Farmers' initiative: Lack of funds for fertilizers, manure (which is burned as fuel for heating) and pesticides. Treatment through the SLM Approach: 1) Equipment, seedlings and salaries were all provided by the central Soviet state. 2) Improved fertility management: farmers developed cost-effective practices such as crop rotation and fallow periods etc.
  • Хууль, эрхзүйн хүрээ (газар эзэмшил, газар, ус ашиглах эрх): The existing land ownership, land use rights / water rights hindered a little the approach implementation Allowing cropping on the farms was the first step; then land use rights were moved from state to individual farmers. While those orchards, which are still managed as state farms, are often not well looked after, renting of land and issuing of landholder certificates, generally leads to improved orchard management. However, access to land belonging to state farms (through rental agreements) is limited.

Талуудын оролцоо ба үүрэг

Арга барилд оролцогч талууд болон тэдгээрийн үүрэг
Ямар оролцогч талууд / хэрэгжүүлэгч байгууллагууд арга барилд оролцож байсан бэ? Оролцогч талуудыг тодорхойлно уу Оролцогч талуудын үүргийг тайлбарлана уу
Орон нутгийн газар ашиглагч / орон нутгийн иргэд
Багш/ сурагч/ оюутан
Засгийн газар (шийдвэр гаргагч, төлөвлөгч)
Арга барилын янз бүрийн үе шатанд орон нутгийн газар ашиглагчид / бүлгүүдийг татан оролцуулах
үгүй
идэвхигүй
Гадаад дэмжлэг
интерактив
өөрийн хүчийг нэгтгэсэн
санаачлага/идэвхжүүлэлт
Involvement during the current approach: self-mobilisation, farmers' initiative to increase crop production by intercropping in orchards
Төлөвлөгөө
Involvement during the Soviet approach: none Involvement during the current approach: farmer's are fully involved using their own initiatives.
Хэрэгжилт
Involvement during the Soviet approach: payment for casual labour. Involvement during current farmers' initiative: interactive/self-mobilisation, responsibility for all steps, technical assistance from extensionists.
Мониторинг/ үнэлгээ
Involvement during the Soviet approach was interactive, via observations, public meetings, workshops, etc. Involvement during current farmer's initiative: includes self-mobilisation, interactive, responsibility for all the steps, technical assistance from external sources.
Research
Involvement during the Soviet approach was passive: technology development in the Faizabad Horticulture Institute. Involvement during current farmers' initiative: none.
Арга барил хэрэгжүүлэх бүдүүвч

ГТМ-ийн технологи сонгох шийдвэр гаргах явц

Шийдвэр гаргасан этгээд

  • Газар ашиглагч дангаараа (өөрийн санаачлага)
  • ГТМ-ийн мэргэжилтнүүдийн дэмжлэгтэйгээр, голчлон газар ашиглагчид
  • оролцооны зарчмын хэсэг болох бүх холбогдох талууд
  • голдуу ГТМ-ийн мэргэжилтнүүд, газар ашиглагчидтай зөвлөлдсөний үндсэн дээр
  • ГТМ-ийн мэргэжилтэн дангаараа
  • улс төрчид / удирдагчид

Шийдвэр гаргах үндэслэл нь

  • ГТМ-ийн мэдлэгийг баримтжуулалтын үнэлгээ (нотолгоонд суурилсан шийдвэр гаргах)
  • Судалгааны үр дүн, ололтууд
  • Хувь хүний туршлага ба санал бодол (баримтжуулаагүй)

Техникийн туслалцаа, чадавхи бий болгох болон мэдлэгийн менежмент

Дараах үйл ажиллагаа эсвэл үйлчилгээ нь арга барилын нэг хэсэг болсон
Чадавхи бэхжүүлэх / сургалт
Дараах сонирхогч талуудад сургалт хийсэн
  • Газар ашиглагчид
  • хээрийн ажилтан / зөвлөх
Сургалтын хэлбэр
  • Ажил дээр
  • фермерээс -фермер
  • үзүүлэнгийн талбай
  • Олон нийтийн уулзалт
  • курс дамжаа
Хамарсан сэдэв

Training was provided on-the-job, by public meetings and through courses. Training focused on improving irrigation, tree planting practices and tree management. Training conducted during the establishment of the orchards was useful and adequate. No training was given (naturally) in intercropping of wheat and other cereals between the rows of apple trees the farmers??? initiative. However in order

Зөвлөх үйлчилгээ
Зөвлөх үйлчилгээ үзүүлсэн
  • Газар ашиглагчийн талбай дээр
  • Тогтмол төвд
Key elements: For running the orchards during Soviet times a top-down/authoritarian approach was used
Мониторинг ба үнэлгээ
bio-physical aspects were ad hoc monitored by 0 through observations; indicators: erosion and crop growth - sedimentation and plant development economic / production aspects were regular monitored by 0 through measurements; indicators: farmers' yield and profit area treated aspects were ad hoc monitored by 0 through measurements; indicators: None no. of land users involved aspects were ad hoc monitored by 0 through observations; indicators: None There were no changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: None under either.
Судалгаа
Судалгаа нь дараах сэдвийг хамарсан
  • Социологи
  • Эдийн засаг/ зах зээл
  • Экологи
  • Технологи

During the original establishment of the orchards, research was conducted. For the new system of intercropping with wheat, research contributed by providing support with respect to choice of varieties.

Санхүүжилт болон хөндлөнгийн материаллаг дэмжлэг

ГТМ-ийн бүрэлдэхүүн хэсгийн жилийн төсөв ам.доллараар
  • < 2,000
  • 2,000-10,000
  • 10,000-100,000
  • 100,000-1,000,000
  • > 1,000,000
Precise annual budget: тодорхойгүй
Approach costs were met by the following donors: local community / land user(s) (by the farmer's initiative): 100.0%
Газар ашиглагч нарт дараах урамшуулал, үйлчилгээг үзүүлсэн
  • Газар ашиглагчдад санхүүгийн / материаллаг дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн
  • Тодорхой хөрөнгө оруулалтанд нөхөн олговор олгох
  • Кредит
  • Бусад урамшуулал, хэрэгсэл
Зээл

Нөлөөллийн дүн шинжилгээ ба дүгнэлт

Арга барилын үр нөлөө
Үгүй
Тийм, бага зэрэг
Тийм, зарим
Тийм, их
Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?

None known.

Газар ашиглагчид ГТМ хэрэгжүүлэх болсон үндсэн шалтгаан
  • үйлдвэрлэл нэмэгдсэн
  • Ашиг нэмэгдсэн (боломж), зардал-үр ашгийн харьцаа сайжирсан
  • Газрын доройтол буурсан
  • Гамшигийн эрсдэл буурсан
  • Ажлын ачаалал бууруулсан
  • төлбөр / татаас
  • дүрэм журам (торгууль) / сахиулах
  • нэр хүнд, нийгмийн дарамт / нийгмийн холбоо
  • Сүлжээ/ бүлэг төсөл/ хөдөлгөөнд гишүүнээр элсүүлэх
  • Байгаль орчны ухамсар
  • зан заншил, ёс суртахуун
  • ГТМ-ийн мэдлэг, туршлага дээшилсэн
  • гоо зүйн сайжруулалт
  • зөрчилдөөнийг бууруулах
Арга барилын хүрээнд хэрэгжүүлсэн үйл ажиллагааны тогтвортой байдал
Газар ашиглагчид арга барилаар дамжуулан хэрэгжүүлсэн арга хэмжээг тогтвортой үргэлжлүүлж чадах уу (гадны дэмжлэггүйгээр)?
  • Үгүй
  • Тийм
  • Тодорхойгүй

Дүгнэлт, сургамж

Давуу тал: газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор
Давуу тал: эмхэтгэгч эсвэл бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн бодлоор
  • Farmer's initiative: Farmers get diversified and additional products (grain, apples, beans, hay, etc). (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: The government should support the farmer's initiatives. The marketing system for selling fruits should be better developed.)
  • Farmer's initiative: Farmers themselves are finding a way out of the poverty trap. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Land reform should be improved and every farmer should be eligible for land certificates/titles.)
  • Soviet approach: Well managed and controlled land use system with efficient irrigation system, high production, ensured maintenance, provision of fertilisers and technical assistance.
Сул тал/ дутагдал / эрсдэл: газар ашиглагчийн бодлоордаван туулах боломжууд
Сул тал/ дутагдал / эрсдэл: эмхэтгэгч эсвэл бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн бодлоордаван туулах боломжууд
  • Farmer's initiative: Further extension of the agroforestry system is limited without support from the extension service The extension service should provide more inputs.
  • Farmer's initiative: Land use rights: as long as the land still belongs to the state, people have very little motivation to improve it Privatise the land.
  • Soviet approach: No diversity, mono-cropping system aimed at maximised production; as soon as state support ceased, the system collapsed.

Суурь мэдээлэлүүд

Эмхэтгэгч
  • Sanginboy Sanginov
Хянан тохиолдуулагчид
Хянагч
  • Alexandra Gavilano
  • David Streiff
  • Deborah Niggli
  • Joana Eichenberger
Баримтжуулсан огноо: 13 1-р сар 2009
Сүүлийн шинэчлэл: 02 11-р сар 2021
Мэдээлэл өгсөн хүн
WOCAT мэдээллийн сан дахь бүрэн тодорхойлолт
Холбогдох ГТМ мэдээлэл
Баримтжуулалтыг зохион байгуулсан
Байгууллага Төсөл
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International