Breve descrição da melhor prática

It involves participation of all stakeholders found within the area. It encompases training of different levels of stakeholders and community participation. It necessitates biological activities such as grass planting etc and physical activities such as construction of stone terraces, silt-traps etc|

Localização

Ha Rapase (Qacha's nek)

Se o local tiver limites bem definidos, especifique sua extensão em hectares:

8808.0

Estimativa da população que vive no local:

3000.0

Breve descrição do ambiente natural dentro do local especificado.

Temperate climate with warm wet summers which has temperature of up to 30 0C and mean rainfall of  600 mm and cold dry winters with occurrence of snow with temperature as low as -18 0C and mean rainfall of 900 mm.
Mountainous area/region with elevation of more than 2000 m above sea level.
The area has homogeneous soil associations in Popa Rockland (basalt), Matsana (PRM) (Mollisols that are fine loamy to loamy, mixed and mesic (USDA soil taxonomy))and Rockland (sandstone) Berea, Ntsi and Matela (PRM).|

Condições socioeconômicas prevalecentes das pessoas que vivem no local e/ou nas proximidades

Communal land use and land use rights embodied in Land Act 1979.
Subsistence farming of agricultural products and produce (wool and mohair).
Income level is lower than poverty line of Lesotho of US$32

Com base em quais critérios e/ou indicadores (não relacionados com a Estratégia) a prática proposta e a tecnologia correspondente foram considerados como "melhores"?

The technology is considered as best because it integrates social, economic and environmental issues.|

Principais problemas abordados pelas melhores práticas

Overgrazing problem which result in loss of vegetation and poor rangelands.
|Excessive soil erosion caused by high water velocity and slopy terrain.|Desertification/land degradation in productive land such as fields and rangelands through protection of fields and reseeding of heavily degraded rangelands and land degradation caused by overharvesting of indigenous trees.
|Drought and poverty mitigation through construction of dams,ponds, check dams and storage tanks (Roof water harvesting tanks and spring/stream development tanks).  |Mismanagement of the land and natural resources by the communities as a result of communal land tenure system.|Poverty

Esboçar problemas específicos de degradação do solo abordados pelas melhores práticas

Soil loss caused by high water velocity in high elevated areas (mountainous area).
Overgrazing that causes loss of vegetation cover in rangelands.
Overharvesting of indigenous tree species.
Soil fertility problem.

Especificar os objetivos das melhores práticas

To improve soil cover, soil fertility and reduce soil loss.
|To increase conservation and harnessing of water for development projects.|To promote awareness and participation in land and natural resource management.|To promote agroforestry and sustainable land use systems.

Breve descrição das principais atividades, por objetivo

Train all stakeholder (Land users)|Promote ownership of specific projects which may guarantee sustainable land management   |Promote community participation in land and resource management
Promote production of agroforestry trees by private nurseries.
|Plant agroforestry trees (fruit trees) on terraces and marginal lands.|Promote beekeeping and honey production and other income generating activities e.g. pole production, timber etc.
Construct dams.|Construct ponds.|Construct roof water harvesting tanks (RWHTs).|Construct spring/stream development tanks (SDTs)
Construct stone terraces(stone lines) in rangelands. |Construct diversion furrows above the fields. |Construct terraces in the fields.|Construct silt traps in the gullies and donga.|Grass planting and sodding.|Plant soil binding trees.|Plant grass on marginal lands and reseed heavily degraded rangelands.|Promote stall feeding (zero grazing).|Afforestation.

Breve descrição e especificações técnicas da tecnologia

The technology involves construction of stone lines along the contour line. Construction of diversion furrows above the fields in such a way that they gently divert runoff away from the fields to either a natural waterway or a constructed waterway where it will not cause any harm. Terraces are constructed in the fields to reduce the slope length, improve infiltration and to divert runoff from the fields.
Silt traps are constructed in the dongas and gullies to reduce water velocity and to trap silt that might have been carried on by runoff.
Grass planting is carried out on marginal lands and reseeding on heavily degraded rangelands which are thereafter protected from grazing for at least three years to recover fully.
Forest trees are planted in areas which have been carefully selected to avoid environmental damage that might be caused by exotic species. Soil binding trees are planted in gullies to reduce soil erosion. Fruit and other N-fixing trees are planted along the terraces to increase organic matter and enhance fertility.|
Stone lines are surveyed using either the line-level or dumpy level in order to follow the contour line of the catchment area. They are constructed using locally available materials such as stones. These stones are lined in such a way that they are 0.3 m high and 0.4 m wide with maximum length of 150 m. They are contructed on tide slopes with intervals depending on the steepness of the slope.
Diversion furrows are surveyed using either the line-level or dumpy level in order to determine slope of the furrow adequate for diverting runoff collected from the catchment. They are usually constructed such that they are 0.5 m deep, 1 m bottom width and 1.5 . top width with a maximum length of 150 m. They are constructed from outlet to prevent any damage that might occur in the case where it rains before completion. If needed the next diversion furrow is constructed 5 m above the first with an overlapping distance of 5 m to prevent runoff bypassing the lower part.
Silt traps are surveyed using line level or dumpy level to determine spacing in gullies and are constructed inside gullies or dongas.
Their maximum height is 1 m, width is 0.5 m and length across the donga or gully  depends on the width of the gullywhere they are constructed. Every silt trap should have a core width of 0.5 m and 0.5 m with a height of 1 m above ground. The structure should be 2:1. Intervals depend on steepness of the slope.
Soil binding trees are planted in gullies with less than 2 m apart whicle forest trees are planted in carefully selected areas. Forest trees are planted in a 3 m X 3 m interval/spacing to allow understory vegetation.
Grass planting on marginal lands is done using a cyclone seeder and reseeding in rangelands is done by digging small holes and the seeds are planted in this small holess and throough broadcasting.

A tecnologia foi desenvolvida em parceria?

Sim

Liste os parceiros:

Government of Lesotho.|USAID - United States Agency for International Development.|ADO - Overseas Development Agencies|FISC - Farm Improvement with Soil Conservation

Especificar a estrutura dentro da qual a tecnologia foi promovida

• Iniciativa nacional - liderada pelo governo
• Programa/iniciativa baseada em projetos

A participação das partes interessadas locais, incluindo as OSCs, foi fomentada no desenvolvimento da tecnologia?

Sim

Lista das partes interessadas locais envolvidas:

Communities.
Village development councils
Community based organizations (CBOs)
Village conservation committees
Government of Lesotho through Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security

Para os participantes listados acima, especifique seu papel no projeto, início, uso e manutenção da tecnologia, se houver.

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security adopted technology and designed activities that meet needs  of the communities.
Communities - Consolidated community plans and activities and identified needs.
Village development councils - facilitate implementation of land management activities.

A população que vive no local e/ou nas proximidades estava envolvida no desenvolvimento da tecnologia?

Sim

Por meio de quê?

• Abordagens participativas

Descreva os impactos no local (os dois principais impactos por categoria)

There has been less siltation of natural water bodies such as wetlands, dams and rivers because of sufficient vegetation cover and physical structures.|
Increased soil fertility which has led to improved soil moisture regime and vegetation cover.
Improved education as a result of availability of funds for fees from selling agricultural produce and products.
There is high carbon sequestration as a result of increased afforestation and improved vegetation cover.
There has been an overall improvement on crop yield, livestock (meat, wool and mohair) and a general increase in biodiversity.|
Conservation and harnessing of water through tank conservation has improved-livelihoods through small scale irrigation.
The activities in the catchment area have brought an aesthetic beauty which attracts neighbouring villagers and tourist.
It has been observed that the successful implementation of the activities brings conflicts of interest between neighbouring communities which at times result in vandalism.

Descreva os dois principais impactos fora do local (isto é, não ocorrendo no local, mas nas áreas circunvizinhas)

As a result of incentives offered in the project area, neighbouring villages do not feel obliged to volunteer to do land management activities.|
Integrated watershed management (IWM) has brought motivation and encouragement to neighbouring communities.

Impacto sobre a biodiversidade e a mudança climática

Explique as razões:

Water harvesting scheme is one of the adaptation as it provides supply of irrigation water throughout the year. Conservation farming practices such as minimum tillage contributes to climate change adaptation since they reduce compaction because there is no heavy machinery used and hence this improves infiltration and moisture regime. Mulching (stalk mulching) and the use of farm manure ass organic matter which improves water capacity of the soil.
IWM led to noticeable vegetation cover resulting in carbon sequestration. Land degradation have been reduced by the activities and these contribute to climate change mitigation. The impacts of drought have been reduced by vegetation cover contributing to improved infiltration and soil moisture.
The technology has a positive impact on biodiversity conservation as some of the species (flora and fauna) that were previously declared as threaten have reappeared. The wetlands and sponges that have dried up have also rivived as a result of integrated watershed management (IWM) practices.It has previously observed that some of the springs were only flowing during summer season. As a result of the best practice there is relatively prolonged yield of springs throughout the year. Furthermore, there ihas been refabrication of medicinal plants that were threatened due to overharvesting. An overall benefit to the catchment has been an improved biodiversity in general including soil biodiversity which has contributed much to the vegetation cover and aesthetic value of the catchment area.|

Foi realizada uma análise de custo-benefício?

Foi realizada uma análise de custo-benefício?

Não

A tecnologia foi disseminada/introduzida para outros locais?

A tecnologia foi disseminada/introduzida para outros locais?

Sim

Onde?

Country wide (80 constituencies within 10 districts)

Foram fornecidos incentivos para facilitar a adoção da tecnologia?

Foram fornecidos incentivos para facilitar a adoção da tecnologia?

Sim

Especifique que tipo de incentivos:

• Incentivos financeiros (por exemplo, taxas preferenciais, auxílios estatais, subsídios, subvenções em dinheiro, garantias de empréstimos, etc.)

Você pode identificar as três principais condições que levaram ao sucesso das melhores práticas/tecnologias apresentadas?

Incentives that were given to the communities in the form of food packages, fruit trees seedlings, equipment and allowances motivated them. This can be replicable with some level of adaptation.|
Involvement, collaboration and participation of local communities which promotes ownership and maintenance of the activities/structures involved in integrated catchment management(ICM). This can be replicable elsewhere. |
Highly motivated local authorities and target groups because of political will that guarantees them leadership positions in the community. This can be replicable with some level of adaptation.

Replicabilidade

Na sua opinião, a melhor prática/tecnologia que você propôs pode ser replicada, embora com algum nível de adaptação, em outro lugar?

Sim

Em que nível?

• Local
• Sub-nacional
• Nacional
• Sub-regional
• Regional
• Internacional

Relacionado a recursos humanos

Communities should be active stakeholders together with local authorities (Chief and Community Council)|Triple bottom line approach should be used and Community Action Plans (CAP) should be adopted. Communities should initiate and prioritise the activities. |Intergrated watershed management (IWM) is a learning process i.e. combination or collaboration of efforts with other ministries, NGOs and CBOs which is very important in making the practice a success.|Lack of transparency due to political preference sometimes lead to vandalism of activities.

Relacionado aos aspectos financeiros

Funds are limited and widely spread throughout the country, resulting in slow impact. Therefore, efforts should be concentrated in a smaller area where intensive work can be done which result in a larger impact.|Financial incentives overshadow the need to combat desertification/land degradation. This is shown in the non-maintenance and incompletion of structures after the incentives are gone.|Insufficient funds prevent regular monitoring of activities.  

Relacionado a aspectos técnicos

Application of the technology is area specific i.e. soil, topography, climate etc.|It is very important to survey the soil and water conservation activities prior to construction.|Negligence of the technical specification of the activities/structures may lead to more damage to the land than before construction.