Cleared forest with chipped material applied as mulch and fresh grasses providing fodder to animals. (Nina Lauterburg)

Selective forest clearing to prevent large forest fires (Испани)

Clareo selectivo para la prevención de incendios (tratamientos selvícolas) (Spanish)

Тодорхойлолт

Selective forest clearing aims in reducing the connectivity and the amount of (dead standing) fuel, as well as reducing the competition between regenerating pines, in order to prevent forest fires and to ensure the growth of a healthy forest.

The forests in the Ayora region experienced a huge disturbance in the past, such as deforestations, removal of key species, land abandonment, dense growth of fire-prone seeder species (high continuity of dead standing fuel), missing management, wildfires and dense afforestations. These disturbances resulted in the degradation of the vegetation, the reduction of the resilience of the ecosystem against fires and thus an increasing risk of wildfires. After fires, many landscapes regenerated with a high and continuous fuel accumulation with few native resprouter species, which made it extremely difficult to control forest fires. The dense growth not only increased the risk of wildfires but also the competition between different species (nutrients, light, space). Therefore appropriate vegetation management to increase the resilience of the ecosystem to fires and to reduce competition is crucial.

These problems are approached by selective forest clearing. The main purposes of thinning dense pine forests are the prevention of fires by reducing the fuel load and its continuity, and to improve pine regeneration by eliminating the competition between different species. As a result, the quality of the plants is improved and the amount of dead or sick plants is reduced, which is essential to ensure a healthy forest. This also leads to a higher resistance to pests which in turn again decreases the risk of fire (less dead plants). Vegetation removal produces fresh vegetation growth, therefore more diverse and nutritious fodder is provided to animals (game and livestock) in the cleared areas which is a benefit for herders. Also wild animals use this fodder supply which in turn hinders them to destroy cultivated fields of the farmers. Furthermore, honey producers make use of the enhanced growth of shrubs and the additional space created by selective clearing to place their beehives and to increase honey production.
Especially during the current economic crisis forest management is an important source for jobs - most of the workers were unemployed before working in the selective clearing. Through the clearings, fuelwood is gained and offered to retired people for free for cooking and heating, allowing them to save money. Additionally, almost all villagers like to have a cleared forest due to its high aesthetic and recreational value.

In order to be selective and to preserve desired species, the clearing is done with small machines such as brushcutters and chainsaws. On average the forest is thinned until reaching a density of 800-1200 trees/ha. Species such as Juniperus, Rhamnus al., Quercus rotundifolia, Quercus faginea or Fraxinus ornus are not removed which increases the probability to have a more fire-resistant vegetation composition in future. Dead or sick plants and also a part of fire-prone shrubs such as Ulex parv. and Cistus alb. are removed. If there are both Pinus pinaster and Pinus halepensis. Pinus halepensis is cleared because they compete with each other. The roots are not removed which ensures the stability and productivity of the soil. The remaining species are pruned (“poda”) until a maximum height of 2.5m to improve the conditions of the species. Around each tree they should clear an area of 2m.
After felling trees and shrubs a part of the residues is chipped in-situ and covers the soil as mulch, which results in ecological benefits (e.g. increase in soil moisture, prevention from erosion, enhancement of nutrient cycling, reduction of the soil surface temperature).
If the slope is steep, it takes more time to do the clearing and it might also increase the risk of erosion afterwards. Under the best conditions (e.g. good access and terrain), 0.8ha per day are cleared (calculated for a group of 9 persons working 7 hours). In this case the costs are paid by the municipal council, which receives a part of the money from the rental fee paid by the wind mill company. The cleared areas have to be maintained depending on the speed of the vegetation growth (which amongst others depends on the soil, slope and humidity). If the clearings are done regularly, it takes less time and it is cheaper than the first clearing. It should be noted that recurrent maintenance is crucial to ensure the effectiveness of the technology.

The region of Ayora is mountainous with a dry subhumid climate (~380 mm annual rainfall). The risk of fire incidence is at its highest from June to September when there are adverse conditions like drought, high temperatures and strong winds (mainly the winds coming from central Spain, called “poniente”). The population density is very low and there are only few job opportunities (e.g. marginal agriculture, grazing, hunting, beekeeping). Most of the inhabitants work in the nuclear power plant. Forest management could be a source for jobs.

Байршил

Байршил: Ayora/Jarafuel, Spain, Valencia, Испани

Дүн шинжилгээнд хамрагдсан технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газрын тоо:

Сонгосон байршлуудын газарзүйн холболт
  • -1.11158, 39.12834

Технологийн тархалт: газар дээр жигд тархсан (approx. 0.1-1 км2)

Тусгай хамгаалалттай газар нутагт?:

Хэрэгжилтийн огноо: <10 жилийн өмнө (саяхны)

Нутагшууллын төрөл
The chipped material is used as mulch to cover the soil. (Nina Lauterburg)
Selective forest clearing aims in reducing the connectivity and the amount of (dead standing) fuel, as well as the competition between the species, in order to prevent forest fires. (Nina Lauterburg)

Технологийн ангилал

Үндсэн зорилго
  • үйлдвэрлэлийг сайжруулах
  • газрын доройтлыг бууруулах, сэргийлэх, нөхөн сэргээх
  • экосистемийг хамгаалах
  • сав газрыг хамгаалах (усны эх/ голын адаг) - бусад технологитой хослуулах
  • биологийн төрөл зүйлийг хамгаалах / сайжруулах
  • гамшгийн эрсдлийг бууруулах
  • уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт/ экстрим байдал болон түүний нөлөөлөлд дасан зохицох
  • уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт, түүний үр нөлөөг багасгах
  • үр ашигтай эдийн засгийн нөлөөг бий болгох
  • нийгэмд үзүүлэх үр нөлөөг бий болгох
Газар ашиглалт

  • Байгалийн ой / модтой газар
    • (Таримал) байгалийн ой/мод бүхий газар
    Tree types: Нарсны төрөл зүйл (Pinus)
    Бүтээгдэхүүн ба үйлчилгээ: Мод бэлтгэл, Түлшний мод, Жимс, самар, Ойн бусад дагалт бүтээгдэхүүн, Бэлчээрийн талбай/Хариулгатай бэлчээрлэлт, Байгалийн нөөцийг хамгаалах, Амралт/ аялал жуулчлал, Байгалийн гамшигаас сэргийлэх, wind mill parc, hunting
Усан хангамж
  • Байгалийн усалгаатай
  • Байгалийн/усалгаатай арга хосолсон
  • бүрэн усалгаатай

Газрын доройтолтой холбоотой зорилго
  • газрын доройтлоос урьдчилан сэргийлэх
  • Газрын доройтлыг бууруулах
  • Хүчтэй доройтсон газрыг нөхөн сэргээх/ сайжруулах
  • газрын доройтолд дасан зохицох
  • холбогдолгүй
Доройтолын төрөл
  • биологийн доройтол - Bh: Амьдрах орчин доройтох, Bf: түймрийн хорт үр дагавар, Bs: Ургамлын чанар, төрөл зүйл, олон янз байдал буурах, Bp: Хортон шавьж/өвчлөл ихсэх, махчид цөөрөх
ГТМ бүлэг
  • Экосистемд суурилсан гамшигийн эрсдлийг бууруулах
ГТМ арга хэмжээ
  • Ургамлын арга хэмжээ - V3: Ургамлан нөмрөгийг хөндөх

Техникийн зураг

Техникийн үзүүлэлтүүд
The main purposes of thinning dense forests (some 50’000 individuals per ha) are the prevention of fires by reducing the fuel load and its continuity (both vertical and horizontal), and to improve regeneration by eliminating the competition between different species. On average the forest is thinned until reaching a density of 800-1200 trees/ha. Species such as Juniperus, Rhamnus al., Quercus rotundifolia, Quercus faginea or Fraxinus ornus are not removed which increases the probability to have a more fire-resistant vegetation composition in future. Dead or sick plants and also a part of fire-prone shrubs such as Ulex parv. and Cistus alb. are removed.
The remaining species are pruned (“poda”) until a maximum height of 2.5m to improve the conditions of the species. Around each tree they should clear an area of at least 2m but ideally there should be a distance of 6m between different individuals.
After felling trees and shrubs a part of the residues is chipped in-situ and covers the soil as mulch, which results in ecological benefits and provides fodder to livestock and game.

Location: Ayora/Jarafuel. Valencia, Spain
Date: 08-12-2013

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (The forest agent needs a high technical knowledge. He acts as a link between engineer and forest brigade and controls if the brigade executes what the engineer dictates. He also provides assistance.)
Technical knowledge required for forest engineer: high (The forest engineer works for the state and plans the clearing project, therefore he needs a high technical knowledge.)
Technical knowledge required for forest workers/brigade: low (The forest workers only execute what the engineer and the forest agent tell them. They need to know how to handle the machines but don’t have to judge which trees and shrubs need to be cleared.)

Main technical functions: control of fires, reduction of dry material (fuel for wildfires), reduction of fire-prone species
Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase / maintain water stored in soil, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Vegetative measure: selective vegetation clearing
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Trees/ shrubs species: Trees and shrubs are cleared (e.g. Ulex parviflorus, Cistus albidus, some pines)
Other species: Not removed species: e.g. Juniperus, Rhamnus alaternus, Quercus rotundifolia, Quercus faginea,
Author: Nina Lauterburg

Бий болгох ба арчилах: үйл ажиллагаа, материал ба зардал

Материал, зардлын тооцоо
  • Тооцоолсон зардлууд:
  • Зардал тооцоход ашигласан валют: Euro
  • Валютын ханш (ам.дол): 1 ам.дол = 0.74 Euro
  • Нэг өдрийн ажилчны хөдөлмөр хөлсний дундаж: 47.00
Зардалд нөлөөлөх хамгийн чухал хүчин зүйлс
The costs of selective forest clearing can be affected by numerous factors, such as slope (if the slope is steep, the work is much more difficult and takes more time), vegetation density (it takes more time to clear a dense area) and vegetation type (pine forest or shrubland), distance from a street (people can work less in a day if they have to walk far to clear). Important to note is that maintenance costs could increase with an increase in rainfall because the vegetation will grow faster.
Хэрэгжүүлж эхлэхэд шаардлагатай үйл ажиллагаа
  1. Cutting and chipping (in-situ) of trees and shrubs (selective clearing) (Хугацаа / давтамж: autumn/winter, in this case late spring (end of may))
  2. Transport of wood (fuel wood) (Хугацаа / давтамж: after clearing)
Бий болгоход шаардагдах материал ба зардал
Зардлын нэр, төрөл Хэмжих нэгж Тоо хэмжээ Нэгжийн үнэ (Euro) Зардал бүрийн нийт өртөг (Euro) Нийт дүнгээс газар ашиглагчийн төлсөн %
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт
labour ha 1.0 404.0 404.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж
machine use ha 1.0 2024.0 2024.0
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг 2'428.0
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг, ам.доллар 3'281.08
Арчилгаа, урсгал үйл ажиллагаа
  1. Cutting and chipping (in-situ) of trees and shrubs (selective clearing) (Хугацаа / давтамж: autumn/winter, in this case late spring (end of may))
  2. Transport of wood (fuelwood) (Хугацаа / давтамж: after clearing)
Арчилгаа, урсгал үйл ажиллагаанд шаардагдах материал ба зардал
Зардлын нэр, төрөл Хэмжих нэгж Тоо хэмжээ Нэгжийн үнэ (Euro) Зардал бүрийн нийт өртөг (Euro) Нийт дүнгээс газар ашиглагчийн төлсөн %
Тоног төхөөрөмж
machine use ha 1.0 446.0 446.0
Технологийн арчилгаа/урсгал үйл ажиллагаанд шаардагдах нийт үнэ өртөг 446.0
Технологи арчилах ба урсгал ажлын нийт үнэ өртөг, ам.доллар 602.7

Байгалийн нөхцөл

Жилийн дундаж хур тундас
  • < 250 мм
  • 251-500 мм
  • 501-750 мм
  • 751-1,000 мм
  • 1,001-1,500 мм
  • 1,501-2,000 мм
  • 2,001-3,000 мм
  • 3,001-4,000 мм
  • > 4,000 мм
Агро-уур амьсгалын бүс
  • чийглэг
  • чийглэг
  • хагас хуурай
  • хуурай
Уур амьсгалын үзүүлэлтүүд
Ayora, Jarafuel (Ayora: 383mm)
Thermal climate class: temperate
Налуу
  • хавтгай (0-2 %)
  • бага зэрэг налуу (3-5 %)
  • дунд зэрэг налуу (6-10 % )
  • хэвгий (11-15 %)
  • налуу (16-30 %)
  • их налуу (31-60 % )
  • эгц налуу (>60 %)
Гадаргын хэлбэр
  • тэгш өндөрлөг / тал
  • нуруу
  • уулын энгэр
  • дов толгод
  • бэл
  • хөндий
Далайн түвшнөөс дээшхи өндөр
  • 0-100 д.т.д. м.
  • 101-500 д.т.д. м.
  • 501-1,000 д.т.д м.
  • 1,001-1,500 д.т.д м.
  • 1,501-2,000 д.т.д м.
  • 2,001-2,500 д.т.д. м.
  • 2,501-3,000 д.т.д. м.
  • 3,001-4,000 д.т.д м.
  • > 4,000 д.т.д. м.
Технологийг нэвтрүүлсэн
  • гүдгэр нөхцөл
  • хотгор нөхцөл
  • хамааралгүй
Хөрсний зузаан
  • маш нимгэн (0-20 см)
  • нимгэн (21-50 см)
  • дунд зэрэг зузаан (51-80 см)
  • зузаан (81-120 cм)
  • маш зузаан (>120 cм)
Хөрсний бүтэц (өнгөн хөрс)
  • бүдүүн/ хөнгөн (элсэрхэг)
  • дундаж (элсэнцэр, шавранцар)
  • нарийн /хүнд (шаварлаг)
Хөрсний бүтэц (гадаргаас доош > 20 см)
  • бүдүүн/ хөнгөн (элсэрхэг)
  • дундаж (элсэнцэр, шавранцар)
  • нарийн /хүнд (шаварлаг)
Өнгөн хөрсний ялзмагийн хэмжээ
  • их (>3 %)
  • дунд (1-3 % )
  • бага (<1 % )
Гүний усны түвшин
  • гадаргаас
  • < 5 м
  • 5-50 м
  • > 50 м
Гадаргын усны хүртээмж
  • хангалттай
  • сайн
  • дунд зэрэг
  • хангалтгүй/ байхгүй
Усны чанар (боловсруулаагүй)
  • сайн чанарын ундны ус
  • муу чанарын ундны ус (цэвэршүүлэх шаардлагатай)
  • зөвхөн газар тариалангийн зориулалтаар ашиглах (усалгаа)
  • ашиглах боломжгүй
Усны чанар гэж:
Усны давсжилтын түвшинийг орчны асуудал гэж тооцдог уу?
  • Тийм
  • Үгүй

Үерийн давтамж
  • Тийм
  • Үгүй
Зүйлийн олон янз байдал
  • Их
  • дунд зэрэг
  • Бага
Амьдрах орчны олон янз байдал
  • Их
  • дунд зэрэг
  • Бага

Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газар ашиглагчдын тодорхойлолт

Зах зээлийн чиг хандлага
  • амь зуух арга хэлбэрийн (өөрийгөө хангах)
  • холимог (амьжиргаа ба худалдаанд)
  • худалдаа наймааны/ зах зээлийн
Орлогын бусад эх үүсвэр
  • Нийт орлогын 10 %-иас доош
  • Нийт орлогын 10-50 %
  • Нийт орлогын 50 %-иас дээш
Чинээлэг байдлын түвшин
  • нэн ядуу
  • ядуу
  • дундаж
  • чинээлэг
  • маш чинээлэг
Механикжуулалтын түвшин
  • гар ажил
  • ердийн хөсөг
  • механикжсан / мотортой
Суурин эсвэл нүүдлийн
  • Суурьшмал
  • Хагас-нүүдэлийн
  • Нүүдэлийн
Хувь хүн эсвэл бүлгүүд
  • Хувь хүн / өрх
  • бүлэг / олон нийтийн
  • хоршоо
  • ажилтан (компани, засгийн газар)
Хүйс
  • эмэгтэй
  • эрэгтэй
Нас
  • хүүхэд
  • залуус
  • дунд нас
  • ахимаг нас
Өрхийн зориулалтаар ашиглах газрын талбай
  • < 0.5 га
  • 0.5-1 га
  • 1-2 га
  • 2-5 га
  • 5-15 га
  • 15-50 га
  • 50-100 га
  • 100-500 га
  • 500-1,000 га
  • 1,000-10,000 га
  • > 10,000 га
Хэмжээ
  • бага-хэмжээний
  • дунд-хэмжээний
  • том-хэмжээний
Газар өмчлөл
  • төрийн
  • компани
  • нэгдлийн/ тосгон
  • бүлэг
  • хувь хүн, өмчийн гэрчилгээгүй
  • хувь хүн, өмчийн гэрчилгээтэй
Газар ашиглах эрх
  • нээлттэй хүртэх (зохион байгуулалтгүй)
  • нэгдлийн хэлбэрээр (зохион байгуулалттай)
  • түрээсийн хэлбэрээр
  • хувь хүн
  • public/open access but organised (e.g. wood, hunting)
Ус ашиглах эрх
  • нээлттэй хүртэх (зохион байгуулалтгүй)
  • нэгдлийн хэлбэрээр (зохион байгуулалттай)
  • түрээсийн хэлбэрээр
  • хувь хүн
  • public/open access but organised (e.g. wood, hunting)
Дэд бүтэц, үйлчилгээний хүртээмж

Нөлөө

Нийгэм-эдийн засгийн үр нөлөө
тэжээл үйлдвэрлэл
буурсан
x
нэмэгдсэн


Vegetation removal produces fresh growth. More grasses available for animals (game and livestock) in the cleared areas.

тэжээлийн чанар
буурсан
x
нэмэгдсэн


The new growth provides more diverse and nutritious fodder Animals (especially goats) eat everything but they like more young grasses than shrubs

малын бүтээмж
буурсан
x
нэмэгдсэн


Game/wildlife and livestock are better because there is an increase in fodder quantity and quality

модлогийн бүтээмж
буурсан
x
нэмэгдсэн


Production increases because there is less competition between species (nutrients,light,space). The wood/timber generated by the clearing can be used for biomass, fertilizers, pellets, firewood. A part of the wood is chipped in-situ and applied as mulch.

бүтээгдэхүүний олон янз хэлбэр
буурсан
x
нэмэгдсэн


Honey (bees can fly better), hunting, wood/timber

бүтээмжит талбай (ашиглалт/тарилт хийгдэх талбай)
буурсан
x
нэмэгдсэн


There are more opportunities to place the beehives

эрчим хүч үйлдвэрлэл (усны, био г.м.)
буурсан
x
нэмэгдсэн


A part of the cleared vegetation is used for bioenergy (biomass).

ХАА-н зардал
Нэмэгдсэн
x
Буурсан


Less damage on the cultivated fields because the wild animals do not destroy the fields anymore and stay in the forest (because there is more grass available due to clearings).

тухайн аж ахуйн орлого
буурсан
x
нэмэгдсэн


A cleared forest has a higher value–e.g. a “finca” with an exclusive right for hunting earns more because there are more animals (more fodder), or because it is easier to shoot animals (less possibilities to hide). Each killed animal has to be paid.

ажлын хэмжээ
Нэмэгдсэн
x
Буурсан


The establishment and the maintenance is expensive because the work has to be done manually (manual machines)

fuelwood
decreased
x
increased


Villagers of Jarafuel receive fuelwood gained by clearings for free (from municipal council).

job uncertainty
increased
x
decreased


If there is no money provided by the state the clearings cannot be executed. This constitutes a high risk for forest workers because they never know if they will loose their jobs

Нийгэм-соёлын үр нөлөө
хүнсний аюулгүй байдал/ өөрийн хэрэгцээг хангах
буурсан
x
сайжирсан


Forest workers earn money to buy food, otherwise they would depend on unemployment pay and thus put pressure on the state.

эрүүл мэндийн байдал
муудсан
x
сайжирсан


Improved air quality by reducing forest fires

соёлын боломжууд (жишээ нь, шүтлэгийн, гоозүйн, бусад)
буурсан
x
сайжирсан


People appreciate the visual impact of a cleared forest. It has a high aesthetic value and offers recreational opportunities.

амралт, рекреацийн боломжууд
буурсан
x
сайжирсан


People appreciate the visual impact of a cleared forest. It has a high aesthetic value and offers recreational opportunities.

ГТМ/ газрын доройтлын мэдлэг
буурсан
x
сайжирсан


Local people know about the importance of conservation of the area and really like to have the forest protected of wildfires

маргааныг шийдвэрлэх
муудсан
x
сайжирсан


Less fires result in a decrease of the destroyed area, less money will have to be invested in restoration or fire extinction. Farmers, hunters,honey producers will experience fewer losses. Wild animals remain in the forest (more grasses after clearing).

нийгэм, эдийн засгийн эмзэг бүлгүүдийн нөхцөл байдал (жендер, нас, төлөв, яс үндэс г.м.)
муудсан
x
сайжирсан


More jobs for unemployed, this is especially important during the current economic crisis

contribution to human well-being
decreased
x
increased


Through the clearings it is easier to control fires and protect people. Furthermore it created jobs for the unemployed. In general forest management is not something people want to do, they work in this sector only if there are no other job opportunities. Forest management means a hard job and this kind of work is not well-respected in society.

Экологийн үр нөлөө
ууршилт
Нэмэгдсэн
x
Буурсан


Due to the mulch layer more moisture is stored in the soil and less water is lost by evaporation (the soil is covered)

хөрсний чийг
буурсан
x
нэмэгдсэн


More soil moisture because of less dense forest/shrubland and mulch cover after clearing

хөрсөн бүрхэвч
буурсан
x
сайжирсан


Mulch layer

хөрс хагарах/ хагсах
Нэмэгдсэн
x
багассан


Mulch layer protects the soil from crusting

шимт бодисын эргэлт/ сэргэлт
буурсан
x
нэмэгдсэн

хөрсний органик нэгдэл/ хөрсөнд агуулагдах карбон
буурсан
x
нэмэгдсэн

газрын дээрхи / доорхи карбон
буурсан
x
нэмэгдсэн

ургамлын төрөл, зүйл
буурсан
x
нэмэгдсэн


By clearing the competition between species is reduced but the forest agent told me that there are not more species, the same species grow again. But maybe there is more space for dispersal of seeds by birds.

амьтны төрөл, зүйл
буурсан
x
нэмэгдсэн


There might be more animals because of the fodder supply

хортон шавж/өвчний хяналт
буурсан
x
нэмэгдсэн


Mono-plantations are bad for the propagation of a pest. After clearing there is a decrease in competition, plants are in healthier conditions,less prone to diseases.Weak plants are eliminated which reduces the risk of pests (always weak plants affected)

нүүрстөрөгч ба хүлэмжийн хийн ялгаруулалт
Нэмэгдсэн
x
Буурсан


less emissions because there is less burnt vegetation

түймрийн эрсдэл
Нэмэгдсэн
x
Буурсан


By clearing the forest the vertical and horizontal connectivity of the vegetation is interrupted and the amount of fuel is reduced.

Зэргэлдээ талбайд илрэх нөлөө
голын адагт үерлэх (тааламжгүй)
Нэмэгдсэн
x
багассан


When fire removes less vegetation then the soil is less prone to flooding

голын адагт лаг шавар хуримтлагдах
Нэмэгдсэн
x
Буурсан


When fire removes less vegetation then the soil is less vulnerable to erosion

нийтийн/хувийн хэвшлийн дэд бүтцэд учрах хохирол
Нэмэгдсэн
x
багассан


Forest fire frequency and intensity and the associated damages are reduced

Өртөг ба ашгийн шинжилгээ

Бий болгох зардалтай харьцуулахад олсон ашиг
Богино хугацаанд эргэн төлөгдөх байдал
маш сөрөг
x
маш эерэг

Урт хугацаанд эргэн төлөгдөх байдал
маш сөрөг
x
маш эерэг

Урсгал зардалтай харьцуулахад олсон ашиг
Богино хугацаанд эргэн төлөгдөх байдал
маш сөрөг
x
маш эерэг

Урт хугацаанд эргэн төлөгдөх байдал
маш сөрөг
x
маш эерэг

Both the short-term and the long-term benefits are very positive assuming that maintenance is done. It contributes to prevent devastating fires and to guarantee a healthy forest. Together with the creation of jobs, directly after clearing there is firewood and timber available and a reduced risk of wildfires. But it should also be considered that the establishment costs are high. If maintenance is not done the long-term returns will be very negative because an increase in the risk of fire will occur again (without management, there will also be no firewood, no timber and no jobs). The maintenance costs increase the longer you wait because the vegetation will grow again densely.

Уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт

Уур амьсгалын аажим өөрчлөлт
жилийн дундаж температур Өсөлт

маш муу
x
маш сайн
Уур амьсгалаас хамаарах аюул (гамшиг)
орон нутгийн аадар бороо

маш муу
x
маш сайн
орон нутгийн салхин шуурга

маш муу
x
маш сайн
ган гачиг

маш муу
x
маш сайн
усны үер (гол)

маш муу
x
маш сайн
Уур амьсгалд хамаарах бусад үр дагавар
цргалтын хугацаа багасах

маш муу
маш сайн
Хариулт: мэдэхгүй

Нутагшуулах ба дасан зохицох

Тухайн нутаг дэвсгэрт Технологийг нэвтрүүлсэн газар ашиглагчдын хувь
  • жишээ/ туршилт
  • 1-10 %
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
Технологийг нэвтрүүлсэн бүх хүмүүсийн хэд нь материаллаг урамшуулал авалгүйгээр технологийг хэрэгжүүлсэн бэ?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
Технологи нь өөрчлөгдөж буй нөхцөл байдалд дасан зохицохын тулд өөрчлөгдсөн үү?
  • Тийм
  • Үгүй
Ямар өөрчлөлтөнд эмзэг вэ?
  • уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт/ экстрим үзэгдэл
  • зах зээлийн өөрчлөлт
  • ажил хөдөлмөр эрхлэх боломж (ж.нь шилжих хөдөлгөөний улмаас)

Дүгнэлт, сургамж

Давуу тал: газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор
  • There are both social and economic benefits for local people. The selective clearings provide jobs for rural people, which allows them to increase their livelihood conditions. People do not depend on unemployment pays and are therefore more accepted in society. A part of the extracted wood is used for biomass, fertilizers, pellets, or firewood. Furthermore there would be improved conditions for grazing. Therefore forest management contributes to rural development.
  • There are also off-site benefits. Fewer fires will result in a reduction of downstream flooding, downstream siltation and damage on neighbours’ fields. When fire removes less vegetation the soil is less vulnerable to erosion.
  • In Jarafuel where most of the land is public retired people receive the firewood gained by forest clearings for free. They can use the wood for cooking and heating and save a lot of money.
  • Almost all villagers like to see a cleared forest. It has a high aesthetic and recreational value (it is possible to walk through the forest). They are also aware that the risk of wildfires is reduced through this technology.
  • Shepherds, hunters and farmers benefit from forest clearings. Vegetation removal produces fresh vegetation growth, therefore more diverse and nutritious fodder is available for animals (game and livestock) in the cleared areas. Game/wildlife and livestock are better because there is an increase in fodder quantity and quality. Wild animals benefit from this food source which in turn hinders them to destroy cultivated fields of the farmers. Also honey producers benefit from the cleared areas since bees can fly better and there is more place to put the beehives, furthermore the growth of shrubs is enhanced.
Давуу тал: эмхэтгэгч эсвэл бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн бодлоор
  • Through selective forest clearing the fuel amount and connectivity (vertical/horizontal) is reduced which is crucial for preventing the occurrence and spread of large forest fires.
  • There is a reduction of competition between plants which is essential to ensure a healthy forest (more nutrients, light, space). This also leads to a higher resistance against pests which in turn again decreases the fire risk (less dead or sick plants).
  • Fuel management through vegetation clearing presents some positive aspects with respect to other techniques, e.g. the possibility of being selective in order to preserve desired species or individuals. Furthermore, after felling trees and shrubs a part of the vegetation is chipped in-situ and covers the soil as mulch. This results in ecological benefits (e.g. increase in soil moisture, prevention from erosion, enhancement of nutrient cycling, reduction of the soil surface temperature and evaporation loss).
  • The trees/shrubs are cut but the roots are not removed. This ensures the stability and productivity of the soil.
  • Fewer fires result in a decrease of the destroyed area, less money will have to be invested in restoration or fire extinction. Furthermore, farmers, hunters and honey producers will experience fewer losses.
Сул тал/ дутагдал / эрсдэл: газар ашиглагчийн бодлоордаван туулах боломжууд
Сул тал/ дутагдал / эрсдэл: эмхэтгэгч эсвэл бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн бодлоордаван туулах боломжууд
  • The establishment and the maintenance activities are expensive and labour-intensive. Without management the technology is not effective anymore. It would be necessary to extract biomass from the forest to decrease the continuity of the trees and shrubs. In case of a lack of management the risk of fires increases. Management is crucial. Prevention measures are often less expensive than rehabilitation activities after a fire. The state should therefore invest more money in forest management and fire prevention. Managing the forest would not only decrease the risk of fire but also generate benefits (e.g. wood, biomass, fuelwood). Instead of getting unemployment pay people could get jobs in forest management. Stakeholders mentioned that it would be important to promote the forest as a sustainable economic resource and that the relation between the villagers and the forest should be enhanced. Furthermore it was mentioned that traditional activities (such as grazing, agriculture, wood gathering) should be reactivated and that the villagers should get economic compensation to maintain the forest in a good state. Especially the promotion of grazing was stressed many times. Also planting of more fire-resistant species (late successional stages) in some spots as suggested by CEAM could increase the resilience of the ecosystem and decrease management costs.
  • The clearing of forests has potential to prevent fires and therefore degradation. But there are also a lot of highly connected shrublands with a high fuel load which are not addressed by this management practice. Shrublands need to be cleared as well since they constitute a huge risk for wildfires.
  • If there is more space after clearing the first shrubs which will grow will be fire-prone early successional species, such as Cistus albidus and Ulex parviflorus. Without management, they will increase the risk of fires. Recurrent maintenance is crucial to ensure the effectiveness of the technology. Management through grazing could be a simple way to reduce the costs and the risk. By planting resprouter species really densely seeders would not grow anymore in those spots which would also decrease the fire risk and the management costs.
  • When the clearing is done on extremely steep slopes there might be an increase in erosion. Before clearing the soil erosion risk should be calculated.
  • In some areas there will be less shade which could harm some species.

Суурь мэдээлэлүүд

Эмхэтгэгч
  • Nina Lauterburg
Хянан тохиолдуулагчид
Хянагч
  • Alexandra Gavilano
  • Deborah Niggli
  • Hanspeter Liniger
Баримтжуулсан огноо: 06 8-р сар 2013
Сүүлийн шинэчлэл: 01 12-р сар 2021
Мэдээлэл өгсөн хүн
WOCAT мэдээллийн сан дахь бүрэн тодорхойлолт
Холбогдох ГТМ мэдээлэл
Баримтжуулалтыг зохион байгуулсан
Байгууллага Төсөл
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International