water harvesting (Quênia)

Descrição

Water harvesting for agricultural production in ASALS.

Aims / objectives: Water harvesting to enhance extra moisture and for reduced risks of crop failure. The technology combines retention/infiltration ditches, bench terraces, appropriate tillaging, manure use, water channels diverting run off from either high ways or natural waterways and stabilization of SWC embankment. Implementation is made by land users with guidance of SWC specialists. Land users may be a group or individual, though the land use type is individual ownership.

Other important information: Most of part 2: specification of SWC approach, QA2.11.3-QA2.5.2.3 were answered with assumptions since there never existed other projects in the area before this indigeneous one known as extra humid in arid and semi-arid lands (EHMASAL) programme established in 2000 to provide land users with the existing SWC technologies and methods of approaches to meet the prevailing need of self-sufficience and food security. The programme strategies are attached.

Localização

Localização: Eastern province, Quênia

Geo-referência de locais selecionados

37.619, -1.789

Data de início: 2000

Ano de término: n.a.

Tipo de abordagem

Tradicional/Indígena
Iniciativa/inovação local recente
Baseado em projeto/programa

Objetivos de aproximação e ambiente propício

Principais metas / objetivos da abordagem

The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (Timeliness in planting/transplanting, seed selection, seedlings variety and breeds for the AEZ.)

To harvest runoff and spread it on cropped area to maximize agricultural productivity. To improve crop moisture requiremnet. To reduce risks of crop failure stimulated by aridity in ASALs. To control soil erosion by water and wind. To improve the inflitration rate. To enhance food security for self-sufficiency and reliance.

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: Inadequency of soil moisture resulting to crop failure. Inefficiency of approach to improve the situation. Fertility depletion due to continuous cultivation. Soil crusting caused by erosion, poor tillaging, overgrazing and deforestation (degadation).

Condições que permitem a implementação da Tecnologia(s) aplicada(s) sob a Abordagem

Quadro jurídico (posse de terra, direitos de uso da terra e da água): The existing land ownership, land use rights / water rights greatly helped the approach implementation: Land ownership/land use rights help implementation of the approach since benefits are realized by the sole land user.

Condições que dificultam a implementação da Tecnologia(s) aplicada(s) sob a Abordagem

Disponibilidade/acesso a recursos e serviços financeiros: The much need be done on SWC in ASAL is beyond the sole land user for hand Treatment through the SLM Approach: It requires financial support by source of loans and market orientation
Quadro jurídico (posse de terra, direitos de uso da terra e da água): No empowerment on land use law or bylaws Treatment through the SLM Approach: Enforcement by legislation on land use policy.
Conhecimento sobre GST, acesso a suporte técnico: poor land treatment-plans, poor land husbandry, low knowledge Treatment through the SLM Approach: Interaction in land use change, especially with SWC specialists

Participação e papel das partes interessadas envolvidas

Partes interessadas envolvidas na abordagem e seus papéis

Que partes interessadas/órgãos de implementação estavam envolvidos na abordagem?	Especifique as partes interessadas	Descreva o papel das partes interessadas
Usuários de terra/comunidades locais	Land user/local SWC specialists. Working land users were work equally divided between men and women (The family leader organizes for activity implementation either family labour or casuals). Women are majority for reason that men are engaged on off-farm. Employmentproportion is about 3 women to 1 man. Mostly women in public meetings and open field days
Especialistas em GST/ consultor agrícola
Governo nacional (planejadores, responsáveis pelas decisões)	Water harvest for agricultural production RESCU 1996. Run off farming ministry of agriculture, Nairobi

Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais nas diferentes fases da abordagem

Nenhum

Passivo

Apoio externo

Participativo

Automobilização

Iniciação/motivação

Mainly:public meetings; partly: workshops/seminars; public meetings for initial awareness. Workshops/seminars for technical assistance for approach

Planejamento

Mainly: workshops/seminars; partly: public meetings; innovators land users seminar

Implementação

Monitoramento/avaliação

Mainly: reporting; partly: measurements/observations; correct dimensions, monthly progress report

Research

Fluxograma

Organogram

Tomada de decisão sobre a seleção da Tecnologia GST

As decisões foram tomadas por

Somente usuários da terra (iniciativa própria)
Principalmente usuários da terra, apoiados por especialistas em GST
todos os atores relevantes, como parte de uma abordagem participativa
Principalmente especialistas em GST, após consulta com usuários da terra
Somente especialistas em GST
Políticos/líderes

As decisões foram tomadas com base em

Avaliação de conhecimento bem documentado de GST (tomada de decisão baseada em evidências)
Resultados de pesquisa
Experiência pessoal e opiniões (não documentado)

Suporte técnico, reforço das capacidades e gestão do conhecimento

As seguintes atividades ou serviços têm sido parte da abordagem

Reforço das capacidades/ formação
Serviço de consultoria
Fortalecimento da instituição (desenvolvimento organizacional)
Monitoramento e avaliação
Pesquisa

Reforço das capacidades/formação

Foi fornecido treinamento às seguintes partes interessadas

Usuários de terra
Equipe de campo/consultores
extensionists/trainers

Tipo de formação

Em exercício
Agricultor para agricultor
Áreas de demonstração
Reuniões públicas
Cursos

Assuntos abordados

Only field days and practical substitutes training for a fact that the programme has no source of finance to support trainings.

Serviço de consultoria

Foi prestado um serviço de consultoria

nas áreas dos usuários da terra
Em centros permanentes

Runoff farming (water harvesting); Key elements: Infiltration/retention ditches, level bench terraces, soil structure, texture and fertility improvement, macro/micro catchment water harvest bund; 1) Advisory service was carried out through: non-governmental agency 2) Target groups for extension: land users; Activities: SWC activities, water harvest

Advisory service is inadequate to ensure the continuation of land conservation activities; Staff farmer ratio is too high to induce land use change

Fortalecimento institucional

As instituições foram fortalecidas / estabelecidas

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

no seguinte nível

Local
Regional
Nacional

Descreva instituição, papéis e responsabilidades, membros, etc.

Tipo de apoio

Financeiro
Reforço das capacidades/ formação
Equipamento

Mais detalhes

Monitoramento e avaliação

Area treated aspects were regular monitored through measurements no. of land users involved aspects were ad hoc monitored through observations There were no changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: The changes may come up season after season due to rainfall characteristics in arid areas. The period is rather short to make a conclusion. No change observed hither to.

Pesquisa

As pesquisas trataram dos seguintes tópicos

Sociologia
Economia/Marketing
Ecologia
Tecnologia

The existing SWC recommendations were released through the institution

Research was carried out both on station and on-farm

Financiamento e apoio material externo

Orçamento anual em USD para o componente GST

< 2.000
2.000-10.000
10.000-100.000
100.000-1.000.000
> 1.000.000

Precise annual budget: n.a.

Approach costs were met by the following donors: local community / land user(s) (no external support)

Os seguintes serviços ou incentivos foram fornecidos aos usuários de terras

Apoio financeiro/material concedido aos usuários da terra
Subsídios para insumos específicos
Crédito
Outros incentivos ou instrumentos

Conclusões e experiências adquiridas

Pontos fortes: visão do usuário de terra

increase weight on food security (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: to acquire knowledge of the land husbandry.)
introduces off-farm employment (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: proper measures and practices of water harvesting component.)

Pontos fortes: a visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada

The approach focuses on food security and self-sufficiency. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Regular maintenance of the SWC structures and agroforestry establishment.)
Improve the standard of living if adopted by the community. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Enforcement of SWC policy by the government to protect technology areas.)
Reduces risk of crop failure due to poor rainfall distribution. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Introduce policy of land use right/land ownership.)
Reduces soil and water losses through erosion. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Introduced land use change and land management (land husbandry practices))
Improves national economy as well as family gross income. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: improvement on market of agricultural products and by-products.)

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos: visão do usuário de terracomo superar

poor marketing system for most of agricultural products and byproducts. formation of cooperative societies
slow in adoption on land use change due to longer period of cost return government introduces enforcement law to discourage communal land use.

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos: a visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitadacomo superar

regular crop failure due to erratic rainfall patterns enhance extra moisture by water harvest and spreading it in cropped area
consumes time, energy and money to establish. No soil, no food. No water, no life. Policy of approach
interferes with soil fertility and reduces land size by SWC structures. Manure and fertilizer application regularly to maximize production level.
Slow in cost benefit return from a given area. marketing orientation for farm products
Low income sources of the common land users. Introduced sources of agricultural loan policy for ASALs.

Referências

Compilador/a

Philippe Zahner

Editores

Revisor

Fabian Ottiger

Data da documentação: 19 de Janeiro de 2009

Última atualização: 12 de Junho de 2017

Pessoas capacitadas

Philippe Zahner (philippe.zahner@deza.admin.ch) - Especialista em GST
Francis Mbote (pc+changeme2@nalep.co.ke) - Especialista em GST
Kathinji Mutunga - Especialista em GST
Alex R. Adual - Especialista em GST

Descrição completa no banco de dados do WOCAT

https://qcat.wocat.net/pt/wocat/approaches/view/approaches_2356/

Dados GST vinculados

Technologies: Micro-catchments for rainwater harvesting https://qcat.wocat.net/pt/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_2895/
Technologies: Wooden water reservoir for rain water harvesting. https://qcat.wocat.net/pt/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_3301/
Technologies: Micro-catchments for rainwater harvesting https://qcat.wocat.net/pt/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_2895/

A documentação foi facilitada por

Instituição

International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) - Quênia
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development of Kenya (MoA) - Quênia
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (DEZA / COSUDE / DDC / SDC) - Suíça

Projeto

n.a.

Referências-chave

SWC manual for Kenya 1997 by D.B. ThomasSoil conservation in Kenya 1981 by C.G.WennerSWC technology development in Kenya by K:MutungaSony super DXE-180 videoThe sun will still rise videoRunoff, a friend or a foe video: agricultiral information centre, freeagricultiral information centre, freeM.A.R.D. SWCB-NBI Kenya, freeSWCB NBI Kenya, freeRELMA/CIDA, freeRELMA/CIDA, free
Rainfall runoff analysis by Paul Kimeu. 1-11. Feb. 1998:
Water conservation, water harvesting and management (WCHM) scheme design. Practicals (WHIF) exercise. Embu February 1-11 1998:
Method of collecting and storing local surface runoff for water supply in central Asian deserts by Prof A.G. Babaer: Desert research institute, Gogolstr.15.
Study of traditional water harvesting practices in Cost province, by J.O.Owupo, July 1998:
Soil characteristics and properties for water conservation, harvesting and management (WCHM). (WH5) June 29-July 7 1997 by Kithinji Mutunga:
Dryland water harvesting (WH), water conservtion (WC) techniques , by K. Mutunga 9-15 July 1995:
Design procedure for harvesting and conservation system, by Odoyo J. Bittar. ministry of agriculture, Busia-Kenya, February 1-11, 1998:
MINOR ROADS PROGRAMME soil conservation. Pilot project final report 1992agrisystems (EA) Ltd, P.O.Box 39636 Nairobi, free: Agrisystems (EA) Ltd, P.O.Box 39636 Nairobi, free
promoting farmer innovatiion . Workshop report No. 2 by Will Critchley 'RELMA' 1999: Free
mpact assessment study. National soil and water conservation branch, final report 1998: Agrisystems (EA) Ltd, P.O.Box 39636 Nairobi, free
The sustainability of the catchment approach - induced measures and activities, by Yeraswara Admasie (NSWCP). Report in 1998: Free
Where ther is no water. SASOL and by Donald B.Thomas 1999. maji na ufanisi P.O.Box 14893 Nairobi: Free
ater from sand rivers by Erik Nissen Petersen report No.23, RELMA/SIDA. Kenya 2000:
Agroforestry extension manual for northern Zambia, by Henry Chilufya. BO Tengrias , free. RSCU Nairobi technical handbook No.11.:
The hand of man. Soil conservation in Kondoa, eroded area Tanzania, by Carl Christiansson, Alfred Mbegu, Andreas Yrgard, RSCU/SIDA 1993 free:
Nomadic pastoral appraisal SWCB MALDM P.O. Box 30028 Nairobi, by L.I. Mwarasomba:
Curriculum for in service training in agroforestry and related subjects in Kenya. By Stachys M. Muturi. M.A., MENR, Kenya. Forestry research institute, RSCU/SIDA 1992: