1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da abordagem

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)

Book project: Guidelines to Rangeland Management in Sub-Saharan Africa (Rangeland Management)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)

Department of Range and Wildlife Sciences, South Eastern Kenya University (SEKU) - Quênia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

10/11/2017

O compilador e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através do WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre tecnologias da GST

2.1 Descrição curta da abordagem

On-farm indigenous pasture establishment demonstrations offer a practical approach to encourage adoption in the arid and semi-arid environments in Kenya.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da abordagem

Descrição detalhada da abordagem:

The characteristic feature of the demonstration approach is the interaction of different stakeholders in on-farm showcasing of sustainable land management technologies. The stakeholders include land users, NGOs, SLM specialists, local government officials and university researchers. SLM specialists and university researchers, with the help of local government and NGO field officers demonstrate the entire process of grass reseeding from site selection, seedbed preparation, grass species selection, weeding, monitoring and evaluation of both plant and soil parameters. The method comprises on-farm demonstrations both at individual, and pastoral and agropastoral group sites, and a model demonstration site within the university premises. The role of the main stakeholders involved in the process are sharing the knowledge, skills and technology (the SLM specialists; researchers from the university), linking the SLM specialists with the pastoral communities, sharing their experiences through on-farm demonstrations and explanations of similar technologies local government (county officials), sharing knowledge of past experiences and skills (local NGOs). The end users of the technologies, namely the pastoral communities share their indigenous technical knowledge related to natural resource management. In this case study the end-users comprised approximately 40 livestock keepers. Over five visits and through the demonstrations, they liked the approach because it was more practical being on-farm (“seeing is believing”). It was appreciated as being easily replicated on their own land under the same local conditions of climate, soil type, grass species, methods of land preparation, and land use system. After interacting with the SLM specialists from the universities during the visits and on-farm demonstrations, land-users have adopted the technology to ensure a continuous supply of pasture for their livestock.

2.3 Fotos da abordagem

2.5 País/região/locais onde a abordagem foi aplicada

2.6 Datas de início e término da abordagem

2.7 Tipo de abordagem

• Iniciativa/inovação local recente

2.8 Principais metas/objetivos da abordagem

To demonstrate indigenous pasture establishment on-farm, and encourage land users to practice reseeding as a means of 1) rehabilitating their degraded lands, 2) providing forage for their livestock and 3) income generation through sale of surplus animal products i.e. milk, hay and seeds.

2.9 Condição que propiciam ou inibem a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias aplicada(s) segundo a abordagem

3.1 Partes interessadas envolvidas na abordagem e seus papéis

3.2 Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais nas diferentes fases da abordagem

	Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais	Especifique quem estava envolvido e descreva as atividades
Iniciação/motivação	Participativo	Local land users involved in the site selection and involved in the plans of the project. Local land users share their indigenous technical knowledge gained through years of experience on aspects such as: which species are preferred by grazing animals (i.e. ranking of different forage species); which grass species perform better under different rainfall regimes, topography and soil types; which grass species are best suited for soil conservation and soil erosion control.
Planejamento	Participativo	Local land users actively involved in deciding on schedule for land users visits and demonstrations. Local land users participate and contribute to the planning of sowing dates, methods of land preparation, grass species selection in relation to their individual taste and preference and intended use (fodder for livestock, soil conservation and combating degradation, large-scale seed production).
Implementação	Participativo	Demonstration conducted on individual 'farms'/ pastures and local land users implement the technologies as 'model land users'.
Monitoramento/avaliação	Participativo	Constant communication through short message services (SMS) and telephone calls on progress and challenges as land users monitor changes, e.g. seed germination and seedling establishment. Local land users report this to the SLM specialists e.g. researchers in the university and post-graduate students involved in the projects.
Research	Passivo	Research is mainly conducted by SLM specialists at university and students. The local government is also involved in research since some of the students recruited to be part of the project: for example PhD and MSc students are permanently employed by the local government. Local land users share their indigenous technical knowledge through one-on-one informal discussions/sessions between them and the SLM specialists and students.

3.3 Fluxograma (se disponível)

3.4 Decisão sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias de GST

Especifique quem decidiu sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias a serem implementadas:

• todos os atores relevantes, como parte de uma abordagem participativa

Especifique em que base foram tomadas as decisões:

• Avaliação de conhecimento bem documentado de GST (tomada de decisão baseada em evidências)
• Resultados de pesquisa
• Experiência pessoal e opiniões (não documentado)

4.1 Reforço das capacidades/formação

Foi oferecida formação aos usuários da terra/outras partes interessadas?

Sim

Especifique quem foi capacitado:

• Usuários de terra
• Equipe de campo/consultores

Caso seja relevante, especifique gênero, idade, status, etnia, etc.

The land users and field staff/advisers were drawn from both genders (male and female). University undergraduate students (both male and female students, between the ages of 20-24 years) were also involved in the training during on-farm practical sessions.

Tipo de formação:

• Áreas de demonstração

Assuntos abordados:

site selection, seedbed preparation, choice of grass species, monitoring and evaluation (plant and soil attributes), maintenance and further management.

4.2 Serviço de consultoria

Os usuários de terra têm acesso a um serviço de consultoria?

Sim

Especifique se foi oferecido serviço de consultoria:

• nas áreas dos usuários da terra

Descreva/comentários:

Advisory services on-farm during visits.

4.3 Fortalecimento da instituição (desenvolvimento organizacional)

As instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas através da abordagem?

• Sim, moderadamente

Especifique a que nível (níveis) as instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas:

• Local
• Regional
• Nacional

Descreva instituição, papéis e responsabilidades, membros, etc.

University (South Eastern Kenya University, SEKU) - extension and outreach and research and academic exchange programs with other research institutions e.g. Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation (KALRO), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Kenya Seed Company, and other universities, for example the University of Nairobi (UoN).

Especifique o tipo de apoio:

• Financeiro
• Reforço das capacidades/formação

Dê mais detalhes:

Financial support from within university research funds and the National Research Fund (NRF), Kenya, through the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. Capacity building through postgraduate training involving researchers from SEKU, KALRO, ICRISAT and UoN.

4.4 Monitoramento e avaliação

Monitoramento e avaliação são partes da abordagem?

Sim

Comentários:

Adoption and uptake of the technologies among land users.

Caso afirmativo, esta documentação é destinada a ser utilizada para monitoramento e avaliação?

Sim

Comentários:

The approach demonstrates sustainable land management technologies e.g. grass reseeding, on farm. This is aimed at increasing adoption and spread of the technology by other land users.

4.5 Pesquisa

A pesquisa foi parte da abordagem?

Sim

Especifique os tópicos:

• Ecologia
• Tecnologia

Dê mais detalhes e indique quem realizou a pesquisa:

By an SLM specialist: that is researcher at the university under a research project.

5.1 Orçamento anual para o componente de GST da abordagem

Caso o orçamento exato seja desconhecido, indique a faixa:

• 2.000-10.000

Comentários (p. ex. principais fontes de recursos/principais doadores):

Food and Business Applied Research Fund (ARF) funded by the The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Netherlands.

5.2 Apoio financeiro/material concedido aos usuários da terra

Os usuários da terra receberam apoio financeiro/material para a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias?

Sim

Caso afirmativo, especifique tipo(s) de apoio, condições e fornecedor(es):

Land and seed bed preparation: hiring of casual labour and rent of machinery / equipment (ox-plough / tractor).

5.3 Subsídios para entradas específicas (incluindo mão-de-obra)

• Mão-de-obra

• Equipamento

• Agrícola

Se a mão-de-obra pelos usuários da terra foi uma entrada substancial, isso foi:

• Voluntário

Comentários:

This is mainly for maintaining, monitoring and evaluation of the on-farm sites e.g. aspects of maintaining the fence to keep of free-ranging livestock from damaging the established pastures and assisting other hired labourers e.g. in seeding.

5.4 Crédito

Foi concedido crédito segundo a abordagem para atividades de GST?

Não

5.5 Outros incentivos ou instrumentos

Foram utilizados outros incentivos ou instrumentos para promover a implementação das tecnologias de GST?

Não

6.1 Impactos da abordagem

6.2 Principal motivação dos usuários da terra para implementar a GST

6.3 Atividades de sustentabilidade de abordagem

Os usuários da terra podem manter o que foi implementado através da abordagem (sem apoio externo)?

• Sim

Caso afirmativo, descreva como:

Approach is practical and involves the use of already existing knowledge and skills e.g. use of ox-ploughs for site preparation is not foreign; local land users have interacted through their knowledge of the indigenous grasses.

6.4 Pontos fortes/vantagens da abordagem

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Ease of understanding and appreciation because of its practical nature.
Approach allows a close interaction and exchange between the different stakeholders (land users, NGOs, local government officials, SLM specialists, universities) i.e. provides a science-practice link; learning by doing.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada
On-farm and practical approach for easy adoption by other land users.
Takes advantage of group dynamics where different stakeholders share and provide immediate feedback and seek clarification throughout the process thus enriching the discussions.

6.5 Pontos fracos, desvantagens da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Source of conflict between land user where the on-farm demonstration has been conducted and other neighbouring land users e.g. diverting runoff in the upland thus reducing the volume of rainwater reaching farms located down-slope.	Continuous capacity building, knowledge sharing and sensitization.
Choice of on-farm demonstration site at an individual land owner can lead to jealousies among other land users. Choice of on-farm demonstration site at an individual land owner can lead to aggravation among other land users.	Use of communal or group owned land for on-farm demonstrations.
Allocation of time to attend the on-farm demonstrations. The approach is often conducted before the onset of the rains, when the land users are busy preparing their own farms for sowing. This might lead to low turn-out during demonstrations.	In consultation with the land users, set the date(s) when majority of the land users are available.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Language barrier (SLM specialists and land users).	Involving a local land user/personnel to bridge the gap.

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

KZ Mganga, NKR Musimba, DM Nyariki. 2015. Competition indices of three perennial grasses used to rehabilitate degraded semi-arid rangelands in Kenya. The Rangelands Journal 37: 489-495

Disponível de onde? Custos?

The Rangeland Journal, USD 25

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

KZ Mganga, NKR Musimba, DM Nyariki. 2015. Combining sustainable land management technologies to combat land degradation and improve rural livelihoods in semi-arid lands in Kenya. Environmental Management 56: 1538-1548

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Environmental Management, USD 38

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

KZ Mganga, NKR Musimba, MM Nyangito, DM Nyariki, AW Mwang’ombe. 2015. The choice of grass species to combat desertification in semi-arid Kenyan rangelands is greatly influenced by their forage value for livestock. Grass and Forage Science 70: 161-167.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Grass and Forage Science, USD 38

7.3 Links para informação relevante que está disponível online

Título/ descrição:

Competition indices of three perennial grasses used to rehabilitate degraded semi-arid rangelands in Kenya

URL:

http://www.publish.csiro.au/rj/RJ15023

Título/ descrição:

Combining sustainable land management technologies to combat land degradation and improve rural livelihoods in semi-arid lands in Kenya

URL:

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00267-015-0579-9

Título/ descrição:

The choice of grass species to combat deserti􀀹cation in semi-arid Kenyan rangelands is greatly in􀁇uenced by their forage value for livestock

URL:

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gfs.12089/abstract