Abordagens

Naula Management and Conservation [Índia]

Naula (depression well, indigenous water harvest technology)

approaches_5202 - Índia

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1. Informação geral

1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da abordagem

Pessoa(s) capacitada(s)

usuário de terra:

Jagdamba Joshi

+91 90120 89421

Sarpanch (Chief) of the Nakina Van Panchayat (Forest Council)

Nakina Village, Pithoragarh Bloc, Uttarakhand

Índia

usuário de terra:

Patni Pooran Chandra

+91 94113 48434 / +91 96395 41519

Digtoli Village

Digtoli Village, Pithoragarh Bloc, Uttarakhand

Índia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)
Onsite and Offsite Benefits of SLM
Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)
ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - Nepal
Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)
G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Einvironment & Development (G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Einvironment & Development) - Índia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

18/06/2019

O compilador e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através do WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre tecnologias da GST

Recharge Ponds and Recharge Trenches
technologies

Recharge Ponds and Recharge Trenches [Índia]

Recharge ponds (Chaals or khals) and recharge trenches (khanti) are common methods to catch the surface runoff and increase the infiltration to recharge groundwater and aid in natural spring recharge in the middle mountain regions.

  • Compilador/a: Jaclyn Bandy
Broadleaf Plantations, Assisted Tree Regeneration and Fodder Nurseries for Sustainable Forest Management
technologies

Broadleaf Plantations, Assisted Tree Regeneration and Fodder Nurseries … [Índia]

Natural assisted regeneration of broadleaved species, a small oak plantation and a fodder nursery have been established in the Nakina community forest (intervention area: 10 ha), supporting fodder tree species such as Banj Oak and Falyaat, as well as various subtropical temperate fodder grass species. This has improved the livelihood …

  • Compilador/a: Jaclyn Bandy
Stone Check Walls and Check Dams for Soil and Water Conservation
technologies

Stone Check Walls and Check Dams for Soil … [Índia]

Stone Check Dams/Walls, Retainment Walls, and a Water Diversion Wall has been constructed in Nakina Village and Nakina Community Forest to help protect their settlements, agriculture land, forest land, and preserve the hilly landscape. These structures serve to reduce the runoff velocity (lowering the rate of erosion and gullying in …

  • Compilador/a: Jaclyn Bandy

2. Descrição da abordagem de GST

2.1 Descrição curta da abordagem

Naulas are shallow, four-sided stepped wells designed to collect water from subterranean seepages or springs and are used to meet domestic water needs by the local communities. Naula management and conservation encompasses a range of activities that preserve their structure and function.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da abordagem

Descrição detalhada da abordagem:

Naulas are imperative sources of natural seepage of drinking water and are considered the most important hydraulic structures to the villages in hill regions of Uttarakhand. They appear as a dry stone masonry structure, normally with a four-sided (rectangle or square) shape with stairs on all the sides and are commonly covered by stone slates and an erected wall on three sides. Since ancient times, water rituals are practiced within the communities and the water from these naulas have idols of various deities like the sun, moon, Earth, Vishnu, Ganesh etc. The main motive of keeping idols of gods and goddesses tied to the naulas is to preserve these structures from pollution and other harmful anthropogenic activities.

The efforts to preserve naulas include; building structural or vegetative barriers on the slope above to prevent physical damage, pollution from runoff and other erosive processes, establishing barriers of entry to deter wildlife and insects, initiating cleaning routines in the villages (scrubbing/disinfecting and clearing debris or weeds around the naulas).

The villages of Nakina, Digtoli, and Bhurmuni have carried out their own traditional measures to conserve these sacred structures and the water that flows into them. Sacred tree species like the peepal and banyan trees have been planted near naulas to signify its sanctity and to protect and shade it. To ensure the potability of a naula's water, biweekly cleaning regimes are undertaken. Structural measures such as check walls, check dams, and water channels have been made above the naulas. Additionally, wildlife entry is inhibited with cloth drapes that cover the naula's entrance, and some villages have established a protective enclosure around the naula.

Routine Naula conservation activities are taken up by those that collect the water, which include mainly the women and children. There is a water queue system in Nakina Village, in which people receive a specific time slot to take the water from the naula. This helps with keeping track of water use and promotes equitable use of water in the village. Other arduous tasks such as constructing the structural technologies include male participation. Monthly or bimonthly community meetings and daily checks on the Naulas help enforce the approach objectives. The villagers are are the sole stakeholders and take up full ownership and water user rights.

Generally, the older community members in these villages stress the need of Naula conservation and management to a greater degree. Members of the younger generation are less concerned and do not exhibit the same level of sensitivity, although they are aware of their importance to the community. The future effectiveness of the approach will depend on village participation and the level of dependency on the Naula for water during the dry season. With the drying of springs and increased use of pipe-schemes (though unreliable), external sources of water may replace this indigenous water harvesting technique.

2.3 Fotos da abordagem

Galeria de Mídias

2.5 País/região/locais onde a abordagem foi aplicada

País:

Índia

Região/Estado/Província:

Uttarakhand

Especificação adicional de localização:

Digtoli, Pithoragarh Bloc

Comentários:

Villages: Digtoli, Nakina, Bhurmuni

Visualização do mapa

2.6 Datas de início e término da abordagem

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada de início da abordagem:

mais de 50 anos atrás (tradicional)

2.7 Tipo de abordagem

  • Tradicional/Indígena

2.8 Principais metas/objetivos da abordagem

Maintenance and preservation of the indigenous water harvesting technology, the naula. By protecting this structure and the catchment area around it, the villages can protect their precious water resources and sustain a long-lasting tradition.

2.9 Condição que propiciam ou inibem a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias aplicada(s) segundo a abordagem

Normas e valores sociais/culturais/religiosos
  • Propício

Various religious ceremonies/rituals are still carried out around the naulas to this day. Lord Vishnu is associated with water in Hindu scriptures and mythology. Hence many naula have idols of Vishnu installed in them or sculpted on their stone walls. The need to revere and care for the naula is stressed by older generations.

  • Inibitivo

Due to shifting cultural dimensions, government or office jobs are considered to have a higher status than that of farmers in rural areas. These days rural youth have their minds set on getting a government or an office job. They are not willing to toil on their farms. This is severely straining the traditional systems of
managing common property resources

Disponibilidade/acesso a recursos e serviços financeiros
  • Propício

Little external financial resources are required

  • Inibitivo

Less attention/investment is being directed to natural resources due to outmigration an off-farm employment opportunities

Quadro institucional
  • Inibitivo

With better education and the increasing share of non-farm economy in the national economy, the potential for obtaining off-farm employment is growing rapidly. Non-farm employment (NFE) has affected traditional water management systems. NFE opportunities, particularly for rural males, have changed the traditional occupation structures in the villages. When a family's reliance shifts from agriculture to an off-farm source of income, its incentive to participate in the traditional voluntary chores required to maintain common property resources decreases. This reduces the supply of voluntary labor for tasks like the management and maintenance of naulas. Traditional sanctions against such households are less effective, thereby eroding local norms and authority. Families that are headed by women when the male head is away have difficulty in obtaining their rightful share of water. Interfamily disputes erupt on the return of the male heads, reducing the community's unity that is so essential for managing common property resources.

Colaboração/coordenção de atores
  • Propício

The approach is traditionally community driven, site specific and requires little to no external input from other actors outside of the village.

Quadro jurídico (posse de terra, direitos de uso da terra e da água)
  • Propício

There are no formal institutions or rules/written records of water rights and devices for regulating water use and their flow structures. In most traditional settings, water rights of individuals users are known, even if they are not formally recorded. In general all users are expected to participate in operation, maintenance and cleaning chores.

  • Inibitivo

In the absence of formal records, however, this can be variable depending on the village.

Políticas
  • Propício

According to traditional law, communities have had the ownership, control and rights to these water resources. They have had the freedom to build a variety of water harvesting structures based on their experiential knowledge and have designed them to fulfill their needs. Although the Kumaon Water
Rules of 1917 transferred ownership of water resources to the state, the colonial government did not enact any specific legislation for water in the Uttarakhand region. As a result, village communities continued to look after their naulas and other water harvesting structures.

Governança da terra (tomada de decisões, implementação e aplicação)
  • Propício

Traditional water collecting systems in Uttarakhand comprise a variety of community control methods. Their assortments started from the differences in the local circumstances. Many of these plans were
initially made by local leaders, dynasties and kings or by the prosperous people of the society. They display a diversity of technologies and minimal state intervention in water rights or management.

  • Inibitivo

Sometimes, these systems failed to ensure social justice. Caste discrimination, appears to be a common feature. In many locations, there are separate naulas for people of upper and lower castes. The
ones for the lower castes are usually smaller and unadorned structures by comparison. Care and maintenance is irregular and a large number are in a decrepit state.

Conhecimento sobre GST, acesso a suporte técnico
  • Propício
Carga de trabalho, disponibilidade de força de trabalho
  • Propício

Naulas are typically close to the village (<500m), therefore combined community efforts make the workload and execution of this approach manageable, assuming their is collective participation.

3. Participação e papel das partes interessadas envolvidas

3.1 Partes interessadas envolvidas na abordagem e seus papéis

  • Usuários de terra/comunidades locais

Nakina, Digtoli, and Bhurmuni Village

Local village authorities hold regular meetings with the people to organize, discuss and monitor the use/status of their water resources and naula structures/

3.2 Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais nas diferentes fases da abordagem
Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais Especifique quem estava envolvido e descreva as atividades
Iniciação/motivação Automobilização Village heads, community members, Nakina Van Panchayat (community forest council)
Planejamento Automobilização Village heads organize a Gram Sabha (a meeting of all villagers in each village council area) and fulfill their obligations in local resource decision-making with active community participation.
Implementação Automobilização
Monitoramento/avaliação Automobilização
Nenhum

3.4 Decisão sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias de GST

Especifique quem decidiu sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias a serem implementadas:
  • Somente usuários da terra (iniciativa própria)
Explique:

This is a traditional model of community-driven, decentralized water governance. It is both replicable and sustainable depending on the village's particular leadership, culture, tradition and politics.

Especifique em que base foram tomadas as decisões:
  • Experiência pessoal e opiniões (não documentado)

4. Suporte técnico, reforço das capacidades e gestão do conhecimento

4.1 Reforço das capacidades/formação

Foi oferecida formação aos usuários da terra/outras partes interessadas?

Não

4.2 Serviço de consultoria

Os usuários de terra têm acesso a um serviço de consultoria?

Sim

Especifique se foi oferecido serviço de consultoria:
  • nas áreas dos usuários da terra
  • Em centros permanentes
Descreva/comentários:

There are several active organizations/ advisory services that are frequently engage with and are available to the communities. Some of these organisations include G.B. Pant, the Forest Department, and NGOs: Himalayan Sewa Samiti, CHEA, Swati Gramodyog Sansthan.

4.3 Fortalecimento da instituição (desenvolvimento organizacional)

As instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas através da abordagem?
  • Sim, moderadamente
Especifique a que nível (níveis) as instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas:
  • Local
Descreva instituição, papéis e responsabilidades, membros, etc.

Nakina village and Nakina Van Panchayat (community forest council) in particular have strengthened their relationships with external institutions and have been receptive to new projects for sustainable water management and natural resource use. This has increased involvement of the community and strengthened approach participation. Additionally, it has increased awareness and the need for spring restoration interventions and sustainable land use within the catchment areas of the springs/naulas.

Especifique o tipo de apoio:
  • Financeiro
  • Reforço das capacidades/formação

4.4 Monitoramento e avaliação

Monitoramento e avaliação são partes da abordagem?

Sim

Comentários:

Regular monitoring by the village community

Caso afirmativo, esta documentação é destinada a ser utilizada para monitoramento e avaliação?

Não

4.5 Pesquisa

A pesquisa foi parte da abordagem?

Não

5. Financiamento e apoio material externo

5.1 Orçamento anual para o componente de GST da abordagem

Caso o orçamento exato seja desconhecido, indique a faixa:
  • < 2.000

5.2 Apoio financeiro/material concedido aos usuários da terra

Os usuários da terra receberam apoio financeiro/material para a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias?

Não

5.3 Subsídios para entradas específicas (incluindo mão-de-obra)

Se a mão-de-obra pelos usuários da terra foi uma entrada substancial, isso foi:
  • Voluntário

5.4 Crédito

Foi concedido crédito segundo a abordagem para atividades de GST?

Não

5.5 Outros incentivos ou instrumentos

Foram utilizados outros incentivos ou instrumentos para promover a implementação das tecnologias de GST?

Sim

Caso afirmativo, especifique:

The World Bank aided Uttarakhand Decentralized Watershed Development Project (GRAMYA) implemented by Watershed Development Directorate of Uttarakhand
Government. It is operating since 2005 with the aim to mitigate water problems and addressing issues of other natural resources, with emphasis on women participation.
NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India), Government of India has recently launched a National Programme on Regeneration of Springs in the Himalayan Region 2017).

6. Análise de impactos e declarações finais

6.1 Impactos da abordagem

A abordagem concedeu autonomia aos usuários locais de terra, melhorou a participação das partes interessadas?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

Increased awareness of naula importance; enhanced collaborative water conservation and use within the community

A abordagem propiciou a tomada de decisão baseada em evidências?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

Traditional approaches encompass ecosystem thinking, and therefore good practices such as planting trees above the naula and creating a favorable environment in the catchment area have been adopted by these communities for many generations. Though there has been improvements in infrastructure, officially provided water supply systems have either not reached the remote rural villages or where provided are unreliable, poorly maintained, and not the preferred source of drinking water.

A abordagem auxiliou os usuários da terra a implementar e manter as tecnologias de GST?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

Increased sensitivity to the importance and impact of the surrounding ecosystem to the springs/naula function.

A abordagem melhorou a coordenação e a implementação economicamente eficiente da GST?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

The approach supported community ecosystem-based thinking and has extended to interventions with the Nakina Van Panchayat (community forest council)

A abordagem mobilizou/melhorou o acesso aos recursos financeiros para implementação da GST?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

Active participation of the community and strong organizational qualities have helped extend their network and resource base

A abordagem aprimorou o conhecimento e as capacidades dos usuários da terra para implementar a GST?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

This approach increased engagement and refined attention to their main drinking water resources. Because spring discharge is decreasing, people have started to extend interventions in the microwatersheds or catchment areas of the springs for ground water recharge. This includes establishing plantations, avoiding overgrazing in the forests, and building recharge ponds and trenches.

A abordagem aprimorou o conhecimento e as capacidades de outras partes interessadas?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

Increased the combined interest of village-institution cooperation to understand the hydrogeological science behind spring recharge and develop recharge schemes to improve water security.

A abordagem construiu/fortaleceu instituições, colaboração entre partes interessadas?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

ICIMOD, G.B. Pant, the Forest Dept., and local NGOS are improving the merging of their efforts when working with particular communities that are open and curious to new projects and scientific technologies.

A abordagem atenuou conflitos?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

There is a systematic organization of naula use and care in the villages, which is generally obeyed and thus conflict is avoided.

A abordagem concedeu autonomia aos grupos social e economicamente desfavorecidos?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

Upper caste members in the villages continue to determine social inclusion/exclusion with access to water sources. The culture excludes the Dalits in Chuni (lower castes) from accessing or using any Naula in the village except the one that is assigned as theirs. Despite this, the naulas of the lower caste are still considered important for management and conservation.

A abordagem melhorou a igualdade de gêneros e concedeu autonomia a mulheres e meninas?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

Improved the realization and need for woman empowerment in decision-making for the water resource use and management. Women in Nakina village feel comfortable to speak up and voice their concerns in group discussions. However, when the water in the naulas reduces, women are still blamed for accessing the spring in an "impure" condition (when menstruating) and are consequently banned from using the naula and sent to live in small huts outside the domains of the main house.

A abordagem encorajou os jovens/as próximas gerações de usuários de terra a se envolverem na GST?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

The approach has gained momentum for participation in preservation and restoration of naula structures. If water scarcity persists, the next generation can't expect to make a sustainable livelihood in their home villages.

A abordagem resultou em segurança alimentar aprimorada/nutrição melhorada?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

Increased available water supply for small vegetable patch watering and water for livestock

A abordagem resultou em acesso melhorado à água e ao saneamento?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

Decreased risks of pollution from run off, water-born diseases and water availability

A abordagem aprimorou a capacidade dos usuários da terra de adaptar-se a mudanças climáticas/extremos e atenuar os desastres relacionados com o clima?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

Decreased effects and damage of extreme weather events on naula structure (e.g. reduced impact of erosion and pollution from run-off, protection from fire)

6.2 Principal motivação dos usuários da terra para implementar a GST

  • Degradação do solo reduzida

The people are aware of the implications that land degradation have on their water resources.

  • Carga de trabalho reduzida

Preservation and protection of a naula results in less work than repairing a physically damaged naula

  • normas e regulamentos (multas)/aplicação

There is a strictly enforced rotation system to use the Naula at given times in the dry season (morning: 7-9am), (evening: 6-8pm). Penalties result for violating these rules.

  • Prestígio, pressão social/coesão social

The approach builds more equity into the community

  • Afiliação a movimento/projeto/grupo/rede

With collective ownership of natural resources, villagers build better relationships among neighbors. With more resources and access to water, people are were willing to share and address the needs of others.

  • Consciência ambiental
  • Costumes e crenças, moral

Lord Vishnu is worshipped where naulas are built, and thus the water contained within these nauals is considered a deity.

  • melhoria dos conhecimentos e aptidões de GST
  • Melhoria estética
  • Atenuação de conflitos

Responsible and respectable use of this precious resource is essential for conflict mitigation

6.3 Atividades de sustentabilidade de abordagem

Os usuários da terra podem manter o que foi implementado através da abordagem (sem apoio externo)?
  • Sim
Caso afirmativo, descreva como:

The community is and has historically been dependent on these water harvesting structures. What has been implemented through the approach needs to be perpetuated for generation to come, along with management of the forests aand other natural resources within the catchments of the springs.

6.4 Pontos fortes/vantagens da abordagem

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Improved awareness and action in the community to preserve Naulas; daily users incorporate habitual care and the naulas are well-preserved, clean and respected. Water quality is improved.
Increased cohesion of village members and inclusion of women participation with water use and other natural resource management. This is especially recognized in Nakina village.
Aesthetic of area is improved, and this is important for spiritual purposes within the communities. Rituals associated with water and naula more appreciated and celebrated. Enhancement of these cultural aspects improves harmony and connectedness within social groups and to nature.
Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Improved understanding of the Naula's respective catchment area (origin of water source/storage) and the need for SLM practices upstream in springsheds
Maintains and strengthens social order and awareness of water resource use/requirements

6.5 Pontos fracos, desvantagens da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra Como eles podem ser superados?
If naulas get severely damaged there is hardly anyone in the village today with knowledge of how these structures were constructed and the engineering techniques behind them. Consultations with older members of the community and with nearby villages could be organized. This would effectively be combined with interventions from institutions like G.B. Pant, who can also combine research efforts on the geohydrology of springs an engineering methods to improve naula/spring discharge.
2 years ago, Nakina village members used bleaching powder to clean the naula. A small amount of bleaching powder (2 teaspoons) was suggested for each Naula (approx Volume: 1mx 1m x 0.8m), however there is no strict monitoring of the water quality. Now Nakina has recently switched to chlorine tablets, which make measurements easier. They use them about once a month or when there is some incidence of pollution. Traditional methods of naula disinfection could be reintegrated in the cleaning regime (e.g. using the leaves of Amla: Emblica officinalis Gaertn and Neem, Azadirachta indica A Juss)
There are times when the water overflows from the confines of the naula structure. Overflow can be harvested in earthen/ polyethylene ponds or recharge trenches below.
Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada Como eles podem ser superados?
In the absence of documentation about the engineering and the science behind the traditional water management systems, it is very difficult to revive these structures once they have been neglected. Studies that integrate land use changes, traditional knowledge on water management systems, hydrogeological aspects of springs, and potential structural/biological interventions for spring revival need to be implemented with the help of coordinated actors and stakeholders across all agency levels.
There are sometimes pipes connected to the naulas leading to reservoirs (storage tanks). The pipes or taps of these reservoirs often have leaks. The community trouble-shoots this issue by plugging the open taps with a fitted wooden stick or ball of plastic trash. There is still significant leakage. Pipes need to be monitored and repaired; open taps need to be properly plugged (perhaps with a rubber stopper). Twist-taps need to be repaired, and if this is not possible then the leaking droplets can be harvested with a bucket.
There is still discrimination of water use within the caste system. Dalits remain excluded from authorities that make decisions about water at the village level. Similarly, women in many villages are still excluded from any decision-making. Both groups are perceived to be highly susceptible in "spoiling" the water collected from nauala structures. Deep-rooted caste and gender inequities are not simply erased at the local level, despite the policy efforts to improve economic and political mobility within these groups. To equitably improve access to water for the Dalits and women, the root causes of the determinants of social inequity need to be identified, exposed and addressed locally. Nakina village is taking strides to incorporate women and Dalits into decision making processes, as they are the ones remaining in the village. Nakina recognizes this need to involve these formerly excluded groups, as the phenomenon of unidirectional outmigration will simultaneously amplify the necessity of group-cohesion and dedication for sustainable land/resource management .

7. Referências e links

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

  • visitas de campo, pesquisas de campo

FGD's in Nakina, Digtoli, ad-hoc interviews in Bhurmuni

  • entrevistas com usuários de terras

Village head of Digtoli, Naikina, Bhurmuni

  • entrevistas com especialistas em GST

G.B. Pant (1) Dr. Ranbeer Rawat

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Traditional Knowledge of Water Management, Rawat A.S., Sah R. 2009, Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, Vol. 8(2) pp. 249-254

Disponível de onde? Custos?

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/3942/1/IJTK%208(2)%20249-254.pdf

7.3 Links para informação relevante que está disponível online

Título/ descrição:

Report of Working Group I Inventory and Revival of Springs in the Himalayas for Water Security

URL:

https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/doc1.pdf

Título/ descrição:

Policy Brief: Spring Revival through Sustainable Land Management (SLM) in the Himalayan Foothills: Uttarakhand, North India. Author: Liniger HP, Bandy J, Year: 2020

URL:

https://www.wocat.net/en/projects-and-countries/projects/onsite-and-offsite-benefits-sustainable-land-management/india

Título/ descrição:

Video: SLM for Himalayan Spring Revival. Author: Liniger HP, Bandy J, Year: 2020

URL:

https://vimeo.com/429988881

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