1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da abordagem

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (GIZ) - Alemanha

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

01/06/2015

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre tecnologias da GST

2.1 Descrição curta da abordagem

Public and private stakeholders in Namibia cooperate in the implementation of a national Bush Control and Biomass Utilisation programme. The programme consists of the three components (1) Creation of an enabling framework, (2) Advisory Services and (3) Value Chain Development.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da abordagem

Descrição detalhada da abordagem:

Public and private stakeholders in Namibia cooperate in the implementation of a national Bush Control and Biomass Utilisation programme. It is a response to the immense challenge of bush encroachment in the country.

Namibia is affected by bush encroachment on a massive scale. The phenomenon currently affects some 45 million hectares of farmland in 9 of the country’s 14 regions. Bush encroachment has lowered the livestock capacity of rangeland by up to two thirds. It further results in severely reduced biodiversity and limits the recharge of groundwater.

Various factors contribute to the accelerating rate of bush encroachment in Namibia. A primary cause of bush encroachment of savannas is overgrazing by livestock. When overgrazed, the grass layer loses its competitive advantage and its ability to utilise nutrients and water efficiently. Higher infiltration of water and nutrients into the sub-soil results, which in turn benefits bush and tree species, allowing them to dominate.

Another important theory is the state-and-transition model, which states that savanna ecosystems are event-driven, where rainfall and its variability impact on vegetation growth and its composition. This model implies that bush encroachment is not a permanent phenomenon and that a savanna can be changed to its grass-dominated state by favourable management or environmental conditions. Woody plants establish themselves after dry periods followed by a few wet years, and then maintain themselves by utilising most of the water. Rather than a gradual annual increase in numbers, the general rule is that woody plants establish in large numbers during certain years and at varying intervals.

Other factors contributing to bush encroachment are the reduction in the frequency of wildfires as well as the absence of browsers (e.g. through fencing of farms and replacing the natural composition of wildlife by cattle or smallstock).

Bush encroachment is accompanied by a change in the dominant grasses: perennial grasses are often lost, being replaced by annual species often of inferior quality for livestock. Annual grasses are generally less productive than perennial grasses. Thus, animal production on an annual grass sward is very precarious and less sustainable.

Despite the negative impacts, the encroacher bush has developed into a huge biomass resource, estimated at about 200 to 300 million tonnes. Measures used to combat bush encroachment create positive opportunities for the Namibian economy, such as the use of the resource for electricity generation and value chain development in other sectors. Bush harvesting therefore offers the potential to increase agricultural productivity, economic growth, employment and energy security, without competing with food production.

In line with the national development plans, the approach aims to strengthen the restoration of productive rangeland in Namibia. It identifies value chain opportunities to trigger large-scale bush thinning activities. Its focus is closely aligned to the National Industrial Policy of 2012 and the Growth at Home Strategy, which promote domestic value addition for local resources. The project will foster institutional development in the biomass sector and provide support to improve the legal and regulatory framework for large-scale bush control.

The programme consists of the following three components:
(1) Creation of an enabling framework: harmonisation of sector policies and improvement of relevant regulations; strengthening of institutional capacities.
(2) Advisory Services: strengthening of existing farmer outreach services and knowledge dissemination to farmers, businesses and public sector decision makers.
(3) Value Chain Development: identification and piloting of relevant value chains for encroacher bush as a trigger for bush control.

The programme is implemented in collaboration of various public and private sector stakeholders. Its coordination is ensured through a cross-sector steering committee, which includes the line ministries of the following sectors: national planning, agriculture, environment, energy, industrialisation.

Key outputs of the programme include:

Enabling Environment:
- Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
- Introduction of Harvesting Authorisations Guidelines
- Development of dedicated financial products (loan subsidy schemes).

Institutions:
- Introduction of the De-bushing Advisory Service (DAS)
- Introduction of the Namibia Biomass Industry Group (N-BiG).

Knowledge:
- Compilation of baseline data on bush encroachment and bush control
- Technical know how on technologies
- Compilation of relevant regulations and environmental principles.

Value Chain Development:
- Piloting of various value chains, including modernised charcoal production, bush based animal feed and household cooking fuel.

2.3 Fotos da abordagem

2.5 País/região/locais onde a abordagem foi aplicada

2.6 Datas de início e término da abordagem

2.7 Tipo de abordagem

• Baseado em projeto/programa

2.8 Principais metas/objetivos da abordagem

Develop, test and upscale the implementation of bush control technologies in Namibia.

2.9 Condição que propiciam ou inibem a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias aplicada(s) segundo a abordagem

3.1 Partes interessadas envolvidas na abordagem e seus papéis

3.2 Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais nas diferentes fases da abordagem

	Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais	Especifique quem estava envolvido e descreva as atividades
Iniciação/motivação	Automobilização	High awareness and mobilisation within the farming community
Planejamento	Participativo	Good participation in public workshops and conferences
Implementação	Automobilização	Implementation of bush control by individual farmers
Monitoramento/avaliação	Passivo	Very limited monitoring and evaluation through individual land owners

3.3 Fluxograma (se disponível)

3.4 Decisão sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias de GST

Especifique quem decidiu sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias a serem implementadas:

• todos os atores relevantes, como parte de uma abordagem participativa

Especifique em que base foram tomadas as decisões:

• Avaliação de conhecimento bem documentado de GST (tomada de decisão baseada em evidências)
• Resultados de pesquisa
• Experiência pessoal e opiniões (não documentado)

4.1 Reforço das capacidades/ formação

Foi oferecida formação aos usuários da terra/outras partes interessadas?

Sim

Especifique quem foi capacitado:

• Equipe de campo/consultores

Tipo de formação:

• Em exercício
• Áreas de demonstração
• Reuniões públicas

Assuntos abordados:

- Environmental and forestry policy and policy emplementation (training for government officials from regional offices)
- Implementation of bush control and biomass processing (training for farmers and SMEs)

4.2 Serviço de consultoria

Os usuários de terra têm acesso a um serviço de consultoria?

Sim

Especifique se foi oferecido serviço de consultoria:

• Em centros permanentes

Descreva/comentários:

Advisory services through the De-bushing Advisory Service (DAS, www.dasnamibia.org)

4.3 Fortalecimento da instituição (desenvolvimento organizacional)

As instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas através da abordagem?

• Sim, significativamente

Especifique a que nível (níveis) as instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas:

• Nacional

Descreva instituição, papéis e responsabilidades, membros, etc.

Launch of
- De-bushing Advisory Service (DAS)
- Namibia Biomass Industry Group (N-BiG)

Re-organisation of
- Namibia Charcoal Association (NCA)

Especifique o tipo de apoio:

• Financeiro
• Reforço das capacidades/ formação
• Equipamento

• Institutional Development

Dê mais detalhes:

Three sector institutions have been supported in order to achieve increased coordination of efforts. The Namibia Biomass Industry Group (N-BiG) is a non-profit association, representing the interest of bush harvesting and processing companies. The De-bushing Advisory Service (DAS) is a national platform for the dissemination of knowledge on the topics of bush encroachment, bush control and biomass utilisation.

The Namibia Charcoal Association (NCA) represents the already well established charcoal production sector. Through a re-organisation process, the association has been strengthended and turned into a fully functioning sector representation.

Thre three organisations are planned to merge in the near future in order to achieve a better alignment of their mandates and synergies of activities.

4.4 Monitoramento e avaliação

Monitoramento e avaliação são partes da abordagem?

Sim

Comentários:

National Bush Information System
- Scope of bush encroachment
- Scope of bush control activities
- Success rate of bush control methodologies, incl. secondary impacts (employment)

Caso afirmativo, esta documentação é destinada a ser utilizada para monitoramento e avaliação?

Não

4.5 Pesquisa

A pesquisa foi parte da abordagem?

Sim

Especifique os tópicos:

• Economia/Marketing
• Ecologia
• Tecnologia

Dê mais detalhes e indique quem realizou a pesquisa:

Collaboration with scientific institutions and networks on:
- Identification and development of suitable technology
- Correlation with ecosystem services, e.g. grounwater recharge and biodiversity
- Identification of market for bush based products

5.1 Orçamento anual para o componente de GST da abordagem

Caso o orçamento exato seja desconhecido, indique a faixa:

• > 1.000.000

Comentários (p. ex. principais fontes de recursos/principais doadores):

Pooling of resources between national government, international donors and private sector

5.2 Apoio financeiro/material concedido aos usuários da terra

Os usuários da terra receberam apoio financeiro/material para a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias?

Não

5.3 Subsídios para entradas específicas (incluindo mão-de-obra)

• Nenhum

Se a mão-de-obra pelos usuários da terra foi uma entrada substancial, isso foi:

• Voluntário

5.4 Crédito

Foi concedido crédito segundo a abordagem para atividades de GST?

Sim

Especifique as condições (taxa de juros, reembolso, etc):

Commercial loans with grace period of up to 3 years and interest rate of 7-8%

Especifique os fornecedores de crédito:

Commercial banks: First National Bank (FNB), Agribank
Development Bank of Namibia (DBN)
Environmental Investment Fund (EIF)

Especifique os destinatários do crédito:

- Individual households/farmers
- Service providers/business

5.5 Outros incentivos ou instrumentos

Foram utilizados outros incentivos ou instrumentos para promover a implementação das tecnologias de GST?

Sim

Caso afirmativo, especifique:

Development of authorisations guidelines and review of regulations with regard to Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) and Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs).

6.1 Impactos da abordagem

6.2 Principal motivação dos usuários da terra para implementar a GST

6.3 Atividades de sustentabilidade de abordagem

Os usuários da terra podem manter o que foi implementado através da abordagem (sem apoio externo)?

• Sim

Caso afirmativo, descreva como:

Land users have the capacity to implement bush control, either with own means (mainly manual and semi-mechanised bush harvesting) or through the involvement of service providers (mainly fully mechanised bush harvesting for the supply of large-scale off-takers).

6.4 Pontos fortes/vantagens da abordagem

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Financial viability of bush control through the introduction of value chains (as compared to mere removal of the biomass)
Improved access to information and know how
Improved advocacy/ communication with government authorities

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Mindshift among public and decision makers from focus on the challenge (bush encroachment) to the opportunities (value addition).
Cross-sector cooperation through steering committee
Involvement of private sector as driving force for implementation

6.5 Pontos fracos, desvantagens da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Limited direct (financial) support	Introdution of incentive schemes
Limited opportunities in remote areas, i.e. when distance to biomass off-takers is too large	Further development of on-farm solutions (e.g. bush-to-feed)

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada

Como eles podem ser superados?

Complex programme steering requirements, due to multi-sector relevance. The national programme for Bush control and Biomass Utilisation is currently anchored in the Directorate of Forestry (DoF) of the Ministry of Agriculture. This adequately accounts for the fact that the bush resource is part of the national forestry/biomass resource and its utilisation must be regulated as such. However, this anchoring does not allow for an effective promotion of biomass utilisation (e.g. SME promotion, industrialisation concepts, development of logistics hubs) and innovative end-uses (e.g. development of biomass power plants). For this purpose other line ministries, such as Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) as well as Ministry of Industrialisation and SME Development (MITSMED) are part of the programme's steering committee.

Establishment of national coordinating body to formalise the current steering committee

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Baseline Assessment for De-bushing Programme in Namibia (2014)

Disponível de onde? Custos?

GIZ Support to De-bushing Project, www.dasnamibia.org/downloads

7.3 Links para informação relevante que está disponível online

Título/ descrição:

De-bushing Advisory Service (DAS) Namibia, Resource Section

URL:

www.dasnamibia.org/downloads

Título/ descrição:

Namibia Biomass Industry Group (N-BiG)

URL:

www.n-big.org