1.2 Технологийг үнэлэх, баримтжуулах ажилд хамаарах мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүс, байгууллагуудын холбоо барих мэдээлэл

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO Food and Agriculture Organization) - Итали

1.3 WOCAT-аар баримтжуулсан өгөгдлийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцөл

Мэдээллийг хэзээ (газар дээр нь) цуглуулсан бэ?

02/11/2012

Эмхэтгэгч болон гол мэдээлэгч хүн(хүмүүс) WOCAT аргачлалаар баримтжуулсан мэдээллийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцлийг хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн.

Тийм

2.1 Технологийн товч тодорхойлолт

Технологийн тодорхойлолт:

A combination of agricultural (e.g. intercropping, mulching, minimum tillage), vegetative (e.g. Napier grass strips, trees planting) and structural (e.g. ditches, bench terracing) measures which aim to maximise the overall yield in a sustainable manner (e.g. reduction of soil erosion and increasing the soil quality).

2.2 Технологийн дэлгэрэнгүй тайлбар

Тодорхойлолт:

The land of the farmer is of 3 acres: 2 acres to plant maize (Zea mays) intercropped with beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in combination with several trees species: Mangoes, Avocadoes, Bananas, Grevillea and Makadamia and half acre for coffee plantation with Bananas and half with Napier grass production for fodder (to feed cows). To increase and fasten the grass growth, manure is applied twice a year, before the rainy season (around February and September), while mulching is practiced under Banana trees every season. Minimum tillage is applied to reduce soil disturbance and to increase water use efficiency by minimizing direct evaporation, increasing infiltration and water recharge (Liniger, 1991) especially during dry seasons, which results in better crop yields.
For timber production Grevillea trees are planted scattered overall the land and on the edge of the river for demarcation (environmental role in stabilizing the soil against erosive forces).
Concerning the structural measures, the farmer constructed has built 14 bench terraces, six of them were designed to plant cash crops (coffee); each terrace is characterized by a ditch to cut off the drainage and collect water and nutrients; they are also used as paths to facilitate transportation and farm operations. Ditches are both drainage and infiltration types and are excavated along the contour.

Purpose of the Technology: Beans and maize are cultivated for home consumption but partially (about 20%-4 bags of maize and half bag of beans) also for commercial purposes. Coffee is harvested twice a year, with a production of about 500 kg per season; the coffee is sold at 45 Kenyan Shillings (KSh) per kg (SL-28-arabica varieties). Indeed, the farmer is interested in cultivating the certified and improved variety called Ruiru 11 which is generally disease resistant, easy to maintain (less expensive) with a modest risk of pests (according to the farmer). Grevillea timber is sold twice a year, only trees of 1.5 feet in diameter (about 45 cm), at about 80 KSh per feet. Beside the commercial role of Grevillea, when sufficiently grown these trees lead to a reduction of the wind speed, protect the intercrops and provide mulching material to be used over banana trees. The deep roots of mature Grevillea are not in competition with the crops for soil and water, instead they enhance infiltration (Otengi, 2007). Makadamia will be used to produce cooking oil, while bananas, avocados and mangoes are fruits collected for the local markets. Napier grass is cultivated to stabilize the ditches and for fodder production.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: There is a high initial input (mainly labour) needed to create ditches and terraces and for planting crops is required. The vegetative and structural measures require a labour intensive management during the year, for example maintenance is necessary after each rainy season to repair ditches and to rebuild terraces (e.g. because of the accumulation of soil and organic matter in the pits and ditches). Concerning Napier grass, labour is employed regularly for weed control, to cut grass for fodder and every three seasons to replace and replant the grass because it becomes less productive. Concerning trees, in the Agroforestry systems, canopies of Mango and Avocado trees shade the soil reducing evapotranspiration and therefore improving soil water storage. On the other hand, regular pruning is needed when the shadow effect obstructs photosynthesis and therefore growth of the crops planted below (maize and beans). Pruning of branches is carried out also for firewood. Furthermore, a common practice is Grevillea root pruning to conserve soil moisture (Otengi, 2007) and to reduce competition for nutrients during the growing season. Indeed, the farmer explained how superficial roots may interfere with the Banana root system and to cut them he has created small trenches. Harvesting is carried out twice during the year for both cereals and coffee.

Natural / human environment: The area is characterized by rolling to hilly slopes, therefore it is exposed to erosion and land degradation. The combination of trees with mixed crops is adopted to maximise productivity and at the same time to prevent degradation by increasing the vegetative cover.

2.3 Технологийн гэрэл зураг

2.5 Энэ үнэлгээнд хамрагдсан технологийг хэрэгжүүлсэн улс орон / бүс нутаг / байршил

2.6 Хэрэгжих огноо

Байгуулсан тодорхой оныг мэдэхгүй бол баримжаа хугацааг тодорхойл:

• >50 жилийн өмнө (уламжлалт)

2.7 Технологийн танилцуулга

Технологийг хэрхэн нэвтрүүлснийг тодорхойл:

• Уламжлалт системийн хэсэг (> 50 жил)

Тайлбар (төслийн төрөл г.м.):

The technology has been started by the father of the farmer about 70 years ago. His initiative has been developed and improved over time thanks also to the support of the MoA extension officers.

3.2 Технологи хэвтрүүлсэн газрын одоогийн газар ашиглалтын хэлбэр(д)

Тайлбар:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion and nutrient leaching which could drain into the river (Fig. 17).
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): The most important limiting factor to the crop and fodder production remains water: not only related to the weather conditions (e.g. shorter and delayed rainy seasons) but due to the lack of a proper irrigation systems, to minimize the water losses and time. Furthermore, soil has been considered 'not good', because does not hold enough water due to the slope of the land.

Хэрэв технологи нэвтрүүлснээр газар ашиглалт өөрчлөгдсөн бол технологи нэвтрүүлэхээс өмнө байсан газар ашиглалтын хэлбэрийг тодорхойлно уу:

Agroforestry

3.3 Газар ашиглалтын нэмэлт мэдээлэл

Технологи хэрэгжүүлсэн газрын усан хангамж:

• Байгалийн усалгаатай

Нэг жил дэх ургамал ургах улирлын тоо:

• 2

Тодорхойлно уу:

Longest growing period in days: 122Longest growing period from month to month: from about March to JuneSecond longest growing period in days: 61Second longest growing period from month to month: from about October to November

Малын нягт (шаардлагатай бол):

< 1 LU/km2

3.5 Технологийн тархалт

Технологи өргөн дэлгэрсэн эсхийг тодорхойл:

• газар дээр жигд тархсан

Технологи газар нутгийн хэмжээнд жигд тархсан бол түүний эзлэх талбайг дундажаар тооцож тэмдэглэ:

• < 0.1 км2 (10 га)

Тайлбар:

About 1.21 ha (3 acres).
The area accounts for the land owned and cultivated by the farmer. According to the interviewee from the Ministry of Agriculture, on average farmers in Saba Saba sub-catchment own 1 acre of land (Elemans, 2011).

3.6 Технологийг бүрдүүлэх ГТМ арга хэмжээ

Тайлбар:

Type of agronomic measures: mulching, legume inter-planting, manure / compost / residues, minimum tillage
Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -graded strips

3.7 Технологийн шийдвэрлэсэн газрын доройтлын үндсэн төрлүүд

Тайлбар:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Poor soil management practices), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Poor vegetation cover, mainly herbaceous), disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff) (Land use: cropland), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (From gentle to hilly slope)
Secondary causes of degradation: Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Especially during wet seasons: March-June and October-November)

3.8 Газрын доройтлоос урьдчилан сэргийлэх, сааруулах ба нөхөн сэргээх

Газрын доройтолтой холбоотойгоор Технологи ямар зорилго тавьсан болохыг тодорхойл:

• Газрын доройтлоос урьдчилан сэргийлэх
• Газрын доройтлыг багасгах сааруулах

4.1 Технологийн техникийн зураг

4.2 Техникийн үзүүлэлтүүд/ техникийн зургийн тайлбар

Detailed overview of the Agroforestry system in a bench terrace with infiltration (retention) and cut off (drainage) ditches. Along them, strips of Napier grass on both sides.

Location: Upper Saba saba river. Kagurumo in Muthithi location

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Secondary technical functions: improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water, increase of biomass (quantity)

Mulching
Material/ species: Organic residues around Banana trees
Quantity/ density: undefined

Legume inter-planting
Quantity/ density: 3bags270kg

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: Manure from two cows
Quantity/ density: 8 tonnes
Remarks: for 1 year

Aligned: -graded strips
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 400 grass per2lines strip
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): few cm
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.4
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.6-1

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, F : fruit trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): about 80

Trees/ shrubs species: Grevillea, Coffee

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Persea americana, Musa sapientum, Mangifera indica, Macadamia tetraphylla

Grass species: Pennisetum pyramidalis (Napier grass or elephant grass)

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 20-25%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 15%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 5-8%

Diversion ditch/ drainage
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1
Spacing between structures (m): 8-13
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6-1

Retention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1
Spacing between structures (m): 8-13
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6-1

Terrace: forward sloping
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1
Spacing between structures (m): 12-15

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 5-8 (moderate) (Fig.4-7Annex3)%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 5%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 25-30%

4.3 Материал болон зардалд хамаарах ерөнхий мэдээлэл

бусад/үндэсний мөнгөн нэгж (тодорхойл):

Kenyan Schellings

Ам.доллар ба үндэсний мөнгөн нэгж хоорондын хөрвөх үнийг тодорхойл (шаардлагатай бол): 1 USD = :

85.9

4.4 Байгуулах үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Арга хэмжээний төрөл	Хугацаа
1.	Digging holes and planting Coffee seedlings (20 KSh per plant)	Ургамалжуулалтын
2.	Digging holes (1 feet ×1 feet) and planting trees (seedlings)- 4 days ×5 persons at Ksh 200.e.g. the main work consist of digging small pits for bananas (300 plants)	Ургамалжуулалтын
3.	Establishment of the infiltration ditches and cutoff drains (total 5). 3p.d. (200 Ksh *3) each.	Бүтцийн	Each season: during dry season
4.	Establishment of the retention ditches with bench terraces (tot.8): 2 p.d., 250 Ksh per day	Бүтцийн	Each season: during dry season

4.5 Байгуулалтад шаардагдах зардал ба материал

	Хөрөнгө оруулалтыг дурьдана уу	Хэмжих нэгж	Тоо хэмжээ	Нэгжийн өртөг	Материал бүрийн нийт өртөг	% газар ашиглачаас гарсан зардал
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	digging holes	person/day	20.0	46.0	920.0	100.0
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	infiltration ditches	person/day	1.0	1277.0	1277.0	100.0
Таримал материал	seedlings	ha	1.0	116.0	116.0	100.0
Бусад	cows	animal	2.0	349.0	698.0	100.0
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг					3011.0

Тайлбар:

Duration of establishment phase: 6 month(s)

4.6 Засвар үйлчилгээ / давтагдах үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Арга хэмжээний төрөл	Хугацаа/ давтамж
1.	Minimum tillage and planting maize and beans	Агрономийн	2 times in a year
2.	Harvesting maize/beans (around Feb/March and Ag/Sept)	Агрономийн	2 times in a year
3.	Feeding cows on daily basis (normally 3 times a day): 200 Ksh is the price of 1 labour to feed the cows with lunch, for 6 days	Агрономийн	daily basis
4.	Preparation and application of manure	Агрономийн	2 times in a year
5.	Digging planting holes and planting grass	Ургамалжуулалтын	2 times (because they get 'old') or 1 half year, depending on the conditions
6.	Maintenance of the grass (weed control and cutting Napier grass/repairing and collecting fodder)	Ургамалжуулалтын	Every season (March/Sept); cutting Napier: 2times in a season
7.	Clearing the tree for selling timber (the price depends also of the use of the chainsaw (or saw) or not -(considering 4 trees at the time) - with machine operator	Ургамалжуулалтын	When in need of cash (not regularly), not less than 5 years after planting
8.	Prepare manure and feeding cows on daily basis (normally 3 times a day): 200 Ksh is the price of 1 labour to feed the cows with lunch, for 6 days (7200 for 6 months)	Ургамалжуулалтын	Every season
9.	Pruning branches/roots and let them dry for firewood- (considering 4 trees at the time) 3 persons days- 200Ksh	Ургамалжуулалтын	Every 3 seasons (and when shortage of firewood)
10.	Mulching	Ургамалжуулалтын	Twice in the year on Bananas
11.	Harvesting coffee	Ургамалжуулалтын	Twice in the year
12.	Distribute manure on Napier grass, also in the pits	Ургамалжуулалтын	2 times
13.	Repairing the ditches and remove excess of soil/leaves accumulated during the rainy season	Бүтцийн	After rains (every season)
14.	Rebuilt repair terraces	Бүтцийн	3 times per year

4.7 Засвар үйлчилгээ / урсгал үйл ажиллагаанд шаардагдах зардал ба материал (жилээр)

	Хөрөнгө оруулалтыг дурьдана уу	Хэмжих нэгж	Тоо хэмжээ	Нэгжийн өртөг	Материал бүрийн нийт өртөг	% газар ашиглачаас гарсан зардал
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	maintenance		1.0	353.0	353.0	100.0
Таримал материал	seedlings		1.0	66.0	66.0	100.0
Технологийг арчилах тордоход шаардагдах нийт үнэ өртөг					419.0

Тайлбар:

Machinery/ tools: panga, fork djembe, hoes, shovel, fork djembe, panga, saw, shovels, fork djembe

The costs has been computed during the period of the field visit and include all the costs for the establishment and the maintenance of the different measures (structural, agronomic and vegetative), for 3 acre of land.

4.8 Зардалд нөлөөлж байгаа хамгийн чухал хүчин зүйл

Өртөг зардлыг тодорхойлох гол хүчин зүйлсийг дурьдана уу:

In the farmer's opinion, the main constrains are the costs carried out to maintain the structural measures described. Water instead become the limiting environmental factor during dry season.

5.1 Уур амьсгал

5.2 Байрзүйн зураг

5.3 Хөрс

5.4 Усны хүртээм ба чанар

5.5 Биологийн төрөл зүйл

5.6 Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газар ашиглагчидын онцлог шинж

Газар ашиглагчдын бусад шаардлагатай шинж чанарыг тодорхойл:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
Off-farm income specification: The farmer is rich because he owns 3 acre of land and livestock, assets (electricity) which are above the average standards of the community. No family food insecure issues during all year, and he was a teacher.

5.7 Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газар ашиглагчдын эзэмшдэг эсвэл түрээслэдэг газрын дундаж талбай

5.8 Газар эзэмшил, газар ашиглах эрх, ус ашиглах эрх

Газар өмчлөл:

• Хувь хүн, тодорхой цол эргэмгүй

Газар ашиглах эрх:

• Хувь хүн

Ус ашиглах эрх:

• Нээлттэй хүртэх (зохион байгуулалтгүй)

Тайлбар:

Water use rights depend on the use: open access for drinking and domestic uses.

5.9 Дэд бүтэц, үйлчилгээний хүртээмж

6.1 Технологийн талбай дахь үр нөлөө

Нийгэм-эдийн засгийн үр нөлөө

Үйлдвэрлэл

Орлого, зарлага

Нийгэм-соёлын үр нөлөө

Экологийн үр нөлөө

Усны эргэлт/ илүүдэл

Хөрс

Биологийн: ургамал, амьтан

6.2 Технологийн талбайн гадна үзүүлсэн үр нөлөө

6.3 Технологийн уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт ба Уур амьсгалаас хамаарах аюул/гамшигт үзэгдэлд өртөх байдал ба эмзэг байдал (газар ашиглагч нарын дүгнэлтээр)

Уур амьсгалын аажим өөрчлөлт

Уур амьсгалын аажим өөрчлөлт

	Улирал	Уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт/экстрим үзэгдлийн төрөл	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
Жилийн дундаж температур		Өсөлт	Мэдэхгүй

Уур амьсгалаас хамаарах аюулууд (гамшигууд)

Цаг уурын гамшигууд

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
Орон нутгийн аадар бороо	Сайн
Орон нутгийн салхин шуурга	Сайн

Уур амьсгалын гамшигууд

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
Ган гачиг	Сайн биш

Гидрологийн гамшиг

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
усны үер (гол)	Сайн

Бусад уур амьсгалд хамаарах үр дагаварууд

Бусад уур амьсгалд хамаарах үр дагаварууд

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
Ургалтын хугацаа багасах	Мэдэхгүй

6.4 Зардал ба үр ашгийн шинжилгээ

Үр ашгийг барилга байгууламжийн зардалтай (газар ашиглагчдын үзэл бодлоор) хэрхэн харьцуулах вэ?

Үр ашгийг засвар үйлчилгээ/ урсгал зардалтай (газар ашиглагчдын үзэл бодлоор) хэрхэн харьцуулах вэ?

6.5 Технологи нутагшуулах

Технологийн нэвтрүүлсэн иргэдээс хэд нь өөрийн санаачлагаар буюу өөр эх үүсвэрээс материалын болон мөнгөн дэмжлэг авалгүй нэвтрүүлсэн бэ?

• 0-10%

Тайлбар:

1% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 Технологийн давуу тал/боломжууд

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд
Agroforestry (dispersed trees on cropland) and intercropping: The technology is simple to adopt and provides a sustainable land management with a diversified source of income/ food supply. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Implementation could focus on the increase of species: Jaetzold et al. (1982) underlines the positive impacts of the use of biomass from Mucuna, Crotalaria, Tithonia, Calliandra and Leucanean hedges/trees for soil fertility improvements, increasing grain yields. Crop rotation and leaving crop residues on the ground could further help increasing the production.
Napier grass has been used for different purposes: e.g. ditch stabilization, fodder production. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Other herbaceous vegetation could also be planted: e.g. Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower),an excellent green manure and medicinal plant.

6.8 Технологийн дутагдалтай/сул тал/аюул болон тэдгээрийн хэрхэн даван туулах арга замууд

Газар ашиглагч нарын тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл	Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?
The amount of work required to carry out all the activities is too much.

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл	Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?
The technologies in place require regular maintenance especially during rainy seasons.

7.2 Хүртээмжтэй ном, бүтээлийн ишлэл

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

Jaetzold R., and Schmidt H., 1983. Farm Management Handbook of Kenya. Natural Conditions and Farm Management Information. Vol. 2.Part B: Central Kenya.

Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?

http://www2.gtz.de/dokumente/bib/07-1284.pdf

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

Jaetzold R., Schmidt H., Hornetz B., Shisanya C., 1982. Farm Management Handbook of Kenya. Natural Conditions and Farm Management Information. West Kenya, Subpart A2. Nyanza Province.

Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?

http://www2.gtz.de/dokumente/bib/07-1284.pdf

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

Liniger HP (1991). Water conservation for rainfall farming in the semi-arid Footzones northwest of Mt. Kenya (Laikipia highlands). Consequence on the water balance and the soil productivity. Laikipia/Mt. Kenya PaperD-3, Nairobi, Kenya & Bern, Switzerland.

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

Ouma J. O., Murithi F. M., Mwangi W., Verguijl H., Gethi M., De Groote H., 2002. Adoption of maize seed and fertilizer technologies in Embu District, Kenya. KARI, CYMMIT.

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

Otengi S. B. B., Stigter C. J., Ng'anga J. K. N. H. Liniger H. P., 2007. Soil moisture and its consequences under different management in a six year old hedged agroforestry demonstration plot in semi-arid Kenya, for two successive contrasting seasons. African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 2(3), pp. 089-104.

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

Storey P. J., 2002. The conservation and improvement of sloping land. Volume 1: Practical understanding. Chapter 5: Improving the soil management.