Public meeting between SLM specialists and farmers in the field. (Weera Ropundung)

Advisory system for planting Eucalyptus camaldulensis on rice bunds in salt-affected areas. (Tailândia)

Descrição

The Thai government promotes planting of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on rice bunds to lower the saline groundwater level and prevent the spread of salt in soils - through cooperation of farmers, land owners, Siam Forestry Co., Ltd., Subdistrict Administration Organization, Land Development Department, and with specialists/ technical advisors.

The Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives through the Land Development Department (LDD) has initiated a project on planting salt-tolerant perennial trees on salt-affected land in the Northeast of Thailand. Thus, this project, which began in 1996 facilitated planting Eucalyptus camaldulensis on rice bunds. The main objective of the approach is to encourage and support the land users to plant Eucalyptus camaldulensis on rice bunds in salt-affected land with shallow saline groundwater. The target of planting is 1,000 rai/yr (1 ha = 6.25 rai).

The activities started with public meetings under the local administration, identifying salt-affected areas by SLM specialists and preparing soil salinity maps; establishing demonstration plots by SLM specialists and farmers, on farmers' land, as learning centers and communicating. The local administration called farmers’ meetings to prepare detailed work plans and discussion of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of planting eucalyptus. The methods used were questionnaires and interviewing the stakeholders for their willingness to take part and cooperate with LDD SLM specialists, researchers, and experts. The LDD has provided funding for land preparation and planting cost while corporates such as Siam Forestry Co., Ltd. purchase eucalyptus poles through a contract. The Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives provides loans to land users.

There are three phases: the preparation phase which was seedling preparation, site selection for establishment of a demonstration plot, rice bund preparation, and establishing a demonstration plot of 200 rai at Ban Kham Riang, Muang Pia Sub-district, Banphai District, Khon Kaen Province. The coordination phase included joint meetings between farmers and researchers, joint monitoring, evaluation and follow-up with land users, and site visits to the demonstration plot. Then planting and tree establishment on farmers’ land in the salt-affected area – those farmers who were convinced by the results of the demonstration plots, Those farmers were then supported by the project on Planting Salt-Tolerant Perennial Trees on Saline Soils in the Northeast of Thailand. A market was established for the purchase of logs. There was joint monitoring & evaluation and follow up.

Results from interviews show that land users favor this project and the spread of eucalyptus planting by themselves - due to the perceived decrease in salination as well as higher income from better rice production, plus additional income from selling poles. However, there are some negative effects of fallen eucalyptus leaves (some farmers believe eucalyptus produces organic compounds detrimental to rice yield through “allelopathy”) and there was shading of the rice crop. But in some site visits there were no effects found. Furthermore, the favorable microclimate is cooler, local earth worms which used to be absent now returning, resulting in better soil properties. However, more birds and rats dwelling in this better environment became a disadvantage because they damaged the rice yield. Nevertheless, as there are more advantages than disadvantages, farmers still adopt this technology. It has been found that more than 10,000 rai (1,600 ha) with shallow saline groundwater of the salt-affected land were planted with eucalyptus trees on rice bunds in the low-lying salt-affected discharge area.

Localização

Localização: Ban Phai, Khon Kaen, Tailândia

Geo-referência de locais selecionados
  • 102.72967, 16.06074

Data de início: 2009

Ano de término: n.a.

Tipo de abordagem
Set spacing between eucalyptus trees planted on the rice bund. (Supranee Sritumboon)
SLM specialists working with the farmers. (Weera Rophandung)

Objetivos de aproximação e ambiente propício

Principais metas / objetivos da abordagem
The main objective of the approach is to reduce salinity by encouraging and supporting land users to plant Eucalyptus camaldulensis, with a planting target of 1,000 rai/year (1 ha = 6.25 rai).
Condições que permitem a implementação da Tecnologia(s) aplicada(s) sob a Abordagem
  • Normas e valores sociais/culturais/religiosos: The land users follow what their neighbours practice.
  • Disponibilidade/acesso a recursos e serviços financeiros: Farmers outside the project may get loan from the Bank for Agriculture and Cooperatives.
  • Quadro institucional: Local administration
  • Colaboração/coordenção de atores: Coordinators of the project are soil doctor volunteers and community leaders in the area.
  • Políticas: The government has a policy of preventing soil degradation.
  • Conhecimento sobre GST, acesso a suporte técnico: To provide knowledge for land users in the area.
  • Mercados (para comprar entradas, vender produtos) e preços: Through corporate contract
  • Carga de trabalho, disponibilidade de força de trabalho: For land users under the project
Condições que dificultam a implementação da Tecnologia(s) aplicada(s) sob a Abordagem

Participação e papel das partes interessadas envolvidas

Partes interessadas envolvidas na abordagem e seus papéis
Que partes interessadas/órgãos de implementação estavam envolvidos na abordagem? Especifique as partes interessadas Descreva o papel das partes interessadas
Usuários de terra/comunidades locais Farmers under the project Planting eucalyptus
Organizações comunitárias Local government (Sub-district Administration Organization) Call for meeting
Especialistas em GST/ consultor agrícola Land Development Department Site selection
Pesquisadores Land Development Department Provide technical recommendation
Setor privado Siam Forestry Co., Ltd. Purchase logs
Governo nacional (planejadores, responsáveis pelas decisões) Land Development Department Funding, planner, decision-makers
Agência líder
Land Development Department
Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais nas diferentes fases da abordagem
Nenhum
Passivo
Apoio externo
Participativo
Automobilização
Iniciação/motivação
Land users in the project based
Planejamento
Discussion with land users on the work plan before starting the activity.
Implementação
Land users/farmers in the project
Monitoramento/avaliação
Land users in the project
Fluxograma

Process of participating technology development of 3 phases including preparation, coordination and planting action.

Autor: Stakeholders concerned
Tomada de decisão sobre a seleção da Tecnologia GST

As decisões foram tomadas por

  • Somente usuários da terra (iniciativa própria)
  • Principalmente usuários da terra, apoiados por especialistas em GST
  • todos os atores relevantes, como parte de uma abordagem participativa
  • Principalmente especialistas em GST, após consulta com usuários da terra
  • Somente especialistas em GST
  • Políticos/líderes

As decisões foram tomadas com base em

  • Avaliação de conhecimento bem documentado de GST (tomada de decisão baseada em evidências)
  • Resultados de pesquisa
  • Experiência pessoal e opiniões (não documentado)

Suporte técnico, reforço das capacidades e gestão do conhecimento

As seguintes atividades ou serviços têm sido parte da abordagem
Reforço das capacidades/formação
Foi fornecido treinamento às seguintes partes interessadas
  • Usuários de terra
  • Equipe de campo/consultores
Tipo de formação
  • Em exercício
  • Agricultor para agricultor
  • Áreas de demonstração
  • Reuniões públicas
  • Cursos
Assuntos abordados

Reclamation and prevention for salt-affected land with available technology and increased income for farmers.

Serviço de consultoria
Foi prestado um serviço de consultoria
  • nas áreas dos usuários da terra
  • Em centros permanentes
1. Community soil doctor volunteers from Land Development Department provide knowledge by training farmers in the area.
2. SLM specialists from Land Development Department and specialists of Siam Forestry Co., Ltd. visited and advised farmers in the area.
Monitoramento e avaliação
SLM specialists from Land Development Department collaborated with Siam Forestry Co., Ltd. and community soil doctor volunteers on the soil conditions, the survival rate and follow up the growth of plants in the area.
Pesquisa
As pesquisas trataram dos seguintes tópicos
  • Sociologia
  • Economia/Marketing
  • Ecologia
  • Tecnologia

The Soil Salinity Research Group, LDD, conducted research on saline groundwater flow path along the landscape in Northeast Thailand with Prof.Dr. Adrian Peck from University of Western Australia, supported by Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and another project with Dr. Nico Marcar from Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) on screening for salt-tolerant trees.

Financiamento e apoio material externo

Orçamento anual em USD para o componente GST
  • < 2.000
  • 2.000-10.000
  • 10.000-100.000
  • 100.000-1.000.000
  • > 1.000.000
Precise annual budget: n.a.
Land Development Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC), Thailand
Os seguintes serviços ou incentivos foram fornecidos aos usuários de terras
  • Apoio financeiro/material concedido aos usuários da terra
  • Subsídios para insumos específicos
  • Crédito
  • Outros incentivos ou instrumentos
Apoio financeiro/material concedido aos usuários da terra
Assistance in kind, labour cost and seedling supply.
Parcialmente financiado
Totalmente financiado
Mão-de-obra

Rice bund widening as establishment labour cost subsidized by LDD while planting and maintenance costs born by land users.

seedling

Free seedlings

A mão-de-obra dos usuários da terra foi

Outros incentivos ou instrumentos

1. The policy of Siam Forestry Co., Ltd. to expand the planting area as a source of raw materials for industry and the company organizes a market in the area. 2. This technology encourages farmers to easily access their capital sources such as Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives, while the LDD will send the work plan and names of participating land users to the bank.

Análise de impactos e declarações finais

Impactos da abordagem
Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente
A abordagem concedeu autonomia aos usuários locais de terra, melhorou a participação das partes interessadas?

Strengthening relationship between local government administration and land users.

A abordagem propiciou a tomada de decisão baseada em evidências?

Establish learning center for information to farmers for technology adoption.

A abordagem auxiliou os usuários da terra a implementar e manter as tecnologias de GST?

Farmers well adopted the technology, resulting in expansion of the areas for such technology.

A abordagem mobilizou/melhorou o acesso aos recursos financeiros para implementação da GST?

Land users access to the bank loan supported by LDD project work plan as well as the names of the land users presented to the bank.

A abordagem aprimorou o conhecimento e as capacidades dos usuários da terra para implementar a GST?

Farmers have adapted and changed SLM model to suit their own preference.

A abordagem aprimorou o conhecimento e as capacidades de outras partes interessadas?

There are many other technologies that reduce salinity carried out by LDD.

A abordagem resultou em segurança alimentar aprimorada/nutrição melhorada?

Increased rice yield due to the decrease of soil salinity, resulting in farmers getting higher incomes.

A abordagem melhorou o acesso aos mercados?

Siam Forestry Co., Ltd. establishes market in the area for the purchase of the product.

Principal motivação dos usuários da terra para implementar a GST
  • Produção aumentada
  • Lucro (lucrabilidade) aumentado, melhora da relação custo-benefício
  • Degradação do solo reduzida
  • Riscos de desastre reduzido
  • Carga de trabalho reduzida
  • Pagamentos/subsídios
  • normas e regulamentos (multas)/aplicação
  • Prestígio, pressão social/coesão social
  • Afiliação a movimento/projeto/grupo/rede
  • Consciência ambiental
  • Costumes e crenças, moral
  • melhoria dos conhecimentos e aptidões de GST
  • Melhoria estética
  • Atenuação de conflitos
Atividades de sustentabilidade de abordagem
Os usuários da terra podem sustentar o que foi implementado através da Abordagem (sem apoio externo)?
  • Não
  • Sim
  • Incerto

Farmers have a better understanding and positive attitude of planting eucalyptus, since they obtain additional income from selling eucalyptus logs.

Conclusões e experiências adquiridas

Pontos fortes: visão do usuário de terra
  • Community soil doctor volunteer and community leader are the coordinators in the area.
  • Farmers access to markets and sources of Eucalyptus seedlings easily.
  • LDD officers have continually surveyed and followed up in the area.
  • Distribute seedlings free of charge.
  • Good marketing for the purchase and sale in the area.
Pontos fortes: a visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
  • A supported technique created to develop technology to suit landscape in the Northeast area.
  • Planting eucalyptus knowledge was provided regularly by the Land Development Department and Siam Forestry Co., Ltd.
  • Siam Forestry Co., Ltd. develop marketing covering the Northeast region.
  • A demonstration plot established in the area.
Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos: visão do usuário de terracomo superar
  • The LDD officers do not visit when the land users need help. The officers need to contact the land users and give advice more often.
  • More birds and rats attack rice seeds in the field. Set up crow scaring; some farmers catch birds and rats to eat.
Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos: a visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitadacomo superar
  • Farmers planted closer spacing of 1 m, expecting to get more wood product, regardless of the adverse effect on rice. Clearly illustrate the adverse effect of closer spacing of plants.
  • Income from logs is considered too low. Changing crops such as olives, figs, dates, pomegranate, etc.

Referências

Compilador/a
  • Areerat Wangkaew
Editores
Revisor
  • Rima Mekdaschi Studer
  • Samran Sombatpanit
  • Pitayakon Limtong
  • William Critchley
Data da documentação: 4 de Outubro de 2018
Última atualização: 18 de Janeiro de 2021
Pessoas capacitadas
Descrição completa no banco de dados do WOCAT
Dados GST vinculados
A documentação foi facilitada por
Instituição Projeto
Referências-chave
  • Land Development Department: http://www.ldd.go.th/
Links para informação relevante que está disponível online
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International