Breve descrição da melhor prática

Every village has Village Development Committee (VDC) elected democratically from within the village members. VDC & community elders discuss the need for enclosure establishment & a site is selected & delineated. The selected site is not fenced its boundaries are known to the villagers through experience. The need for the establishment was realised to solve some environmental challenges occurred within the community. There are two types of enclosures viz. temporary and permanent. In the temporary enclosures grazing is allowed when there is shortage of grass for livestock say during the dry season & lactating cows and oxen after ploughing time are allowed to graze. Whereas in the permanent enclosures grazing is strictly forbidden instead judicious removal of grass for livestock and house construction is permitted through the cut-and-carry system. Each enclosure type has its own bye-laws formulated by the communities themselves, Enclosures are managed according to the bye-laws. There are guards to protect infiltrators, trespassersby and animals from grazing. The community contributes in cash or in kind monthly payment. The contribution is used to cover communal activities such as payment of the guards & other communal services. In order to protect soil erosion & increase vegetation cover physical soil & water conservation structures such as hillside terraces, gully plugging, check dam & soil/stone bunding coupled with tree planting & grass seed broadcasting are carried out annually. Because of protection & prohibition of illegal tree cutting & judicious removal of grasses natural regeneration of indigenous trees, shrubs & grasses is dramatic which makes it cost-effective management approach. The pivotal principle of enclosure establishment is to increase production & productivity & use natural resources efficiently & sustainably in order to use resources to generate food, incomes & employment for the community. Enclosures contribute to the food and nutrition and water security. Enclosures are seen as islands of success. The extension agents of the MoA  give technical advice & training on enclosure establishment & management including the use of the products obtained from such enclosures; on nursery management & tree planting techniques so that the technology could be transferred to others. The VDC manages all development related activities. Based on land availability, enclosures can vary from a few hundred to a few thousand hectares.
Farmers have constructed physical soil and water conservation strcutures such as hillside terracing, gully plugging and check dams to protect soil erosion and conserve rain water. Before such interventions the area was prone to erosion and with poor soils. After the intervention of such activities the farmers were able to grow cereal crops and vegetables and green feed for their livestock. As a result of the intervention soil and water erosion is decreased, soil fertlity has improved and vegetation cover increased both in quantity and quality as a result of which agricultural yield per unit area has increased. The sites are becoming more hospitable than before.   |

Localização

Enclosures are established in most of the highland villages of Eritrea. There are two types of enclosures viz. (1) temporary, (2) permanent. In the first type grazing is allowed during scarcity of animal feed whereas in the case of permanent once grazing is prohibited but removal of grass is allowed

Breve descrição do ambiente natural dentro do local especificado.

It is mountaineous with rugged and undulating terrain. there are valleys which are formed by deep gullies formed by water erosion. There are intermittent streams which flow during the rainy season. Soil erosion is very high.
The nature of the soil is complex as it is affected by both biotic and abiotic factors but in general most of the soil is calcareaous with patches of of laterite, cambisols and loamy soils.  |
It is semi-arid. the rainy seasons are from mid-June up to early September. Rain fall ranges from 600-700 mm/annum and is erratic with uneven distribution; temperature ranges from 25-30 degrees Celcius
In general climate is semi-arid. Rain fall is erratic with uneven distribution and is bimodal. Small rains come from Feb/March to April while the main rains fall from mid June to mid Sept.  Enclosures located along the coastal areas receive rains from Nov to Jan. Rainfall ranges from 400mm to 1,000 mm per annum, Temperature varies from 25-43 degree Centigrade.  |
Majority of the enclosures are established along hills and mountains bisected by valleys. Most enclosures are marginal lands which are unsuitable for agriculture. They are used as grazing lands. The environment is fragile and prone to erosion. Because of many interrelated biotic and abiotic factors such as deforestation and overgrazing vegetation cover is scanty and soils are poor.   
Biotic and abiotic factors affect the formation of soils in the enclosures. Soils vary from calcareous to cambisol to loamy types. Before the establishment of the enclosures most of the soils were poor, shallow, low organic matter  and infertile, however, after the establishment of the enclosures soil fertility improved greatly.  |
In general climate is semi-arid. Rain fall is erratic with uneven distribution and is bimodal. Small rains come from Feb/March to April while the main rains fall from mid June to mid Sept.  Enclosures located along the coastal areas receive rains from Nov to Jan. Rainfall ranges from 400mm to 1,000 mm per annum, Temperature varies from 25-43 degree Centigrade.  |
Biotic and abiotic factors affect the formation of soils in the enclosures. Soils vary from calcareous to cambisol to loamy types. Before the establishment of the enclosures most of the soils were poor, shallow, low organic matter  and infertile, however, after the establishment of the enclosures soil fertility improved greatly.  |
Majority of the enclosures are established along hills and mountains bisected by valleys. Most enclosures are marginal lands which are unsuitable for agriculture. They are used as grazing lands. The environment is fragile and prone to erosion. Because of many interrelated biotic and abiotic factors such as deforestation and overgrazing vegetation cover is scanty and soils are poor.   
It is semi-arid. the rainy seasons are from mid-June up to early September. Rain fall ranges from 600-700 mm/annum and is erratic with uneven distribution; temperature ranges from 25-30 degrees Celcius
The nature of the soil is complex as it is affected by both biotic and abiotic factors but in general most of the soil is calcareaous with patches of of laterite, cambisols and loamy soils.  |
It is mountaineous with rugged and undulating terrain. there are valleys which are formed by deep gullies formed by water erosion. There are intermittent streams which flow during the rainy season. Soil erosion is very high.

Condições socioeconômicas prevalecentes das pessoas que vivem no local e/ou nas proximidades

The main income source is from the sale of agric-products and by products. However, Because of poor modern inputs production is poor. Some members earn cash from off-farm activities such as working in the construction of soil & water conservation structures, masonry, and carpentry. Some women farmers also earn cash from selling baskets, embroidery, etc. while a small amount of the community members are small scale traders while some earm cash by working in factories and cottege industries.    |
Agriculture is of pivotal importance in Eritrea and offers the best opportunity for spurring economic growth among the rural people. Almost all community members living around the enclosures are sedentary and subsistence farmers who own agricultural fields and different types of livestock. They grow a variety of cereals such as maize, sorghum, taff, beans, oil seeds, leafy and non-leafy vegetables and fruits. Majority of the agric-inputs are for h/hold consumption and a few are for sales.       |
All land belongs to the State, Every community member has the right to own, use and posses land for different purposes including agricultural needs and house construction freely. They have usufruct rights over the agriculture land.  |
Almost all residents are subsistent farmers. they own varieties of livestock, a piece of farm land where they cultivate different types of cereals; they also practice leafy and non-leafy vegetables and fruits in small quantities. Thsy have grazing lands for their livestock. By and large agricultural yield is low because of low modern agricultural inputs and erratic and uneven distribution. Because of these factors income level is low.|
All male nad female farmers have equal rights and access to possess and own land All have usufruct rights.  
Cash obtained from the sale of some extra agricltural products and incoem from working in various on off-farm activities such as soil and water conservation activities, carpentry and masonry |

Com base em quais critérios e/ou indicadores (não relacionados com a Estratégia) a prática proposta e a tecnologia correspondente foram considerados como "melhores"?

The above mentioned interventions were carried out on the self initiaition of the farmers living in the eroded environment. They discussed among themselves and undertook the measures necessary to rehabilittae the eroded areas and changed the eroded site into productive land and at present they are good agricultural yield. This is due to the cooperation of the community.  
1. Participation, involvement, commitment & mobilisation: Enclosures are established based on the communities' needs. Because of this there is an active & lively participation of all community members in all activities. The communities work two days a week freely in the physical construction of soil & water conservation structures & tree planting. They contribute either in cash or in kind for community services and fully abide by the bye-laws. The local government plays a role in mobilising the community members and in creating enabling environment. The extension agents of MoA train & give technical advice on the management of enclouseres; 2. Ownership & self-reliance: the communities have established enclosures on their own free will & feel that they are theirs & abide by the bye-laws. They meet & discuss the management of the enclosures every three months which strengthens ownership. (3) Bottom up approach: Enclosures are based on felt need of the communities. It is not trickle down
1. Participation, involvement, commitment & mobilisation: Enclosures are established based on the communities' needs. Because of this there is an active & lively participation of all community members in all activities. The communities work two days a week freely in the physical construction of soil & water conservation structures & tree planting. They contribute either in cash or in kind for community services and fully abide by the bye-laws. The local government plays a role in mobilising the community members and in creating enabling environment. The extension agents of MoA train & give technical advice on the management of enclouseres; 2. Ownership & self-reliance: the communities have established enclosures on their own free will & feel that they are theirs & abide by the bye-laws. They meet & discuss the management of the enclosures every three months which strengthens ownership. (3) Bottom up approach: Enclosures are based on felt need of the communities. It is not trickle down

Principais problemas abordados pelas melhores práticas

Main problems are poor agric-yield; soil loss; declining of soil fertility; loss of vegetation cover; reduction in biodiversity; deforestation; overgrazing; decreasing water availability; migration of human & livestock population; poverty, & food aid dependency; unsustainable land husbandry; effects of climate change (loss of soil moisture, rise in temperature, drought, etc) are being aggravated; siltation of water bodies; high food prices; unemployment; malnutrition problems related to human &|Livestock population. Together these processes increase the vulnerability of dryland & wetland people to drought, food insecurity & longer term risk to livelihoods. In general countries affected by land degradation & climate change are frequently among the poorest in the world & are dependent on the sustainable use of land to generate food, incomes and employment for their populations. Capacity of drylands & wetlands to support increasing population growths is more often than not jeopardised.
Poor agricultural output because of poor soil fertlity caused by excessive soil erosion; less crop diversity; poor quality of livestock; poor household income; poor living standards

Esboçar problemas específicos de degradação do solo abordados pelas melhores práticas

Specific land degradation problems are loss of soil & decline of soil fertility hence poor agric-yield leading to high food prices; reduction/loss of biodiversity both in quality and type; loss of livestock feed leading to the decrease in number and diversity of livestock & livestock products; migration of livestock and wildlife species both for food & shelter; illicit tree cutting for agricultural land, firewood & house constrcution resulting in shortages of firewood; overgrazing resulting to the depletion of vegetation cover; siltation of water bodies leading to the reduction of life span of water bodies (dams, ponds & reservoirs); lowering of water tables. Rural communities are using animal dung & crop residues as a source of energy to cook their meals & warm their houses, ideally these materials ought to be used as orgnnic manures to boost production and productivity. Because of unsustainable land husbandry the effects of climate change are being aggravated|
Loss of fertlie soil; loss of vegataion cover; loss of biodiversity including livestock; displacement of people and livestock    

Especificar os objetivos das melhores práticas

The overall objective is to contribute towarads the nation's efforts of attaining food and nutrition security and poverty alleviation. The specific objectives are to  improve agric-yield through rehabilitating the  environment; to improve the ecosystem through constructing physical soil and water conservation structures, to improve household income  |
The overarching objective is to contribute towards food,  nutrition & water security & poverty alleviation which are the main objectives of the nation. The specific objectives are (1) develop awareness (2) transfer technology; (3) improve biodiversity, (4) increase agric-yield; (5) minimize the effects of climate change; (7) reduce siltation of water bodies; (8) reduce unemployment & increase household cash income(9) develop skills & experience & know-how on supervision, M&E & reporting.

Breve descrição das principais atividades, por objetivo

In order to attain food and nutrition security the primary action to take is to rehabiliate the environment through physical constrction of soil and water conservation structures coupled with tree planting.
To earn cash income through working in the various soil and water conservation activities as an off-farm activity.
1. Construction and maintennace of physical soil and water conservation structures such as hillside terracing, check dam construction and gully plugging (2) oversowing of forage and other grass seeds  to be used as green feed for livestock  |
Sentisize & mobilise communities through workshops/seminars& explain to them the importance and the need for enclosure towards attaining food, nutrition & water security & poverty alleviation which are the main objectives of the nation. Create work groups and let them nominate team leaders themselves. Assign each team a specific site to work on.    
Before the establishment of enclosures soil erosion was high. To prevent this from happening construction of physical soil and water conservation structures such as terraces along hills, check dams, gully & rill plugging   & soil/stone bunding along the contours of the entire enclosure (5) prepare pits; (6) plant indigenous & exotic tree, shrub & forage species and mulching; (7) broadcast grass species.          |Objective 5: Almost all activities undertaken within the enclosures are meant to reduce soil erosion and increase soil moisture and vegetation cover. Usually water bodies located in the downstream of the enclosures are protected from siltation caused by erosion & because of these interventions the life span of the water bodies is increased. Communities use the available water for irrigation to grow a variety of crops all year round.| Obj.: 5 Lactating cows and oxen are allowed to graze in the temporary enclosures so that the cows give adequate milk to the offspring and the oxen could get strength for the next ploughing day. Sick and weak animals are also allowed to graze till they are cured from their sickness. This shows the adherence and care of the society to their livestock.   |6. Deforestation, overgrazing and poor land husbandry are some of the causes of climate change. To reduce these changes the main activities undertaken are construction of physical soil & water conservation structures coupled with tree planting & oversowing of grass species. Such interventions do increase vegetation cover & soil moisture. Guards protect tree cutting & unsustainable removal of grasses which ameliorates climatic hazards. The planted trees & grass species could be used to offset GHG|5: Construction of soil & water conservation structures such as terraces, check dams, etc are undertaken to improve soil structure & soil water holding capacity thus reducing soil erosion & increasing soil fertility which would bring about an increase in agricultural yield. Such interventions also increase the life span of water bodies through the reduction of siltation. Water levels are raised. Communities can harvest three times/year instead of only once which brings about yield increase.  |Objective 6: Enclosures are sources of employment & cash income. Members participate in various soil & water conservation related activities & earn cash; they also put beehives within the enclosures & get honey & honey by-products both for consumption & sale to earn cash;  because of such interventions within the enclosures yield increases where the communities sell some products for cash. Income is also obtained from tourists visiting the site & from wedding ceremonies held within enclosures.|Objective 7: The overall aim of the enclosures is to sustainably use the natural resources & improve  production & productivity so that rural communities could improve their livelihoods. Communities could also  develop a special vision of society where the values of tolerance, solidarity & team-building are stronger than those of material consumption, competition & the ability to make money.       |A variety of grass species are broadcast, forage species are planted within the enclosures. Such interventions increase the availability of livestock feed. Shrub species like Leuceanea sp tree lucerne & other palatable species are planted within the enclosures. Additionally grass is judiciously removed from the enclosures through the cut-and-carry system & given to animals as feed when shortage of feed occurs. Livestock are allowed to graze in the temporary enclosures increasing livestock yield.
Improvement of biodiversity: Before the establishment of enclosures biodiversity was poor because of poor ecosystem. However, because of the various interventions undertaken within the enclosures such as physical construction of  soil & water conservation structures coupled with biological means such as tree and forage & grass broadcasting the environment has improved & the number, type & diversity of flora and avi-fauna has increased.       |Enclosures are good sources of medicinal plants. Most medicinal plants are on the verge of extinction however, these plants are reviving within the enclosures because of protection which plays a major role in increasing biodiversity.  
Transfer technology: Train communities on soil and water conservation techniques; simple leveling & contour preparation methods & tree planting techniques. Since it may be difficult to train the entire community because of large number training is given to a selected number of people and the trained farmers will in turn train others. Extension experts from the MoA conduct the training. Training includes both theoretical and practical aspects.

Breve descrição e especificações técnicas da tecnologia

The technology is simple where it involves (1) raising of tree and fruit seedlings,(2) stone collection, (3) construction of check dams and gully plugging with the previousely collected stones, (4) Planting of tree and fruit seedlings and guarding by the beneficiary communities. Almost all these activities are done by the beneficairy communities. Extension agents of the Ministry of Agriculture give necessary guidelines to the communities.|
The technology is simple where it involves (1) raising of tree and fruit seedlings,(2) stone collection, (3) construction of check dams and gully plugging with the previousely collected stones, (4) Planting of tree and fruit seedlings and guarding by the beneficiary communities. Almost all these activities are done by the beneficairy communities. Extension agents of the Ministry of Agriculture give necessary guidelines to the communities.|
The technology is indigenous. It builds on traditional systems, skills & priorities. It involves bottom-up approach where the VDC & community elders discuss the need for the establishment of enclosures. When a site(s) is selected it is delineated but not fenced. Bye-laws are established with the consent of all representative members of the community. Every enclosure is governed and managed by the bye-law. Guards are recruited who will be paid either in cash or in kind and all community members contribute according to the bye-law. Any offender is penalised according to the bye-law. The local government, National Union of Eritrean Youth and Students (NUEYS) & the National Union of Eritrean Women (NUEW) mobilise the communities both youth, students and farmers while the extension agents of the MoA provides technical advice & training of trainers to selected community members on enclosure establishment & its scientific management skills, nursery management & tree planting techniques and skills. The trainees in turn train others. Communities participate & involve with great commitment and zeal in such training sessions. As to the actual field work it involves simple land levelling, construction of physical soil and water conservation structures such as hillside terraces, check dams, gully plugging, soil/stone bunding using materials available in the surrounding areas such as mattocks, spades, stones and simple levelling tools. This intervention is coupled with tree planting and broadcasting of grass species. Communities prepare planting pits well ahead of planting season. During the planting period communities (male and female farmers & students) are fully involved. They work two days per week freely because they know that the trees and the grasses belong to them. Tree seedlings & grass species are obtained from tree nursery sites of the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) freely. The VDC, community elders, members from the local government, NUEW, NUEYS & extension agents of the MoA oversee the overall activities.
There are many enclosures established in the country. Majority of them are community based and render invaluable both tangible & intangible benefits to the society such as sources income, green feed for livestock; grass for house construction, to name but a few. Some examples of these enclosures are Menguda in Zoba Debub, Debre Bizen in zoba Semienawi Keih Bahri, the Green Belts in zobas Anseba, Maekel & Semienawi Keih Bahri & Debre Sina in Zoba Anseba.

Nome e endereço da instituição que desenvolve a tecnologia

Agricultural Extension Department of the Ministry of Agriculture |Agricultural Extension Department
Ministry of Agriculture
P.O.Box 1048,
Asmara, Eritrea |Mr. Heruy Asgedom Director General, Agricultural Extension Department, E-mail: asgedomheruy@gmail.com|Fax : 00291-1-181274
The technology is indigenous and involves local knowledge, skill and know-how and is practised by almost all villages. Though it is indigenous. the extension agents of the Ministry of Agriculture introduces scientific management techniques, assist the communities in the formulation of bye-laws and methods of implementation |Ministry of Agriculture,
Agricultural Extension Department
P.O. Box 1048,
Asmara, Eritrea
Phone: 291-1-181480
Fax  : 291-1-181274
Email: asgedomheruy@gmail.com

A tecnologia foi desenvolvida em parceria?

Sim

Liste os parceiros:

1. Members of each target village (2) Members of the Village Development Committee;(3) Local government office  
(4) NUEW (5) NUEYS and (6) Extension agents of the Ministry of Agriculture,
Both male and female members of the farming communities, |

Especificar a estrutura dentro da qual a tecnologia foi promovida

• Iniciativa local
• Iniciativa nacional - liderada pelo governo
• Programa/iniciativa baseada em projetos
• Iniciativa local
• Iniciativa nacional - liderada pelo governo
• Programa/iniciativa baseada em projetos
• Outros (favor especifique)

Especifique:

In addition to the above promotion methods information education & communication (IEC) materials such as brochures &, pamphlets distributed to farmers in order to raise their awareness towards importance of enclosures. Site visits are also made so that farmers could see good enclosure management

A participação das partes interessadas locais, incluindo as OSCs, foi fomentada no desenvolvimento da tecnologia?

Sim

Lista das partes interessadas locais envolvidas:

1. Community members of each target village; (2) Local government offices; (3) VDC; (4) NUEW, (5) NUEYS, (6) Extension agents of the Ministry of Agriculture.
(1) The farming communities, and CSOs namely (1) the National Union of Eritrean Youth and Students and (2) the National Union of Eritrean Women. |

Para os participantes listados acima, especifique seu papel no projeto, início, uso e manutenção da tecnologia, se houver.

As mentioned above the technology is indigenous and male nad female farming communities were using it for a long period of time. Currently what is being done is introducing slight but important modification to the existing farming system so that agric-yield could improved both qualitatively and quantitatively through the efficeint and sustainable use of water and soil.
1. Communities: Play a major role in selecting site for enclosure, delineating it, carry out the various enclosure related activities  such as construct physical soil & water conservation sructures, planting pit preparation & tree planting activities mentioned in this report, In general communities implement all activities within the enclosures. Some community members also play a role in supervising and monitoring & evaluating enclosure activities.
2. The VDC creats enabling environment, mobilises the communities, supervises, monitors & evaluates activities; oversees the general activity of the enclosures & checks whether or not all members paid their monthly payments on time. It also checks whether the bye-law is adhered or not.
3. Local governmnet: creats enabling environment, mobilises communities and provides some farm tools to be used during the various activities of the enclosures.
4. The National Union of Eritrean Women mobilises the women farmers
5. The National Union of Eritrean Youth and Students mobilises the students and youths
6. The extension agents of the Ministry of Agriculture: Train and provide technical and managerial advice to communities and VDC members on enclosure establishment, on establishment of bye-laws, on tree nursery, planting and harvesting products from within the enclosures.|

Descreva os impactos no local (os dois principais impactos por categoria)

The practice of conservation agriculture is developing well in the target area and beyond.
Agricultural production increased as a result of the interventions; crop diversity improved and production of green fed for livestock improved.  
Household income increased as a result of which household assests including livestock increased in quantity and quality. Parents were able to pay school fees for their scholl children. In general the overall living standard of the farming communities improved,  |
The causes and effects of land degradation are now realised more than ever and the farming communities are rendering due attention to the protection and proper utilisation of natural resources
Household income increased as a result of which household assests including livestock increased in quantity and quality. Parents were able to pay school fees for their scholl children. In general the overall living standard of the farming communities improved,  |
Agricultural production increased as a result of the interventions; crop diversity improved and production of green fed for livestock improved.  
The causes and effects of land degradation are now realised more than ever and the farming communities are rendering due attention to the protection and proper utilisation of natural resources
The practice of conservation agriculture is developing well in the target area and beyond.
Because of enclosures establishment (1) soil erosion decreased & soil fertility increased which led to improvement in agric-yield; grass & forage for livestock are becoming abundant with good livestock yield; farmers harvest honey from beehives, the Ministry of haelth collects medicinal plants.|
Communities developed a change of attitude & raised their awareness towards need for sustainable use of natural resources; participation, commitment mobilisation developed sense of ownership. Role & responsibility stregthened; bottom-up approach developed. Dependency syndrome on food aid avoided.  |
Because of enclosure vegetation cover especially indigenous species has increased which brought about an increase in wildlife species. Deforestation and illicit tree cutting have decreased because of protection. Soil structure, soil mosture improved. The effects of climate change is reducing |
Enclosures are sources of cash income. Villagers participate in the variuos cash-for-work activities being undertaken within the enclosures. Household asset increased; agric-production improved, Health conditions of human and livestock improved leading to the improvement of rural livelihoods.|
Soil erosion has decreased drastically as a result of which soil fertility has improved. Siltation of water bodies such as dams, ponds, rivers, streams and reservoirs decreased. Diversified plant and animal species within the enclosures can be seen as compared outside the enclosures.  |
Siltation of water bodies has decreased in downstream sites which increased the lifespan of water bodies. Villagers grow vegetables & fruits twice or trice a year as compared to only once before the establishment of the enclosures. Crop diversification is being practised. All this increase products

Descreva os dois principais impactos fora do local (isto é, não ocorrendo no local, mas nas áreas circunvizinhas)

The extension agents of the MoA organised training sessions on the importance of conservation agriculture and neighbouring villages are practising what they have learned.
Improvement of agricultural products in villages located at the downstream. Before the establishment of enclosures micro dams and ponds were filled with silts and the life of these water bodies was short. because of the establishment of enclosures siltation has reduced & people are growing cereals, green feed, vegetables & fruits using the water from these bodies all year round which leads to crop diversification & yield increment. Others have established enclosures.    |
Before the establishment of the enclosures river floods caused problems in the villages located at the downstream, but at present because the area is protected through different protection devices such as terraces & c/dams followed by tree planting & site protection & floods have been reduced & farmers were able to cultivate fields. In addition to this during peak periods neighbouring farmers participate in the various conservation and developmental activities and get cash income. |

Impacto sobre a biodiversidade e a mudança climática

Explique as razões:

(1)Before the intervention the vegatation cover of the target area was scanty but in now adays because of tree planting and protection from garzing the vegetation cover has increased and is increasing. (2) Because of such interventions erosion of top soil has decreased and agric-yield increased. (3) Because of afforestation followed by protection the number and type of wildlife species increased.   
Before enclosure establishment the site was poor in vegetation with fragile environment prone to erosion because of many biotic and abiotic factors such as overgrazing and deforestation and poor land husbandry. With the establishment of the enclosures vegetation cover especially indigenous species have increased. Deforestation and illicit tree cutting has reduced remarkably. The presence of trees, shrubs and grasses does have a positive impact on climate change. Due to the physical construction of soil and water conservation structures such as check dams, terraces, etc soil structure, soil moisture and water holding capacity have improved. Soil moisture loss due to evapo-transpiration has decreased. In some enclosures one can see that the terraces and check dams contained the soil with its moisture and that different grass species growing and the area has accumulated plenty of fertile soils. These phenomena would not have occurred in the absence of the physical soil and water conservation structures. One cannot see rills or gullies caused by running water. In these enclosures soil erosion is almost negligible.     

Foi realizada uma análise de custo-benefício?

Foi realizada uma análise de custo-benefício?

Sim

A tecnologia foi disseminada/introduzida para outros locais?

A tecnologia foi disseminada/introduzida para outros locais?

Sim

Onde?

Throughout the country
1. Neighbouring villages that did not yet establish enclosures. 2. As stated earlier in this report majority of enclosures are in the highlands  Farmers from the lowland areas have been visiting enclosures in the highlands and get training on its establishment and management in the lowlands. Some have already started establishment.
1. Neighbouring villages that did not yet establish enclosures. 2. As stated earlier in this report majority of enclosures are in the highlands  Farmers from the lowland areas have been visiting enclosures in the highlands and get training on its establishment and management in the lowlands. Some have already started establishment.

Você pode identificar as três principais condições que levaram ao sucesso das melhores práticas/tecnologias apresentadas?

Weather conditions are challenges. In most of the enclosures rain fall is erratic and with uneven distribution, Before the establishment of the enclosures soil erosion was excessive and because of soil fertility was poor leading to poor agric yield which is a challenge for the communities. To challenge these problems communities tried every means to improve yield. This system could easily be replicated and modified according to the needs and culture of the beneficiary communities.  |
Each village has its own established Village Development Committee whose members are elected democratically. this committee leads and oversees all social and development related activities of the village. The Village Development Committee mobilises communities and assigns each community member to carry out a specif job. The VDC is well organised to lead the communities which could easily be replicated and modified according to the needs and culture of the beneficiary communities.  
The local government is highly involved in community mobilisation & in creating enabling environment. It has direct linkage with VDC leaders. It  provided farm tools to assist the communities during the various activities. It also provides the best farmers with farm tools as reward. This practice is linked with all communal activities & it could be replicated elsewhere with small modification i,e with the needs, objectives and culture of the stakeholders|
Country wide there is a policy embracing the need for soil and water conservation practices country wide. To implement this practice there is high motivation from the local governmnet as well as from the direct beneficiaries of the land. This type of intervention is replicable with some level of adaptation.    
Because of poor land husbandry production and productivity are poor. To improve this farmers formed strong cooperation whereby they participate in soil and water conservation activities two days/week freely workin on their own field. Such intervention could be replicated with some level of adaptation. The farmers work with zeal and enthusiasm
The unrealiable and erratic rainfall are challenges for the farming communities. To ameliorate these conditions the farming communities are involved in conseraving drops of rain water through constrcting physical structures. could be replicated with some level of adaptation.

Relacionado a recursos humanos

1. Change of attitude: Communities have realised the causes and effects of erosion; (2) Awareness of the general public is raised towards cause and effects of good land husbandry. (3) The uses of enclosures, on the need and importance of sustainable use of natural resources. were realised. (4)The need for & importance of   participation, communication, team-work, sharing of experiences, leadership and mobilisation were realiased and strengthened, (5) Bottom-up approaches were recognised.   
The importance & the need for the establishment of Village Development Committee was very esential for the smooth implementation of the intervention; community partnership & involvment in project design, implementation, M & E proceses enhanced the sustainability of the interventions & ownership and araised; there was a change in attitude among the farming communities; division of labour & responsibilities were developed which stregthened the will of the workforce, sustainability & cost-effectiv|

Relacionado a aspectos técnicos

Improved methods of pyhsical construction of soil and water conservation structures such as land levelling, hillside terracing check dam construction and causes and effects of scientific methods of natural resources conserbcon practices. Check dams were and still are of immense importance in collecting rain water and conserving it which increases soil moisture. All thses improvments brought about a change in the means of production and productivity.|
The farming communities get technical & managerial training on enclosure establishment, management, bye-law establishment, land levelling skills, etc which are vital for their day-to-day activities. IEC materials are being prepared and distributed to farmers which would assist them in managing their resources in a sustainable way. Farmers were made to visit enclosures located in other areas which would enable them to get experience & share ideas. Capacity in M&E & reporting skills improved