Newly established orchard in Sari Joy Village (Mia Jan Maroofi)

Establishment of improved orchards and vineyards (Afeganistão)

Bunyodi boghi va boghi anguri behbudyofta

Descrição

Local and new varieties of fruits are planted on degraded land in accordance with improved management practices. The established orchards and vineyards serve double purpose of soil protection and income generation for the rural households. The alfalfa under the trees supports tree growth and is used for livestock fodder.

Project supported implementation of improved orchards and vineyards has taken place in the villages Sari Joy, Jawaz Khana and Dashti Mirzai, located in Chokar watershed of Rustaq District in Northern Afghanistan. The Chokar watershed is a mountainous area situated between 600 - 2,500 m above sea level. The climate is semi-arid with harsh and cold weather in winter and hot and dry summers. The annual precipitation in average years is 580mm. Land degradation affects all forms of land use and includes low vegetation cover, heavy top soil erosion from water, and poor soil fertility. Unsustainable agricultural practices, over-exploitation and high pressure on the natural resources are adversely impacting on the socio-economic well-being of local communities as well as contributing to the risk for being adversely affected by drought as well as landslides and flash foods triggered by heavy rainfall. The data used for the documentation of the technology is based on field research conducted in Chokar watershed, namely in the villages: Sari Joy, Jawaz Khana and Dashti Mirzai. These villages represent the upper, the middle and the lower zone of Chokar watershed, respectively. They differ considerably in access to services and infrastructure, but in general are poorly served. The communities depend on land resources for sustaining their livelihoods. In a good year with high yields, wheat-self-sufficiency lasts about 5 months. The three villages are home to ethnic Qarluq communities. Since 2012 the Livelihood Improvement Project Takhar (LIPT) implemented by Terre des hommes (Tdh) Switzerland has initiated a range of NRM interventions.

The rural population in Rustaq district of Afghanistan traditionally grows local varieties of apples, pears and grapes. Mostly it is subsistence farming with a small-scale local marketing. Shortage of irrigation water and lack of specific knowledge about horticultural and viticulture practices, negatively affects fruit yields. Apart of providing diverse fruits for consumption, orchards are also important for providing fodder for the livestock, retaining soil moisture and protecting the soil from erosion.

The local land users interested in the establishment of improved orchards and vineyards were mobilized through the Natural Resources Management Committees (NRMC) in Sari Joy, Jawaz Khana and Dashti Mirzai villages. In addition to the local varieties of pears, apples and grapes, new improved varieties were used for orchards and vineyards on 6.5 ha of degraded land. Such orchards were established inside or close to the villages on mountain slopes with gentle (3-5%) and moderate (6 -15%) steepness. Fruit trees are planted on locally identified dark and light soils, which correspond to moderately deep and loamy soil of medium soil fertility. Considering the medium quality of the soil, the first step of tree plantation is application of organic fertilizer. Afterwards, the plot is designed according to 4m x 4 m spacing between the trees. Under such parameters, on 1 jirib (0.2 ha) of land 125 fruit tree (apple or pear) seedlings are planted. The depth of the planting pits is 60 x 50 cm. The planted tree is watered and the lower trunk is covered with lime and water solution. Alfalfa is sown under the trees to serve as a fodder for the livestock. The orchards are irrigated mostly during summer once a week. In areas where there is shortage of irrigation water the trees are rainfed. Other maintenance activities include pest and disease control provided by a trained local specialist.

The new orchards only recently started giving fruits. The actual fruit yields are expected in 2017-2018. Expected higher yields of improved verities of pears, apples and grapes serves as a strong incentive for the local land users and their families to establish and maintain the orchards. Orchards are very demanding, but their reward is very promising in terms of improved harvest and more opportunities to sell the produce. Some land users have successful experience on their plots and already have fruits in their gardens and plan to enlarge their garden and plant more varieties of fruit trees, such as persimmons. Alfalfa which grows under the trees has important production value, particularly during the early years after the establishment phase, when the trees are too young to give fruits.

Female members of the households, which implemented orchards are also involved in establishing and maintaining orchards and vineyards. They take part in planting trees, watering, hay making and protecting the trees from livestock and people. Their contribution, plays an important part for the successful implementation of improved orchards and vineyards in Sari Joy, Jawaz Khana and Dashti Mirzai.

Localização

Localização: Sari Joy, Jawaz Khana, Dashti Mirzai, Takhar Province, Rustaq District, Afeganistão

Nº de sites de tecnologia analisados: 10-100 locais

Geo-referência de locais selecionados
  • 69.91924, 37.10906

Difusão da tecnologia: Uniformemente difundida numa área (approx. < 0,1 km2 (10 ha))

Em uma área permanentemente protegida?:

Data da implementação: menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

Tipo de introdução
Young fruit trees in Sari Joy Village (Mia Jan Maroofi)
Orchard established in Chashmakan Village (Bettina Wolfgramm)

Classificação da Tecnologia

Objetivo principal
  • Melhora a produção
  • Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo
  • Preserva ecossistema
  • Protege uma bacia/zonas a jusante – em combinação com outra tecnologia
  • Preservar/melhorar a biodiversidade
  • Reduzir riscos de desastre
  • Adaptar a mudanças climáticas/extremos e seus impactos
  • Atenuar a mudanças climáticas e seus impactos
  • Criar impacto econômico benéfico
  • Cria impacto social benéfico
Uso da terra
Uso do solo misturado dentro da mesma unidade de terra: Sim - Agrossilvipecuária

  • Terra de cultivo
    • Cultura anual: culturas forrageiras - alfalfa
    • Cultura perene (não lenhosa)
    • Cultura de árvores e arbustos: árvores forrageiras (Calliandra, Leucaena leucocephala, Prosopis, etc.), uvas, frutas de pomóideas (maçãs, peras, marmelos, etc.), frutos secos (castanhas do Brasil, pistache, nozes, amêndoas, etc.)
    Número de estações de cultivo por ano: 1
  • Pastagem
  • Floresta/bosques

Abastecimento de água
  • Precipitação natural
  • Misto de precipitação natural-irrigado
  • Irrigação completa

Objetivo relacionado à degradação da terra
  • Prevenir degradação do solo
  • Reduzir a degradação do solo
  • Recuperar/reabilitar solo severamente degradado
  • Adaptar à degradação do solo
  • Não aplicável
Degradação abordada
  • Erosão do solo pela água - Wt: Perda do solo superficial/erosão de superfície
  • Erosão do solo pelo vento - Et: Perda do solo superficial
  • Degradação biológica - Bc: redução da cobertura vegetal, Bq: quantidade/ declínio da biomassa
  • Degradação da água - Ha: aridificação
Grupo de GST
  • Agrofloresta
Medidas de GST
  • Medidas vegetativas - V1: cobertura de árvores/arbustos, V2: gramíneas e plantas herbáceas perenes
  • Medidas de gestão - M1: Mudança no tipo de uso da terra

Desenho técnico

Especificações técnicas
Orchards are established on mountain slopes with gentle (3-5%) and moderate (6-10%) steepness. Considering the medium soil fertility, the first step of tree plantation is application of organic fertilizer. Afterwards, the plot is designed according to 4m x 4 m spacing between rows and trees. Under such parameters, on 1 jirib (0.2 ha) of land 125 fruit tree (apple or pear) seedlings are planted. The depth of the planting pits is 60 x 50 cm. The planted tree is watered and the lower trunk is covered with lime and water solution. Alfalfa is sown under the trees for livestock fodder.
Author: Aslam Qadamov; Roziya Kirgizbekova

Estabelecimento e manutenção: atividades, insumos e custos

Cálculo de insumos e custos
  • Os custos são calculados: por área de tecnologia (tamanho e unidade de área: 1 ha)
  • Moeda utilizada para o cálculo de custos: USD
  • Taxa de câmbio (para USD): 1 USD = 67.0
  • Custo salarial médio da mão-de-obra contratada por dia: 5.2-5.3 USD per day
Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos
Due to the remoteness of the villages where the Technology has been implemented, all the inputs for establishment, such as agricultural equipment, plant material, fertilizers, etc., are purchased in Rustaq town. The expenses for traveling and delivering the inputs affect the establishment costs.
Atividades de implantação
  1. Selection of the area for orchard (Men) (Periodicidade/frequência: Fall)
  2. Applicatoin of manure (Men) (Periodicidade/frequência: Fall/Winter)
  3. Design of tree spacing in the orchard assisted by project staff (Men) (Periodicidade/frequência: End of winter)
  4. Digging pits for planting (Men/Women) (Periodicidade/frequência: Spring)
  5. Planting of fruit trees (Men/Women) (Periodicidade/frequência: Spring)
  6. Sowing of alfalfa under the trees (Men/Women) (Periodicidade/frequência: Spring)
Estabelecer insumos e custos (per 1 ha)
Especifique a entrada Unidade Quantidade Custos por unidade (USD) Custos totais por entrada (USD) % dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra
Application of manure person-day 5,0 5,3 26,5 83,0
Design of tree spacing person-day 5,0 5,3 26,5
Digging pits for planting person-day 15,0 5,3 79,5 83,0
Planting trees, sowing alfalfa and watering person-day 10,0 5,3 53,0 83,0
Equipamento
Meter piece 1,0 2,25 2,25
Rope Meter 500,0 0,07 35,0
Shovel piece 2,0 3,8 7,6
Pick axe piece 1,0 2,25 2,25
Material vegetal
Seedlings (apple/pear) piece 625,0 0,75 468,75
Alfalfa seeds kg 17,5 0,42 7,35
Fertilizantes e biocidas
DAP Kg 250,0 0,9 225,0
Urea Kg 250,0 0,45 112,5
Animal manure ton 10,0 60,0 600,0
Pesticide cc 500,0 0,9 450,0
Lime Kg 25,0 1,5 37,5
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia 2'133.7
Custos totais para o estabelecimento da Tecnologia em USD 31.85
Atividades de manutenção
  1. Watering of the trees (Men/Women) (Periodicidade/frequência: 2 times/month/Summer)
  2. Weeding (Women) (Periodicidade/frequência: None)
  3. Pruning (Men) (Periodicidade/frequência: None)
  4. Lime application (Men) (Periodicidade/frequência: None)
  5. Hay making (Men/Women) (Periodicidade/frequência: None)
  6. Harvesting fruits (Men/Women) (Periodicidade/frequência: None)
Insumos e custos de manutenção (per 1 ha)
Especifique a entrada Unidade Quantidade Custos por unidade (USD) Custos totais por entrada (USD) % dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra
Irrigation person day 5,0 5,3 26,5 100,0
Weeding person day 5,0 5,3 26,5 100,0
Pruning person day 5,0 5,3 26,5 100,0
Lime application person day 5,0 5,3 26,5 100,0
Equipamento
Scissors for pruning piece 2,0 9,0 18,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas
Lime Kg 25,0 1,5 37,5 100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia 161.5
Custos totais de manutenção da Tecnologia em USD 2.41

Ambiente natural

Média pluviométrica anual
  • <250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1.000 mm
  • 1.001-1.500 mm
  • 1.501-2.000 mm
  • 2.001-3.000 mm
  • 3.001-4.000 mm
  • > 4.000 mm
Zona agroclimática
  • úmido
  • Subúmido
  • Semiárido
  • Árido
Especificações sobre o clima
Pluviosidade média anual em mm: 580.0
Average annual percipitation for the area was calculated with 580 mm, with minimums in dry years (2000 and 2001) of 270 mm and maximums in wet years (2009/2010) of 830 mm. The absolut maximum rainfall was calculated for 1986 with 1024 mm. The data series covers the time from 1979 to 2014.
Nome da estação meteorológica: Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), http://rda.ucar.edu/pub/cfsr.html
Derived from the publicly available dataset on length of growing period (LGP) (Fischer 2009 / IIASA-FAO). Internet link: http://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/P8Cok4qAP1sTVE59/arcgis/rest/services/Length_of_growing_period/MapServer
Inclinação
  • Plano (0-2%)
  • Suave ondulado (3-5%)
  • Ondulado (6-10%)
  • Moderadamente ondulado (11-15%)
  • Forte ondulado (16-30%)
  • Montanhoso (31-60%)
  • Escarpado (>60%)
Formas de relevo
  • Planalto/planície
  • Cumes
  • Encosta de serra
  • Encosta de morro
  • Sopés
  • Fundos de vale
Altitude
  • 0-100 m s.n.m.
  • 101-500 m s.n.m.
  • 501-1.000 m s.n.m.
  • 1.001-1.500 m s.n.m.
  • 1.501-2.000 m s.n.m.
  • 2.001-2.500 m s.n.m.
  • 2.501-3.000 m s.n.m.
  • 3.001-4.000 m s.n.m.
  • > 4.000 m s.n.m.
A tecnologia é aplicada em
  • Posições convexas
  • Posições côncavas
  • Não relevante
Profundidade do solo
  • Muito raso (0-20 cm)
  • Raso (21-50 cm)
  • Moderadamente profundo (51-80 cm)
  • Profundo (81-120 cm)
  • Muito profundo (>120 cm)
Textura do solo (superficial)
  • Grosso/fino (arenoso)
  • Médio (limoso, siltoso)
  • Fino/pesado (argila)
Textura do solo (>20 cm abaixo da superfície)
  • Grosso/fino (arenoso)
  • Médio (limoso, siltoso)
  • Fino/pesado (argila)
Teor de matéria orgânica do solo superior
  • Alto (>3%)
  • Médio (1-3%)
  • Baixo (<1%)
Lençol freático
  • Na superfície
  • < 5 m
  • 5-50 m
  • > 50 m
Disponibilidade de água de superfície
  • Excesso
  • Bom
  • Médio
  • Precário/nenhum
Qualidade da água (não tratada)
  • Água potável boa
  • Água potável precária (tratamento necessário)
  • apenas para uso agrícola (irrigação)
  • Inutilizável
A qualidade da água refere-se a:
A salinidade é um problema?
  • Sim
  • Não

Ocorrência de enchentes
  • Sim
  • Não
Diversidade de espécies
  • Alto
  • Médio
  • Baixo
Diversidade de habitat
  • Alto
  • Médio
  • Baixo

Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Orientação de mercado
  • Subsistência (autoabastecimento)
  • misto (subsistência/comercial)
  • Comercial/mercado
Rendimento não agrícola
  • Menos de 10% de toda renda
  • 10-50% de toda renda
  • >50% de toda renda
Nível relativo de riqueza
  • Muito pobre
  • Pobre
  • Média
  • Rico
  • Muito rico
Nível de mecanização
  • Trabalho manual
  • Tração animal
  • Mecanizado/motorizado
Sedentário ou nômade
  • Sedentário
  • Semi-nômade
  • Nômade
Indivíduos ou grupos
  • Indivíduo/unidade familiar
  • Grupos/comunidade
  • Cooperativa
  • Empregado (empresa, governo)
Gênero
  • Mulheres
  • Homens
Idade
  • Crianças
  • Jovens
  • meia-idade
  • idosos
Área utilizada por residência
  • < 0,5 ha
  • 0,5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1.000 ha
  • 1.000-10.000 ha
  • > 10.000 ha
Escala
  • Pequena escala
  • Média escala
  • Grande escala
Propriedade da terra
  • Estado
  • Empresa
  • Comunitário/rural
  • Grupo
  • Indivíduo, não intitulado
  • Indivíduo, intitulado
Direitos do uso da terra
  • Acesso livre (não organizado)
  • Comunitário (organizado)
  • Arrendado
  • Indivíduo
Direitos do uso da água
  • Acesso livre (não organizado)
  • Comunitário (organizado)
  • Arrendado
  • Indivíduo
Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

Impactos

Impactos socioeconômicos
Produção agrícola
diminuído
aumentado


The local and new improved varieties of fruit trees planted and managed sustainably give better fruit yields. Enhanced fruit production is also due to proper and timely control of pests and disease.

Produção de forragens
diminuído
aumentado


The grass (alfalfa and sainfoin), which is planted under the fruit trees is used as fodder for livestock.

Produção animal
diminuído
aumentado


Indirect contribution to animal production is achieved through availability of more fodder for the livestock from the grass in the orchards. Animals also feed on the tree leaves in autumn.

Produção de madeira
diminuído
aumentado


Production of wood is limited. Fuel wood is made from seasonal pruning of the trees.

Produção florestal não madeireira
diminuído
aumentado

Diversidade de produtos
diminuído
aumentado


Multiple varieties of fruit trees are grown, also through grafting techniques.

Área de produção (nova terra sob cultivo/uso)
diminuído
aumentado

Impactos socioculturais
Segurança alimentar/auto-suficiência
Reduzido
Melhorado


The new practice of establishing orchards and vineyards ensures better yields. New variety of fruits such as apples, pears, almonds and grapes improve the diversity of household's production and consumption. The households have better opportunity to earn more from selling their fresh and dried fruits on the local market.

Conhecimento de GST/ degradação da terra
Reduzido
Melhorado


Land users learned new methods of planting trees according to the soil conditions and water availability. They were trained with such skills as grafting, pruning, pest and disease control and were introduced to improved verities of fruit trees.

Situação de grupos social e economicamente desfavorecidos (gênero, idade, status, etnia, etc)
Agravado
Melhorado


Female headed households are not included. Technology is implemented on private land, therefore people without land are excluded. However, they have they opportunity to earn income as a hired worker for the SLM implementers.

Impactos ecológicos
Escoamento superficial
aumentado
diminuído

Perda de solo
aumentado
diminuído

Cobertura vegetal
diminuído
aumentado


Improved vegetation cover resulting from the tree plantations and the grass.

Impactos fora do local
Cheias de jusante (indesejada)
aumentado
Reduzido

Sedimentação a jusante
aumentado
diminuído

Capacidade de tamponamento/filtragem (pelo solo, vegetação, zonas úmidas)
Reduzido
Melhorado

Análise do custo-benefício

Benefícios em relação aos custos de estabelecimento
Retornos a curto prazo
muito negativo
muito positivo

Retornos a longo prazo
muito negativo
muito positivo

Benefícios em relação aos custos de manutenção
Based on the multi-criteria matrix: During the FGD with SLM implementers, a multi-criteria matrix was elaborated, and different SLM practices were rated. In the frame of this exercise, SLM implementers were asked to jointly discuss and rate short term (1-3 years) and long-term (10 years) returns of the SLM practice. As the SLM technology was only implemented 1-2 years ago, it is too early to compare benefits to maintenance costs. Farmers have little experience so far on the actual benefits of the SLM technology. The ratings are mostly based on expected benefits and not on actual benefits.

Mudança climática

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima
Temporal local

não bem em absoluto
muito bem
Seca

não bem em absoluto
muito bem

Adoção e adaptação

Porcentagem de usuários de terras na área que adotaram a Tecnologia
  • casos isolados/experimental
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
De todos aqueles que adotaram a Tecnologia, quantos o fizeram sem receber incentivos materiais?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
Número de residências e/ou área coberta
6.5 ha
A tecnologia foi recentemente modificada para adaptar-se as condições variáveis?
  • Sim
  • Não
A quais condições de mudança?
  • Mudança climática/extremo
  • Mercados dinâmicos
  • Disponibilidade de mão-de-obra (p. ex. devido à migração)
  • protection
Some of the land users built a wall around their orchard. The wall made from locally available clay material, protects the trees and the grass from animal and people intrusion.

Conclusões e experiências adquiridas

Pontos fortes: visão do usuário de terra
  • The land users have high expectations about the benefits of the improved practices to grow fruit trees. They see the benefit of growing different types of fruits. Expectations are high about increased fruit yields and increased opportunities to sell more fresh and dried fruits and nuts on the local market. Fruits and nuts sell very well and can generate higher incomes for the households.
  • The ecological benefits of the orchards in protecting the soil from heavy rains is valued by the land users. The villagers mark improved vegetation cover as their villages are becoming greener with the fruit trees and the alfalfa in the orchards.
  • It is appreciated by the land users that they were introduced and provided with new varieties of fruits. They were also trained on planting and maintaining orchards and vineyards in accordance with local conditions and using such techniques as grafting, pruning, mulching, protection from pests and diseases, etc.
  • The orchards not only give fruits, but also are the source of fuel wood, which is made from pruning the trees. Considering that many households keep livestock, the grass under the trees and tree leaves are used to feed the livestock. In return livestock manure is used as organic fertilizer for the trees.
  • Some land users having seen the positive outcome of their work, are interested in enlarging their orchards. Others are ready to support those who want to plant fruit trees by sharing tree saplings or seedlings with them.
  • Women share the expectations of earning more money for their household through growing more fruits and selling them on the local market. In Dashti Mirzai and Jawaz Khana women are particularly excited over their grape, which still need some time to give yields.
Pontos fortes: a visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
  • Better management practices in growing fruit trees will benefit the land user and the land through strengthening soil resistance to heavy rainfall and prevent erosion. Over the period of few more years the trees and undergrowth grass will significantly enhance infiltration and moisture retention in the soil, which in turn increase the vegetation cover and halt the degradation process.
  • The SLM knowledge obtained through project training is disseminating inside and beyond the villages, along with exchange of seedlings from new varieties of fruit trees. In addition to that, land users are aware of pest and disease control and have access to these services through trained specialist.
  • Households do not have to rely only on wheat and legumes, but are able to diversify their agricultural production even more. The expected opportunity to sell more fruits and nuts has the potential to increase households income. This in turn will enable the family to secure their food supply for longer periods.
  • Female family members' participation is one of the key elements for sustaining orchards and vineyards. Women highly value the importance of their work in orchards and the benefit it provides to their households.
Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos: visão do usuário de terracomo superar
  • Lack of irrigation water is a crucial issue, especially in Jawaz Khana, which makes it very difficult for the land users to maintain their orchards. Rehabilitate the Yakhdons. Yakhdon is a local storage method for collecting snow water in winter to be used for drinking and irrigation in spring and summer. One Yakhdon can provide water for up to six months. Several of these Yakhdons are destroyed and their rehabilitation would provide better access to water for Jawaz Khana.
  • The young trees are sensitive to droughts and need to be watered regularly to ensure that they survive.
  • Establishment of orchards requires hard work and sufficient money from the land user to buy seedlings and in some cases to build a wall around the orchard or build an irrigation canal.
Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos: a visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitadacomo superar
  • The establishment of orchards is reported as one of the most labour-intensive SLM practice for both men and women. Working in orchards increases the burden of women in addition to their household chores.
  • Technical knowledge on planting and maintaining fruit trees and grapes is required to ensure tree survival, good productivity and protection from pests and diseases.

Referências

Compilador/a
  • Bettina Wolfgramm
Editores
  • Roziya Kirgizbekova
Revisor
  • Rima Mekdaschi Studer
Data da documentação: 27 de Outubro de 2016
Última atualização: 5 de Março de 2019
Pessoas capacitadas
Descrição completa no banco de dados do WOCAT
Dados GST vinculados
A documentação foi facilitada por
Instituição Projeto
Referências-chave
  • Guidelines for Focus Group Discussions:
  • Methods section of the Rustaq NRM study:
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International