Abordagens

Joint village land use planning [República Unida da Tanzânia]

Criação: 04/01/2018 14:55
Atualização: 02/11/2021 11:55
Compilador/a: Fiona Flintan
Editor: –
Revisores: Donia Mühlematter, Simone Verzandvoort, Rima Mekdaschi Studer, Joana Eichenberger

approaches_3336 - República Unida da Tanzânia

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1. Informação geral

2. Descrição da abordagem de GST

2.1 Descrição curta da abordagem

Joint village land use planning is a process facilitated by Tanzania's land policy and legislation. It supports the planning, protection and management of shared resources across village boundaries. It is an important tool towards land use planning and better rangeland management. This case study provides an example from a cluster of villages in Kiteto District, Tanzania.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da abordagem

Descrição detalhada da abordagem:

The Sustainable Rangeland Management Project (SRMP) is an initiative led by Tanzania’s Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries (MoLF), the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and the National Land Use Planning Commission (NLUPC), with support from International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Irish Aid and the International Land Coalition (ILC). A key innovation of the project has been the development of joint village land use planning (JVLUP). The JVLUP process in Kiteto District, Manyara Region began in November 2013, and included the villages of Lerug, Ngapapa, and Orkitikiti. The three villages share boundaries and grazing resources, and in order to illustrate a single shared identity across the boundaries, the name OLENGAPA was chosen - incorporating part of each village’s name.
The total area of the three villages is (approx.) 59,000 hectares. The majority of inhabitants are Maasai pastoralists with some Ndorobo hunter-gatherers, and some farmers - most of whom are seasonal migrants. Mobility is central to the survival of the pastoralists and takes place across the three villages, as well as to locations in Kilindi, Gairo, and Bagamoyo Districts.
Average annual rainfall is between 800-1,000 mm per annum. There are no perennial rivers flowing through the OLENGAPA villages. The only permanent surface water source is Orkitikiti Dam, constructed in 1954.
In order to understand the different resources such as grazing areas, water points, cropping areas, livestock routes, and cultural places, SRMP supported participatory mapping. This assisted in developing a base map for the village land use planning process: it showed which resources were shared by the villages and where they were situated.
SRMP then helped village members to agree the individual village land use maps and plans - which zoned the village land into priority land uses - as well as the joint village land use map and plan, and the joint village land use agreement (JVLUA). These specified the grazing areas, water points, livestock routes and other shared resources. Reaching agreement was a protracted negotiation process between the villages, and within villages also - between different interest groups. It involved numerous community meetings and considerable investment of resources. Finally, each Village Assembly approved the JVLUA, which allocated approx. 20,700 ha of land for shared grazing –around 40% of the total village area. By-laws for management of the resources were developed and adopted.
Following approval of the JVLUA, the three OLENGAPA Village Councils established a Joint Grazing Land Committee made up of members from all three villages. This Committee is responsible for planning, management, enforcement of by-laws applicable to the OLENGAPA, and coordination of the implementation of both the OLENGAPA land use agreements and joint land use plan. In addition, a Livestock Keepers Association was established, including 53 founding members – but with most households from the three villages being associate members. A constitution was developed for the Association, which was officially registered on 11 September 2015.
In January 2016 the Ministry of Lands approved and registered the village land boundary maps and deed plans for the three villages. The District Council has issued the village land certificates, and the next step is for Village Councils to begin issuing Certificates of Customary Rights of Occupancy (CCROs). The shared grazing area will require three group CCROs to be issued to the Livestock Keepers Association – one from each village - for the part of the grazing area that falls under its jurisdiction. Signboards and beacons marking the shared grazing area are being put in place.
In November 2017 a fourth village joined OLENGAPA, expanding the shared grazing area to 30,000 ha. The villages are now working to develop a management plan to improve rangeland productivity.

2.3 Fotos da abordagem

Galeria de Mídias

2.5 País/região/locais onde a abordagem foi aplicada

País:

República Unida da Tanzânia

Região/Estado/Província:

Manyara Region

Especificação adicional de localização:

Kiteto District

Comentários:

Kiteto District, Manyara Region, Tanzania

2.6 Datas de início e término da abordagem

Indique o ano de início:

2010

Ano de término (caso a abordagem não seja mais aplicada):

2017

2.7 Tipo de abordagem

Baseado em projeto/programa

2.8 Principais metas/objetivos da abordagem

To secure shared grazing areas and other rangeland resources for livestock keepers, and to improve their management.

2.9 Condição que propiciam ou inibem a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias aplicada(s) segundo a abordagem

Normas e valores sociais/culturais/religiosos

Propício

History of collective tenure, management and sharing of rangeland resources as part of sustainable rangeland management practices.

Inibitivo

Marginalisation of pastoralists from decision-making processes at local and higher levels.

Disponibilidade/acesso a recursos e serviços financeiros

Inibitivo

Village land use planning process is costly due to the requirement to include government experts in the process in order to gather required data and to authorise plans. Lack of government priority to village land use planning, so poor allocation of government funds to the process.

Quadro institucional

Propício

Strong local government/community institutions for leading process at local albeit their capacity may require building.

Colaboração/coordenção de atores

Inibitivo

Poor coordination of different actors supporting VLUP in the past due to previous weakness of National Land Use Planning Commission (NLUPC). However, this is now changing as NLUPC becomes stronger and takes up coordination role.

Quadro jurídico (posse de terra, direitos de uso da terra e da água)

Propício

Tanzania's legislation, if implemented well, provides an enabling environment for securing of community/village rights for both individuals and groups.

Inibitivo

Legislation allows village land to be transferred into public land if in the "public" or "national" interest - this facility confers insecurity on village land.

Políticas

Propício

Tanzania possesses facilitating national land use policy for the joint village land use planning approach, together with guidelines.

Inibitivo

There are conflicting policies over land coming from different sectors including land generally, together with forests, wildlife and livestock. These cause confusion at the local level. Depending on power of actors one set of policies may be stronger than another - wildlife-related policy for example can have a lot of power because there are many strong and influential tourism and conservation bodies lobbying for stronger protection of land, with potentially negative impacts for communities who want to use that land for other purposes.

Governança da terra (tomada de decisões, implementação e aplicação)

Propício

Decision-making has been decentralised to the lowest levels, giving local communities considerable power to decide on the uses of their village land.

Inibitivo

The process of village land use planning is costly due to the requirement for having local government experts involved, and the need to follow often complex procedures and steps. Many communities and even local government do not have adequate technical skills and knowledge to complete the long process, as well as not having adequate funds. This has held up the VLUP applications. Further few VLUPs move from their production stage to implementation stage including enforcement of bylaws and, for example, land management.

Conhecimento sobre GST, acesso a suporte técnico

Propício

Good local knowledge of rangeland management based on historical practice. Communities understand need for better rangeland management.

Inibitivo

Lack of investment in rangeland management and the provision of technical support e.g. through government extension services. Lack of technical knowledge in rangeland rehabilitation and improving rangeland productivity at scale.

Mercados (para comprar entradas, vender produtos) e preços

Inibitivo

Lack of local markets and coordinated operations for livestock production.

Carga de trabalho, disponibilidade de força de trabalho

Propício

Well-structured local community bodies ready to provide manpower. Local government experts in place to support VLUP process.

Inibitivo

Lack of knowledge, skills and capacity amongst local communities and government experts to complete JVLUP adequately, including such as resolving conflicts between different land users.

3. Participação e papel das partes interessadas envolvidas

3.1 Partes interessadas envolvidas na abordagem e seus papéis

Usuários de terra/comunidades locais

Village members (Assembly) of three villages - Orikitiki, Lerug and Ngapapa.

All village members as the Village Assembly have an opportunity to contribute to the land use planning process and to approve it.

Organizações comunitárias

Village Council, Village Land Use Management Committee (VLUMC), Rangeland Management Committee, Livestock Keepers Association.

Village government coordinated the planning process at local level. VLUMC develops plan. Village Council approves plans and issues CCROs. Rangeland Management Committee oversees development in rangelands. Livestock Keepers Association established made-up of all members of the villages that have livestock (nearly all village members) - they will be issued with CCROs as "owners" of the grazing land.

Especialistas em GST/ consultor agrícola

Land use planning consultants

Provision of advice to the project team, local government and villagers on the JVLUP approach.

Pesquisadores

International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)

Identification of good practice in village land use planning in Tanzania and ways to adapt and incorporate good practice into joint village land use planning to improve the approach. Research on role of and impact on pastoral women. Undertaking of baseline studies.

Organização não governamental

KINNAPA Development Association (supported originally by CARE and Tanzania Natural Resource Forum).

KINNAPA is the local CSO partner working as part of the project to implement the JVLUP with local communities

Governo local

District Council including the PLUM (participatory land use management planning experts)

The District Council provides local government oversight of the planning process and approves the plan before submitting to national government body. The PLUM technically supports the development of the JVLUP working with the village government(s) and village committees.

Governo nacional (planejadores, responsáveis pelas decisões)

Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, National Land Use Planning Commission (NLUPC), Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development,

Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries leading the planning process with a sectoral interest in protecting rangelands. NLUPC provides technical oversight and guidance. Ministry of Lands is the national body that approves the final plan.

Organização internacional

International Land Coalition (ILC)

ILC is the grant recipient for the funds from the donors. The project is implemented through ILC members such as ILRI. ILC coordinates its members work in Tanzania on land issues including the JVLUP through a national engagement strategy (NES). ILC also provides technical support to the process through its global/Africa programme - the ILC Rangelands Initiative. The ILC Rangelands Initiative is a platform for learning, sharing, influencing, and connecting on rangeland issues with the objective of making rangelands more secure.

Donors

IFAD and Irish Aid

Provide funds for the project. IFAD also provides technical support on land tenure issues.

Caso várias partes interessadas foram envolvidas, indique a agência líder:

The lead agency is the International Land Coalition (ILC) working through its members including ILRI. In country, the main implementer is the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries

3.2 Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais nas diferentes fases da abordagem

	Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais	Especifique quem estava envolvido e descreva as atividades
Iniciação/motivação	Apoio externo	The project supported communities to initiate the first steps taken to reach agreement on the need for planning and how this would be done.
Planejamento	Participativo	Communities were centrally involved in the planning of the VLUP process, with support from local NGO and government.
Implementação	Participativo	Village government and community in general is responsible for the implementation of the planning process, with the support of local government.
Monitoramento/avaliação	Apoio externo	The community is responsible for monitoring and evaluation, but lack skills and capacity in this regard requiring external support.
Research	Apoio externo	Research on information required for planning processes collected and generated by communities with the assistance of technical support from local NGO, local government and researchers.

3.3 Fluxograma (se disponível)

Descrição:

Steps in the Joint Village Land Use Planning Process

Autor:

Fiona Flintan

3.4 Decisão sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias de GST

Especifique quem decidiu sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias a serem implementadas:

todos os atores relevantes, como parte de uma abordagem participativa

Explique:

The policy and legislation lays down the steps to be followed for the VLUP/JVLUP process. However there is room to adapt these processes to local context - and here all stakeholders were involved to develop the process of JVLUP through its first piloting. This included communities, local and national government, local NGOs, researchers and development organisations.

Especifique em que base foram tomadas as decisões:

Avaliação de conhecimento bem documentado de GST (tomada de decisão baseada em evidências)

4. Suporte técnico, reforço das capacidades e gestão do conhecimento

4.1 Reforço das capacidades/formação

Foi oferecida formação aos usuários da terra/outras partes interessadas?

Sim

Especifique quem foi capacitado:

Usuários de terra
Equipe de campo/consultores

government staff

Tipo de formação:

Em exercício
Reuniões públicas
Cursos

Assuntos abordados:

Land users were trained in land related and other relevant laws and the JVLUP process. Field staff/advisers were trained in land laws, the JVLUP process, gender, and conflict resolution. Local government were trained in the JVLUP process, gender and conflict resolution.

4.2 Serviço de consultoria

Os usuários de terra têm acesso a um serviço de consultoria?

Não

4.3 Fortalecimento da instituição (desenvolvimento organizacional)

As instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas através da abordagem?

Sim, significativamente

Especifique a que nível (níveis) as instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas:

Local
Nacional

Descreva instituição, papéis e responsabilidades, membros, etc.

Local government bodies including Village Council, VLUMC (village land use management committee) and Livestock Keepers Association have all had capacity strengthened, but more is required (particularly for the latter). Capacity of the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries and the National Land Use Planning Commission to implement JVLUP has been built.

Especifique o tipo de apoio:

Financeiro
Reforço das capacidades/formação
Equipamento

data collected and database set up

4.4 Monitoramento e avaliação

Monitoramento e avaliação são partes da abordagem?

Sim

Comentários:

M&E has not been strong in previous phases, but now is central with baselines being carried out in all new clusters of villages where the project will work so that impact can be fully assessed.

Caso afirmativo, esta documentação é destinada a ser utilizada para monitoramento e avaliação?

Não

4.5 Pesquisa

A pesquisa foi parte da abordagem?

Sim

Especifique os tópicos:

Sociologia
Economia/Marketing
Ecologia

Dê mais detalhes e indique quem realizou a pesquisa:

Research was carried out to identify good practice (in terms of social, economic and environmental impacts) from which the JVLUP process was developed. In future phases the full impacts of this JVLUP in terms of social, economic and ecological impact are being researched.

5. Financiamento e apoio material externo

6. Análise de impactos e declarações finais

6.1 Impactos da abordagem

A abordagem concedeu autonomia aos usuários locais de terra, melhorou a participação das partes interessadas?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Local village communities now feel strongly empowered in protecting and managing their land. The process has brought different stakeholders together and strengthened commitment to make the process work.

A abordagem propiciou a tomada de decisão baseada em evidências?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

The piloting of the JVLUP showed what is possible and the positive impacts realised (albeit they could have been better documented). On these results the process is being scaled-up.

A abordagem auxiliou os usuários da terra a implementar e manter as tecnologias de GST?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

The planning process has laid the foundations for improved rangeland management - what is now required is investment in that management.

A abordagem melhorou a coordenação e a implementação economicamente eficiente da GST?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

A abordagem mobilizou/melhorou o acesso aos recursos financeiros para implementação da GST?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

A abordagem aprimorou o conhecimento e as capacidades dos usuários da terra para implementar a GST?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Land users have greater knowledge of the potential and need for rangeland management based on a better understanding of their land and resources gained through the JVLUP process, but they still need skills and resources to put this knowledge into action.

A abordagem aprimorou o conhecimento e as capacidades de outras partes interessadas?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

National and local government have seen the potential of the JVLUP to resolve conflicts over land use, and their capacities to implement the JVLUP in this regard has been improved.

A abordagem construiu/fortaleceu instituições, colaboração entre partes interessadas?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

The approach is helping build relations between the Ministry Livestock and Fisheries and the NLUPC together with NGO(s) at national level, as well as between different stakeholders involved in JVLUP at local levels.

A abordagem atenuou conflitos?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Through the process of JVLUP the roots of land use conflicts come to the surface and must be resolved before agreement is reached. This may cause tensions and even conflict along the way - but the outcome should be positive.

A abordagem concedeu autonomia aos grupos social e economicamente desfavorecidos?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Pastoralists are often left out of village land use planning processes. This approach when implemented well gives greater opportunity for them to be involved. However this is still a challenge.

A abordagem melhorou a igualdade de gêneros e concedeu autonomia a mulheres e meninas?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Women can be left out of village land use planning processes. This approach when implemented well gives greater opportunity for them to be involved. However this is still a challenge.

A abordagem encorajou os jovens/as próximas gerações de usuários de terra a se envolverem na GST?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Youth can be left out of village land use planning processes. This approach when implemented well gives greater opportunity for them to be involved. However this is still a challenge.

A abordagem melhorou as questões de posse de terra/diretos do usuário que inibiam a implementação das tecnologias de GST?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

By following the JVLUP process village land has been certified and secured, as well as the rights of access and use of livestock keepers to the grazing land.

A abordagem resultou em segurança alimentar aprimorada/nutrição melhorada?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

This has not been specifically monitored but it assumed by having stronger security to land and resources, food security and nutrition will be improved.

A abordagem melhorou o acesso aos mercados?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

This has not been specifically monitored but it assumed by having stronger security to land and resources, access to markets will be improved.

A abordagem resultou em acesso melhorado à água e ao saneamento?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

In terms of water for livestock the JVLUP process has secured rights for the three villages to shared water resources.

A abordagem resultou em uso/fontes de energia mais sustentável?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

A abordagem aprimorou a capacidade dos usuários da terra de adaptar-se a mudanças climáticas/extremos e atenuar os desastres relacionados com o clima?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

By having stronger security to land and resources local land users are better placed to adapt to climate change etc.

A abordagem resultou em emprego, oportunidades de renda?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

This has not been specifically monitored but it assumed by having stronger security to land and resources, income opportunities will be improved.

6.2 Principal motivação dos usuários da terra para implementar a GST

Produção aumentada

By protecting grazing areas, there will be more secure access to resources required for livestock production.

Degradação do solo reduzida

By protecting grazing areas and improvement of rangeland management practices land degradation will be reduced.

Riscos de desastre reduzido

With more secure access to land and resources, local land users are better placed to manage their resources in order to reduce risks to disasters.

normas e regulamentos (multas)/aplicação

By gaining protection from village certification, village land use planning and local bylaws developed as part of this, local land users are better placed to enforce rules and regulations relating to land use and to prevent encroachment/trespassing by outsiders.

Prestígio, pressão social/coesão social

The JVLUP process improved the social cohesion and group identify of the three villages - expressed in the name OLENGAPA (made up of the three village names). There is a strong livestock keepers association now made up of livestock keepers from all three villages who are working more closely together.

Atenuação de conflitos

The JVLUP helped to resolve land use conflicts by opening up space to discuss root causes, find solutions and come to agreement between land users.

6.3 Atividades de sustentabilidade de abordagem

Os usuários da terra podem manter o que foi implementado através da abordagem (sem apoio externo)?

Incerto

Caso negativo ou incerto, especifique e comente:

The community requires support from local government to protect their village lands including grazing lands from outsiders wanting to settle on the land - this is a constant problem to be addressed (despite the securing of village boundaries etc.). The community also needs capacity building and resources to improve the productivity of the land including the grazing areas. If they get these supports then they can sustain what has been implemented.

6.4 Pontos fortes/vantagens da abordagem

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Improved the security of access and use to village land including grazing.
Brought attention to the challenges faced by land users in the area in protecting and using their village land, and the need for more investment and support for this.
Pastoralists are now more central to decision-making processes than they were before.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Collaboration of different stakeholders in implementing the approach has supported a new way of working.
Capacity of different stakeholders has been built along the way through joint problem-solving and learning-by-doing.
The approach - with adaptation - has application in other contexts/countries and shows that even if a rangeland is split by administrative boundaries there is opportunity to work across those village boundaries in order to maintain the functionality of the rangeland and land use systems such as pastoralism that depend upon this.

6.5 Pontos fracos, desvantagens da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Despite village land being theoretically protected, in practice it can still be encroached upon.	Greater support provided from government to enforce protection of land.
Time-consuming process which became more expensive than anticipated resulting in some gaps in funding.	Process needs to be refined through practice, and adequate funds allocated from beginning.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
The selection of villages for JVLUP needs more care to ensure that enabling conditions for JVLUP exist.	In future selection of villages for JVLUP a set of criteria should be used that enable more enabling conditions to exist.
Information has not been methodologically collected on social, environmental and economic impacts of the approach.	In future the impacts of the approach need to be fully monitored and evaluated.
The VLUP is an expensive process to follow.	National government needs to identify ways to reduce the cost of the VLUP so that more villages can undertake it. Government needs to allocate more funds to VLUP. The VLUP is an expensive process to follow.
Need for an enabling environment.	The policy and legislation in Tanzania enables this process - it is not the case in the majority of other African countries.

7. Referências e links

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

compilação de relatórios e outra documentação existente

The compiler has been involved in the project/process since its inception and had access to all reports and existing documentation.

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1. Informação geral

1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da abordagem

Pessoa(s) capacitada(s)

Especialista em GST:

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

O compilador e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através do WOCAT:

2. Descrição da abordagem de GST

2.1 Descrição curta da abordagem

2.2 Descrição detalhada da abordagem

Descrição detalhada da abordagem:

2.3 Fotos da abordagem

Galeria de Mídias

2.5 País/região/locais onde a abordagem foi aplicada

País:

Região/Estado/Província:

Especificação adicional de localização:

Comentários:

2.6 Datas de início e término da abordagem

Indique o ano de início:

Ano de término (caso a abordagem não seja mais aplicada):

2.7 Tipo de abordagem

2.8 Principais metas/objetivos da abordagem

2.9 Condição que propiciam ou inibem a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias aplicada(s) segundo a abordagem

Normas e valores sociais/culturais/religiosos

Disponibilidade/acesso a recursos e serviços financeiros

Quadro institucional

Colaboração/coordenção de atores

Quadro jurídico (posse de terra, direitos de uso da terra e da água)

Políticas

Governança da terra (tomada de decisões, implementação e aplicação)

Conhecimento sobre GST, acesso a suporte técnico

Mercados (para comprar entradas, vender produtos) e preços

Carga de trabalho, disponibilidade de força de trabalho

3. Participação e papel das partes interessadas envolvidas

3.1 Partes interessadas envolvidas na abordagem e seus papéis

Caso várias partes interessadas foram envolvidas, indique a agência líder:

3.2 Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais nas diferentes fases da abordagem

3.3 Fluxograma (se disponível)

Descrição:

Autor:

3.4 Decisão sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias de GST

Especifique quem decidiu sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias a serem implementadas:

Explique:

Especifique em que base foram tomadas as decisões:

4. Suporte técnico, reforço das capacidades e gestão do conhecimento

4.1 Reforço das capacidades/formação

Foi oferecida formação aos usuários da terra/outras partes interessadas?

Especifique quem foi capacitado:

Tipo de formação:

Assuntos abordados:

4.2 Serviço de consultoria

Os usuários de terra têm acesso a um serviço de consultoria?

4.3 Fortalecimento da instituição (desenvolvimento organizacional)

As instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas através da abordagem?

Especifique a que nível (níveis) as instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas:

Descreva instituição, papéis e responsabilidades, membros, etc.

Especifique o tipo de apoio:

4.4 Monitoramento e avaliação

Monitoramento e avaliação são partes da abordagem?

Comentários:

Caso afirmativo, esta documentação é destinada a ser utilizada para monitoramento e avaliação?

4.5 Pesquisa

A pesquisa foi parte da abordagem?

Especifique os tópicos:

Dê mais detalhes e indique quem realizou a pesquisa:

5. Financiamento e apoio material externo

5.1 Orçamento anual para o componente de GST da abordagem

Caso o orçamento exato seja desconhecido, indique a faixa:

Comentários (p. ex. principais fontes de recursos/principais doadores):

5.2 Apoio financeiro/material concedido aos usuários da terra

Os usuários da terra receberam apoio financeiro/material para a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias?

5.3 Subsídios para entradas específicas (incluindo mão-de-obra)

Se a mão-de-obra pelos usuários da terra foi uma entrada substancial, isso foi:

Comentários:

5.4 Crédito