1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da abordagem

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)

MoA (MoA) - Butão

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)

National Soil Services Centre (National Soil Services Centre) - Butão

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

21/03/2011

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre tecnologias da GST

2.1 Descrição curta da abordagem

Labour-sharing group at village and sub-village level to ease the labour constraint faced by many households.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da abordagem

Descrição detalhada da abordagem:

Aims / objectives: A labour-sharing group is a pool of land-users, who work on rotation basis on the plots of the different group members and replaces the conventional approach of an individual land user carrying out a specific SLM intervention. An important constraint for effective implementation of SLM interventions is the lack of sufficient labour force at household level. To tackle this key issue, groups are formed at village and sub-village level to enable these households to take up the relatively labour-intensive SLM activities, such as stone bunding, bench terracing, stone check dam construction, water source protection works or grass hedgerow development.

Methods: The labour-sharing group is given an initial practical training on the basics of the SLM intervention, which start with hands-on work on the land of a group member, preferably that of a vulnerable household, which otherwise would have difficulty to provide sufficient labour to take up the activity. Labour-sharing groups therefore facilitate the inclusion of vulnerable households, especially female-headed and small families, in the implementation of labour-intensive SLM inter-ventions. In addition to the technical guidance provided by the extension staff, support is given to the group formation process, such as drafting of informal by-laws and group management.

Stages of implementation: Labour-sharing groups enable households to carry out key SLM interventions more effectively and efficiently enabling them to cover as compared to individual household approach. Other co-benefits reported are the improved community sense and enhanced social cohesion, because the exchange of experiences and collaboration builds mutual trust. Working in a group eases hard physical work, such as carrying and breaking large boulders and is perceived to be much more enjoyable than working alone or in a small household setting.

Role of stakeholders: Groups that were formed for the implementation of a specific SLM activity often continue carrying our other planned SLM interventions in a group. In some villages communities reported that they had lost the former practice of labour-sharing, but that with reintroduction by the project their community sense has been rejuvenated. Sustainability of the labour-sharing approach has to be proven post-project. Additional costs are very limited and are restricted to group formation guidance and some additional group support, such as tool sets and more incentives as more land will be converted by the group approach.

2.3 Fotos da abordagem

2.5 País/região/locais onde a abordagem foi aplicada

2.6 Datas de início e término da abordagem

2.7 Tipo de abordagem

• Baseado em projeto/programa

2.8 Principais metas/objetivos da abordagem

The Approach focused on SLM only

- To ease the existing labour constraint of individual households by pooling labour force into a common pool, ensuring a more time-efficient labour approach, enabling the group to convert larger areas of land.
- To facilitate the inclusion of vulnerable households in more labour-intensive long-term SLM interventions, for which they otherwise would not have the meansto participate.
- To improve community cohesion through improved trust, understanding, social fencing and “labour joy” (“it is much more fun to work in a group than to sweat individually”).


The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: - SLM interventions, as prioritized in chiog SLM action plan, are very labour-intensive, while labour is increasingly becoming a serious constraint in many rural areas of Bhutan, because of rural-urban migration, off-farm labour and other developmental activities.
- Vulnerable households, single-headed families and poorest families, have often the most difficulty providing sufficient labour for long-term SLM interventions
- Communities often face problems in achieving the targeted area of land to be converted to a more sustainable SLM practice, because of labour shortage.

2.9 Condição que propiciam ou inibem a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias aplicada(s) segundo a abordagem

3.1 Partes interessadas envolvidas na abordagem e seus papéis

3.2 Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais nas diferentes fases da abordagem

	Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais	Especifique quem estava envolvido e descreva as atividades
Iniciação/motivação	Participativo	Participatory SLM Action Planning
Planejamento	Participativo	Participatory SLM Action Planning; Schedule of rotation compiled by group members
Implementação	Participativo	Training / capacity building at kick-off of group formation process; stone bunding, hedgerow establishment, bench terracing, stone check dam construction, bamboo and tree plantation, water source protection works and grass strip establishment
Monitoramento/avaliação	Participativo	Participatory Monitoring & Evaluation meetings to give feedback and make adjustments / give guidance
Research	Nenhum

3.3 Fluxograma (se disponível)

3.4 Decisão sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias de GST

Especifique quem decidiu sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias a serem implementadas:

• Principalmente usuários da terra, apoiados por especialistas em GST

Explique:

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by mainly by land users supported by SLM specialists

4.1 Reforço das capacidades/ formação

Foi oferecida formação aos usuários da terra/outras partes interessadas?

Sim

Especifique quem foi capacitado:

• Usuários de terra

Tipo de formação:

• Em exercício
• Agricultor para agricultor
• Áreas de demonstração

Assuntos abordados:

Training programme for specific SLM interventions, carried out by the labour-sharing group after initial capacity building and hands-on practice sessions; additional group formation support and guidance by the municipality administration staff and extension staff.

4.2 Serviço de consultoria

Os usuários de terra têm acesso a um serviço de consultoria?

Sim

Especifique se foi oferecido serviço de consultoria:

• nas áreas dos usuários da terra
• Em centros permanentes

Descreva/comentários:

Name of method used for advisory service: Group formation process guidance; Key elements: by-law formulation, demo trainings, exchange visit; By extension staff and geog administration staff in group formation process and during ad hoc visits and regular participatory M & E meetings.

Advisory service is quite adequate to ensure the continuation of land conservation activities; Some need for refreshing/additional training of SLM techniques

4.3 Fortalecimento da instituição (desenvolvimento organizacional)

As instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas através da abordagem?

• Sim, significativamente

Especifique a que nível (níveis) as instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas:

• Local

Especifique o tipo de apoio:

• Financeiro
• Reforço das capacidades/ formação
• Equipamento

Dê mais detalhes:

Group formation process guidance: training and continued support by extension and geog administration staff.

4.4 Monitoramento e avaliação

Monitoramento e avaliação são partes da abordagem?

Sim

Comentários:

bio-physical aspects were regular monitored by project staff, government, land users through measurements; indicators: Regular measurements by project staff and group members: area converted, of dams built etc.

technical aspects were regular monitored by project staff, government, land users through observations; indicators: Regular observations by project staff and group members: implementation according to technical guidelines (distances between bunds/hedges, survival rate of seedlings etc.

socio-cultural aspects were regular monitored by project staff, government, land users through observations; indicators: Regular observations by project and geog administration staff and group members regarding group functioning and possible conflicts (drafting of by-laws, rules etc.)

economic / production aspects were regular monitored by project staff, land users through measurements; indicators: Regular measurements by project staff and group members: crop yield, production area increase

area treated aspects were regular monitored by project staff, land users through measurements; indicators: Regular measurements by project staff and group members: area treated

no. of land users involved aspects were None monitored by project staff, land users through measurements; indicators: Regular measurements by project staff and group members: # of households

management of Approach aspects were None monitored by project staff, government, land users through observations; indicators: Regular M & E meetings with project and geog administration staff and group members

There were few changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: Drafting and adoption of group by-laws to regulate agreements and as enforcement of “social fencing”

There were few changes in the Technology as a result of monitoring and evaluation: slight changes in technical guidelines after group feedback.

5.1 Orçamento anual para o componente de GST da abordagem

Caso o orçamento exato seja desconhecido, indique a faixa:

• < 2.000

Comentários (p. ex. principais fontes de recursos/principais doadores):

Approach costs were met by the following donors: government (SLMP project support: tools, training, incentives): 5.0%; local community / land user(s) (labour contribution): 95.0%

5.2 Apoio financeiro/material concedido aos usuários da terra

Os usuários da terra receberam apoio financeiro/material para a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias?

Sim

Caso afirmativo, especifique tipo(s) de apoio, condições e fornecedor(es):

Incentive per area converted to sustainable SLM practice and seeds/seedlings.

5.3 Subsídios para entradas específicas (incluindo mão-de-obra)

• Equipamento

• Agrícola

Comentários:

Incentives cover mainly labour contribution as provided by the group members and is mostly only a minor fraction of the actual labour costs.

5.4 Crédito

Foi concedido crédito segundo a abordagem para atividades de GST?

Não

6.1 Impactos da abordagem

6.2 Principal motivação dos usuários da terra para implementar a GST

6.3 Atividades de sustentabilidade de abordagem

Os usuários da terra podem manter o que foi implementado através da abordagem (sem apoio externo)?

• Sim

Caso afirmativo, descreva como:

Existing group approach seems well suited to continue post-project, also as it partly is a rejuvenated traditional practice to share labour in a community group.

6.4 Pontos fortes/vantagens da abordagem

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Eases work (breaking stones, carrying etc.). A-frame running helps to have better lines. Continuous smooth work wit many Social cohesion / experience sharing (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Continuation of group work Continuation of group work Continued group monitoring and guidance)

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada

Tackles main issue of labour shortage and eases hard physical work (breaking stones, carrying/lifting boulders etc.) Enhances social cohesion and group spirit / community sense; promotes exchange of experiences Facilitates conversion of larger areas of slope segments treated with SLM practices Preferred approach to enhance inclusion of most vulnerable households in labour-intensive SLM practices (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Continued group monitoring and guidance Continued group monitoring and guidance Continued group monitoring and guidance Start hands-on training work on land of these vulnerable households to give them first benefit)

6.5 Pontos fracos, desvantagens da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Some conflicts in labour-sharing (after completion on their land they abscond).	Attendance register, social control, labour compensation, fines, by-laws.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Sustainability has yet to be proven post-project; certain dependency on incentives Loose group structure without formal leadership might threaten sustainability	Continued group monitoring and guidance by extension and geog administration staff By-laws to formalize some agreements and enforce some penalties

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação