1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da abordagem

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)

Strengthening national-level institutional and professional capacities of country Parties towards enhanced UNCCD monitoring and reporting – GEF 7 EA Umbrella II (GEF 7 UNCCD Enabling Activities_Umbrella II)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)

National Soil Services Center, Department of Agric (National Soil Services Center, Department of Agric) - Butão

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

12/07/2023

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da abordagem

Springshed revival can be achieved through Nature-based Solutions (NbS) with a hydrogeological approach, complemented by socio-ecological inputs, and engineering surveys.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da abordagem

Descrição detalhada da abordagem:

Springs are natural occurrences where fresh water emerges from the ground through openings known as spring vents. They are outlets from aquifers, water-bearing layers underground, to the surface. The water in springs originates from rainfall during specific seasons, which falls on the springshed, infiltrates the ground and is collected as groundwater. When the groundwater is pressurized and rises, it creates springs, which then contribute to the flow of water into rivers or other water bodies. In mountainous regions like Bhutan, springs serve as the primary water source for rural households (ICIMOD, 2021).
Spring revival through “nature-based solutions” (NbS) in springsheds refers to a comprehensive effort aimed at reviving and restoring the functionality of springs. The primary objectives of spring revival initiatives include ensuring sustainable water supply, mitigating the threat of springs drying, conserving biodiversity, and improving the livelihoods of communities dependent on spring water. To achieve these goals, diverse methods are employed, involving various stakeholders. While spring revival offers numerous advantages, it also presents certain disadvantages that should be considered (Konek & Samanta, 2022).

The methods used under NbS to revive springs are multifaceted and typically involve a combination of hydrogeological, ecological, hydrological, and community-based approaches. Hydrogeology can lead to a better understanding of aquifers and the nature of springs and springsheds, thus providing ways for better management. Ecological methods focus on restoring the natural catchment area (the springshed itself) and improving vegetation cover to enhance water infiltration and recharge. Measures such as reforestation, contour trenching, and check dams are implemented to reduce erosion, promote groundwater recharge, and maintain spring flow. Hydrological interventions include the construction of recharge structures, groundwater recharge pits, and percolation tanks to replenish the aquifer and ensure sustained spring flow. Community-based approaches encompass raising awareness, capacity building, and participation in springshed conservation and management activities. These efforts often include the establishment of user groups, water committees, and the adoption of sustainable water use practices (Shrestha et al., 2017).
Stakeholders play vital roles in spring revival initiatives. Local communities living in Lholing areas are key stakeholders as they are directly affected by water availability and are actively involved in the preservation and management of springs. Government agencies such as the Department of Water, Department of Forests and Park Services and Gewog Administration provide technical expertise, funding, and policy support. Academic institutions and research organizations contribute scientific knowledge, monitoring, and evaluation, while international agencies and donor organizations may provide financial assistance and expertise.
According to Tamba et al. (2012) the advantages of spring revival are significant and far-reaching. By restoring spring flow, communities get access to a reliable and sustainable water source, which is crucial for their domestic, agricultural, and livestock needs. Spring revival through NbS also contributes to biodiversity conservation, as the presence of flowing water supports diverse aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, including endemic species. Moreover, the revival of springs enhances groundwater recharge, which can benefit other water sources in the area. The community involvement and capacity-building aspects of NbS initiatives foster social cohesion, empowerment, and the development of local governance structures. Revived springs have the potential to enhance community resilience to climate change by providing water during periods of drought or erratic rainfall.
However, NbS also come with certain challenges and disadvantages. Adequate financial resources and long-term funding commitments are often required, which can pose a challenge in resource-constrained settings. Technical expertise and knowledge gaps may hinder the effectiveness of revival methods, emphasizing the need for capacity building and technical support. The involvement of multiple stakeholders can lead to coordination issues and conflicts of interest. Furthermore, the success of spring revival initiatives relies heavily on community participation. Thus, lack of community engagement or ownership can hinder sustainability. Environmental and social impacts need to be carefully considered, as inappropriate interventions or changes in hydrological patterns can have unintended consequences on ecosystems and communities (Khadka et al., 2019).

2.3 Fotos da abordagem

2.4 Vídeos da abordagem

2.5 País/região/locais onde a abordagem foi aplicada

2.6 Datas de início e término da abordagem

2.7 Tipo de abordagem

• Baseado em projeto/programa

2.8 Principais metas/objetivos da abordagem

Nature-based solution to reviving springs as a source of water for:
1. Drinking
2. For animal use
3. Agriculture

2.9 Condição que propiciam ou inibem a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias aplicada(s) segundo a abordagem

3.1 Partes interessadas envolvidas na abordagem e seus papéis

3.2 Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais nas diferentes fases da abordagem

	Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais	Especifique quem estava envolvido e descreva as atividades
Iniciação/motivação	Participativo	A person from each household was involved in the initial planning and meeting with the specialists to agree to.
Planejamento	Passivo	The plannings were mostly done by specialists from the forest department.
Implementação	Apoio externo	Land users/local community were engaged as paid labours.
Monitoramento/avaliação	Participativo	Twice a year monitoring is done by the specialists and other minor monitoring is dine by the community around the springsheds.
	Nenhum	No research was carried out.

3.3 Fluxograma (se disponível)

3.4 Decisão sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias de GST

Especifique quem decidiu sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias a serem implementadas:

• Principalmente especialistas em GST, após consulta com usuários da terra

4.1 Reforço das capacidades/ formação

Foi oferecida formação aos usuários da terra/outras partes interessadas?

Não

4.2 Serviço de consultoria

Os usuários de terra têm acesso a um serviço de consultoria?

Sim

Especifique se foi oferecido serviço de consultoria:

• nas áreas dos usuários da terra

4.3 Fortalecimento da instituição (desenvolvimento organizacional)

As instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas através da abordagem?

• Sim, pouco

Especifique a que nível (níveis) as instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas:

• Local

4.4 Monitoramento e avaliação

Monitoramento e avaliação são partes da abordagem?

Sim

Comentários:

Physical on site monitoring and evaluating the springshed

Caso afirmativo, esta documentação é destinada a ser utilizada para monitoramento e avaliação?

Não

4.5 Pesquisa

A pesquisa foi parte da abordagem?

Não

5.1 Orçamento anual para o componente de GST da abordagem

Caso o orçamento exato seja desconhecido, indique a faixa:

• < 2.000

Comentários (p. ex. principais fontes de recursos/principais doadores):

Royal Government of Bhutan funding was released under Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (erstwhile Ministry of Agriculture and Forests).

5.2 Apoio financeiro/material concedido aos usuários da terra

Os usuários da terra receberam apoio financeiro/material para a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias?

Sim

Caso afirmativo, especifique tipo(s) de apoio, condições e fornecedor(es):

The government fully funded the initiative of springshed revival where they even paid N. 700 to the labour helpers that from the community engaged.

5.3 Subsídios para entradas específicas (incluindo mão-de-obra)

• Mão-de-obra

• Equipamento

• Construção

Se a mão-de-obra pelos usuários da terra foi uma entrada substancial, isso foi:

• Pago em dinheiro

Comentários:

The labour by land users were paid Nu. 700 per day with free lunch and refreshments.

5.4 Crédito

Foi concedido crédito segundo a abordagem para atividades de GST?

Não

5.5 Outros incentivos ou instrumentos

Foram utilizados outros incentivos ou instrumentos para promover a implementação das tecnologias de GST?

Não

6.1 Impactos da abordagem

6.2 Principal motivação dos usuários da terra para implementar a GST

6.3 Atividades de sustentabilidade de abordagem

Os usuários da terra podem manter o que foi implementado através da abordagem (sem apoio externo)?

• Sim

Caso afirmativo, descreva como:

Now that the springsheds are revived, the local land users with some basic knowledge could do necessary maintenance and protection of these vital area.

6.4 Pontos fortes/vantagens da abordagem

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Provides a source of drinking water for wild animals.
Provides drinking water source for the domestic animals
Improved sanitation through constant supply of spring water.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Increased source of irrigation water from different spring-shed.
Balanced ecological management of water resources.
Catchment area created as springshed could prevent splash and rill erosions.

6.5 Pontos fracos, desvantagens da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Attracts wild animals to the nearby field which come to drink water from the springsheds.	Improved fencing of the fields

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Artificial creating of some of springshed lead to loss of pasture lands
Risk of cattle/ children drowning in the bigger spring-sheds	Fencing around the springshed.

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

ICIMOD. (2021). Springshed revival and management Implement gender-responsive interventions around spring revival and management in the HKH and influence policy uptake

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Websites (Free)

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Tambe et al. (2012). Reviving Dying Springs: Climate Change Adaptation Experiments From the Sikkim Himalaya.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Google Scholar

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Shrestha et al. (2017). Application of Eight-step Methodology for Reviving Springs and Improving Springshed Management in the Mid-hills of Nepal.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Google Scholar

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Khadka et al. (2019). Integrated River System Resource Management Planning: A Stepping Stone for Sustainable Conservation of Chure-TaraiMadhesh Landscape

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Google Scholar

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Koner, K. & Samanta, G. (2022). Reviving traditional water sources for resilient water future: case of Darjeeling City, India.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Springer

7.3 Links para informação relevante que está disponível online

Título/ descrição:

Springshed revival and management Implement gender-responsive interventions around spring revival and management in the HKH and influence policy uptake.

URL:

https://www.icimod.org/initiative/rms/springshed-revival-and-management/

Título/ descrição:

Reviving Dying Springs: Climate Change Adaptation Experiments From the Sikkim Himalaya.

URL:

https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-11-00079.1

Título/ descrição:

Application of Eight-step Methodology for Reviving Springs and Improving Springshed Management in the Mid-hills of Nepal.

URL:

https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/90596

Título/ descrição:

Integrated River System Resource Management Planning: A Stepping Stone for Sustainable Conservation of Chure-TaraiMadhesh Landscape

URL:

https://nast.gov.np/documentfile/Proceedings.pdf#page=18

Título/ descrição:

Reviving traditional water sources for resilient water future: case of Darjeeling City, India.

URL:

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10708-021-10444-z