Common village herding
(Tajiquistão)
Navbati Poda (succession of herders)
Descrição
Village herding system with daily alternation of the herders including each household in a monthly turnus.
Aims / objectives: The herding system has to be easy and little labour-intensive, because children are the main workforce. It is a collective system and thus requires the participation of all households with families: For instance in the village Karsang with 141 households (not all having livestock) and two village herds, each family has to send monthly one child for herding or pay if it does not have workforce. In addition, always at least one adult has to accompany the herd. This means that children of big families only rarely miss school whereas those from small families miss more frequently. The final objective is to nourish animals maximally so they need a minimum of costly hay and concentrated feed (in terms of labour respectively in financial terms).
Methods: Children and adults are taught by the elders, the parents and the village land use committee how the rotation works: They should not stay at one place longer than three days, they should not chase the animals which otherwise lose energy unnecessarily and they shall not lose animals. Children not obeying are punished. In case of lost animals different approaches exist: Mostly the family of the herder who was responsible for the herd on the respective day reaches an agreement with the tenant's family.The village committee or elders can also arbitrate.
Stages of implementation: It is difficult to say when this system first emerged. A land user says that during Soviet Union there were village herds with a fix herder or an alternation like nowadays and, parallely, wealthy people had their own herd with a paid herder. During civil war only a few rich villagers kept animals and only at the beginning of the 2000s collective herding reemerged.
Role of stakeholders: The implementation of herding is a matter of each family's participation. The collaboration of the villagers with institutions is especially important in questions of taxes. In most villages the households pay per capita animal taxes. In order to improve SLM the land use committee on district level and the forest administration (as far as the village has such pastures) together with the local representants of the ecology commission advise the land use committees of each village to take the appropriate measures. And these talk with the herders to influence their comportment. A teacher from the local land use committee says that a lot is said about SLM, but little is effectively done.
Localização
Localização: Faizabad, Region of Republican Subordination, Tajiquistão
Geo-referência de locais selecionados
Data de início: 1920
Ano de término: n.a.
Tipo de abordagem
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Tradicional/Indígena
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Iniciativa/inovação local recente
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Baseado em projeto/programa
Herder of a large village-herd, with a dust cloud. (Christian Wirz, Switzerland (Switzerland))
Children of the village bring their animals to the gathering place. (Christian Wirz, (Switzerland))
Objetivos de aproximação e ambiente propício
Principais metas / objetivos da abordagem
The Approach focused mainly on other activities than SLM (Maximal nutrition of livestock with child labour.)
In animal husbandry the semi-monetary value of livestock is important. Therefore, 'everyone would like to have more animals', says a land user. At the same time agricultural population has other activities such as the cultivation of kitchen-gardens and of cropland. And labour shortage is omnipresent, with many young men staying in Russia for work. In these multistrategies efforts for herding must be minimised which is best possible if children are sent as herders.
The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: The approach needed and needs to be compatible with the traditionally sedentary culture and with the new employment and income sources in local economy: be it the work as a taxi-driver or selling vegetables on the local market. Today herding has to be especially cheap (finance, labour) because there is a multitude of preferences how to invest resources: building a (better) house, buying a mobile phone and a car or enabling (higher) education of children.
Condições que permitem a implementação da Tecnologia(s) aplicada(s) sob a Abordagem
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Quadro jurídico (posse de terra, direitos de uso da terra e da água): The existing land ownership, land use rights / water rights moderately helped the approach implementation: The fact that a great part of grassland of former collective farms has not yet been attributed to farmers' associations makes it possible for everyone to use them. The only disadvantage in the eyes of land users is that they have to pay rent fees for this land.
Condições que dificultam a implementação da Tecnologia(s) aplicada(s) sob a Abordagem
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Disponibilidade/acesso a recursos e serviços financeiros: Keeping animals is expensive because you have to nourish them (see costs of technology).
Treatment through the SLM Approach: The use of comparatively cheap grazing land of the former collective farms that is under village administration and contracts with forest administration for cheaper land are the solution.
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Quadro institucional: If the defined herding system is not respected, cover is damaged, especially trees. And institutions have little authority in implementation, partly because of their own corruption.
Treatment through the SLM Approach: Implementation is based on the households: They do not only send their children for herding, but they also punish them if they treat animals badly.
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Carga de trabalho, disponibilidade de força de trabalho: It is difficult to find labour force that is able to walk to the pastures with the animals, because many young men are in Russia.
Treatment through the SLM Approach: Children are cheap and mobile.
Participação e papel das partes interessadas envolvidas
Partes interessadas envolvidas na abordagem e seus papéis
Que partes interessadas/órgãos de implementação estavam envolvidos na abordagem? |
Especifique as partes interessadas |
Descreva o papel das partes interessadas |
Usuários de terra/comunidades locais |
ny people with animals participate in collective herding. Especially poor families cannot afford professional herding. |
There are both boys and girls working as herders. Among adults, men more often working as herders than women.
The role of women is traditionally associated with domestic work and kitchen gardens. |
Especialistas em GST/ consultor agrícola |
Different institutions: land use committees, forest administration, committee for ecology. |
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Professores/alunos/estudantes |
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Agência líder
Mainly land users supported by SLM specialists
Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais nas diferentes fases da abordagem
Nenhum
Passivo
Apoio externo
Participativo
Automobilização
Iniciação/motivação
Initiatation and planning was organised among villagers. They based themselves on experiences from Soviet times and from before.
Implementação
Recently the institutions mentioned have become more important.
Tomada de decisão sobre a seleção da Tecnologia GST
As decisões foram tomadas por
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Somente usuários da terra (iniciativa própria)
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Principalmente usuários da terra, apoiados por especialistas em GST
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todos os atores relevantes, como parte de uma abordagem participativa
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Principalmente especialistas em GST, após consulta com usuários da terra
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Somente especialistas em GST
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Políticos/líderes
As decisões foram tomadas com base em
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Avaliação de conhecimento bem documentado de GST (tomada de decisão baseada em evidências)
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Resultados de pesquisa
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Experiência pessoal e opiniões (não documentado)
Suporte técnico, reforço das capacidades e gestão do conhecimento
As seguintes atividades ou serviços têm sido parte da abordagem
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Reforço das capacidades/ formação
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Serviço de consultoria
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Fortalecimento da instituição (desenvolvimento organizacional)
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Monitoramento e avaliação
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Pesquisa
Monitoramento e avaliação
bio-physical aspects were regular monitored by other through observations; indicators: Local land use committees go to the pastures in spring to decide whether soils are dry enough and gr
economic / production aspects were ad hoc monitored by land users through observations; indicators: Land users control if their animals are fat and if they give milk. Otherwise they might not send the
There were no changes in the Technology as a result of monitoring and evaluation: None
Financiamento e apoio material externo
Orçamento anual em USD para o componente GST
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< 2.000
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2.000-10.000
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10.000-100.000
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100.000-1.000.000
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> 1.000.000
Precise annual budget: n.a.
Approach costs were met by the following donors: local government (district, county, municipality, village etc) (Meetings of administration with leaders.): 20.0%; local community / land user(s) (Organising herding: low costs.): 80.0%
Os seguintes serviços ou incentivos foram fornecidos aos usuários de terras
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Apoio financeiro/material concedido aos usuários da terra
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Subsídios para insumos específicos
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Crédito
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Outros incentivos ou instrumentos
Análise de impactos e declarações finais
Impactos da abordagem
Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente
A abordagem auxiliou os usuários da terra a implementar e manter as tecnologias de GST?
A abordagem concedeu autonomia aos grupos social e economicamente desfavorecidos?
Especially poor population could profit from cheap communal pastures and thus afford keeping livestock.
Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?
It can be assumed that this somehow logical solution of herding for settled people (not like in other Central Asian countries) emerged as a part of self-sufficient strategies during USSR. Similar herding patterns might though have existed already before USSR, according to local experts.
Principal motivação dos usuários da terra para implementar a GST
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Produção aumentada
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Lucro (lucrabilidade) aumentado, melhora da relação custo-benefício
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Degradação do solo reduzida
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Riscos de desastre reduzido
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Carga de trabalho reduzida
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Pagamentos/subsídios
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normas e regulamentos (multas)/aplicação
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Prestígio, pressão social/coesão social
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Afiliação a movimento/projeto/grupo/rede
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Consciência ambiental
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Costumes e crenças, moral
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melhoria dos conhecimentos e aptidões de GST
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Melhoria estética
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Atenuação de conflitos
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well-being and livelihoods improvement
Atividades de sustentabilidade de abordagem
Os usuários da terra podem sustentar o que foi implementado através da Abordagem (sem apoio externo)?
Conclusões e experiências adquiridas
Pontos fortes: visão do usuário de terra
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This form of herding is not conflictive: all people can afford it and everyone contributes to it by sending an own family member for herding. And, if a herder loses a villager's animal, the villager knows that he will also be a herder and might lose an animal, too. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: The institutions - be it elders or the land committee - must implement the technology.)
Pontos fortes: a visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
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Common herding has a strong social component as it makes herders cooperate in order to maintain reputation (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Projects in Muminabad proposed by the village with a professional herder elected in a village meeting )
Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos: visão do usuário de terracomo superar
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The dependance upon children rather hinders the implementation of SLM, according to some land users. Children prefer to play rather than to respect rules about herding, says for example a teacher. And he adds that also adults do not always respect the established rules and that nobody controls effective implementation of the technology.
It is difficult to find adult herders. One village - Chujamar - decided to engage a professional herder, who would lead the cows to the pastures separately. Because cows cannot be lead only by children like little animals, according to the chief of that village. The villagers pay around 2$ per cow and season for herding.
Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos: a visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitadacomo superar
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Land users mention that implementation is difficult with herders (often children) that lack the necessary knowledge to implement SLM.
It is difficult to abolish child labour. But, by completing the herders' team with at least one professional, paid herder, progress in SLM would be possible perhaps. And making pastures a subject in school might help to araise awareness about SLM.
Referências
Data da documentação: 23 de Fevereiro de 2010
Última atualização: 5 de Julho de 2017
Pessoas capacitadas
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Christian Wirz (christian.wirz@students.unibe.ch) - Especialista em GST
Descrição completa no banco de dados do WOCAT
A documentação foi facilitada por
Instituição
- CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Suíça
Projeto