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Community participation in large-scale land restoration for Africa‘s Great Green Wall programme in Niger. [Níger]

Criação: 05/07/2017 17:02
Atualização: 24/04/2018 09:57
Compilador/a: Vivian Onyango
Editor: –
Revisor: Rima Mekdaschi Studer

approaches_2909 - Níger

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1. Informação geral

1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da abordagem

Pessoa(s) capacitada(s)

Especialista em GST:

Vivian Onyango

Especialista em GST:

Sacande Moctar

moctar.sacande@fao.org

Forestry Policy and Resources Division (FOA)

Itália

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)

FAO-Action Against Desertification

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Itália

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2. Descrição da abordagem de GST

2.1 Descrição curta da abordagem

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has been implementing a participatory approach to implement large-scale restoration of degraded land in the Sahel, by placing rural communities at the center. In the framework of the Great Green Wall initiative, well adapted useful native species of trees, shrubs, and fodder grasses are planted in agro-sylvo-pastoral land that responds to community needs and preferences and at the same time to the ecological suitability.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da abordagem

Descrição detalhada da abordagem:

The approach is implemented under FAO's Action against Desertification (AAD) programme in the Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel (GGWSSI); Africa's flagship initiative to combat the effects of climate change and desertification, and address food insecurity and poverty, bringing together more than 20 African countries with international organizations, research institutes, civil society and grassroots organizations. Through the GGWSSI, the vision is a mosaic of sustainable land use practices and productive landscapes across North Africa, the Sahel and the Horn.
Community participation in the Great Green Wall Restoration is a people-centered approach to rangeland management that puts communities at the heart of restoration efforts and focusses on their needs for useful plant species such as well-adapted native trees, shrubs and fodder grasses with a high resilience to drought and preferences for restoration in support of their livelihoods. Village communities decide on lands and on diverse species that they can use for food, to feed animals, for medical care and to produce economically valuable goods for local, national and even international markets, such as gum Arabic for example. Technically, AAD support the implementation of land restoration activities through provision of necessary equipment and strengthening the technical and functional capacities of individuals, communities, and organizations in restoration techniques and sustainable land management.
The main objectives of this approach are:
a) Poverty alleviation;
b) Ending hunger;
c) Improving resilience to climate change using a landscape approach.
The restoration approach is based on a five-step model:
• Communities: needs and requirements for restoration are determined through in-depth consultations with communities.
• Research: the quality seed is made available for the propagation of economically viable, locally adapted and bio-diverse material.
• Operational procedure: ensuring efficient operational restoration processes, including land preparation and management, assisted natural regeneration and planting.
• Monitoring: evaluating the field performance of species, as well as communal activities such as maintenance and management of restored areas.
• Capacity development: develop village technicians’ capacities in forest seed collecting and nursery techniques, planting, maintenance and management of restored areas, and development of plant products, marketing, and local business management.

2.3 Fotos da abordagem

Galeria de Mídias

Observações gerais sobre as fotos:

The photos were taken under the FAO project GCP/INT/157/EC: Action Against Desertification is an initiative of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) to promote sustainable land management and restore drylands and degraded lands in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific, implemented by FAO and partners with funding from the European Union in the framework of the 10th European Development Fund (EDF).

2.4 Vídeos da abordagem

Comentários, breve descrição:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVcMSeXZnJI
Over the next decade, 50 million people may be displaced by desertification - the result of climate change and the depletion of natural resources. Action Against Desertification, an initiative of the African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States is implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations with the financial contribution of the European Union. It aims to restore the productivity of degraded forests and landscapes and enhance the resilience of people to climate change in 6 Great Green Wall countries in Africa as well as Haiti in the Caribbean and Fiji in the Pacific.

Data:

02/12/2015

Localização:

Rome

Nome do cinegrafista:

Comentários, breve descrição:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prl1eaSvQCQ&feature=youtu.be
Land restoration in the Sahel is making degraded areas productive again, providing economic opportunities in a region where migration has become a tradition. Under FAO’s “Action Against Desertification” programme, these efforts are being expanded to six African countries. Land degradation around the Sahara is not yet irreversible.

Data:

18/07/2016

Localização:

Rome

Nome do cinegrafista:

2.5 País/região/locais onde a abordagem foi aplicada

País:

Níger

Região/Estado/Província:

Tillabery, Dosso and Tahoua

Especificação adicional de localização:

In Niger, the GGW covers all the eight Regions of the countries. Currently FAO’s Action Against Desertification project works in three Regions including Tillabery, Dosso and Tahoua, though the approach is used and expanding to all of the remaining 5 Regions, which are also implementing the GGW restoration programme.

Comentários:

The AAD land restoration approach has been successfully implemented with trans-boundary interventions in Niger, Burkina Faso, and Mali. For this documentation, the focus is on Tera, Niger.

2.6 Datas de início e término da abordagem

Indique o ano de início:

2013

2.7 Tipo de abordagem

Baseado em projeto/programa

2.8 Principais metas/objetivos da abordagem

Key elements and aim of this approach include:
• That the right species planted in the right place.
• Promote the use of quality native forest and fodder seeds for restoration.
• Ensuring that a wide range of useful plant species is used or made available for use.
• Managing natural regeneration of species and planted areas through village management committees.
• Updating a species database for gene-pool traceability, monitoring, reporting and for future uses of data and information.

2.9 Condição que propiciam ou inibem a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias aplicada(s) segundo a abordagem

Normas e valores sociais/culturais/religiosos

Propício

The approach is people centered and builds up on traditional management of land and traditional ecological knowledge and techniques such as half-moon for rain water harvesting that facilitates improved seedling and crop establishment.

Disponibilidade/acesso a recursos e serviços financeiros

Propício

Individuals can use finances to buy seeds. At community land, finances maybe needed to lease land needed for production of plant varieties needed, for hiring labour to take care of seedlings.

Quadro institucional

Propício

Better organization at local level enhances community participation and commitment to realize the interventions at large scale/community level.

Colaboração/coordenção de atores

Propício

There are various levels of collaboration needed for example in establishing land, in seed selection based on desired needs and also on labour provision.
Fundamentally, collaboration is key to agreeing on desired objectives.

Quadro jurídico (posse de terra, direitos de uso da terra e da água)

Propício

Secure access rights to land and water resources is a motivation for investing in reforestration.

Políticas

Propício

national level policies can protect and ensure supply of seeds and seed varieties as well as access to natural resources such as land.
Additionally, policies such as those in support for Great Green Wall activities create an enabling environments on which these activities can be supported and take place.

Governança da terra (tomada de decisões, implementação e aplicação)

Propício

Similar to legal framework above.

Conhecimento sobre GST, acesso a suporte técnico

Propício

Knowledge around SLM contributes to maintenance and management of restored areas thus ensuring sustainability of activities. The programme has integrated existing/traditional SLM activities such as zaï/half-moon in capturing, retaining and saving water thus keeping soils moisturized and giving plants a chance to grow in an otherwise very dry environment.

Mercados (para comprar entradas, vender produtos) e preços

Propício

Market access and increasing economic capacities of communities can enable active involvement in restoration especially when plant products can earn income thus facilitating local business management.

Carga de trabalho, disponibilidade de força de trabalho

Propício

Availability of labour facilitates activities such as forest seed collecting, nursery techniques, planting, maintenance and management of restored areas. Most of the work is done by women who prepare the soils and lead planting.

3. Participação e papel das partes interessadas envolvidas

3.1 Partes interessadas envolvidas na abordagem e seus papéis

Usuários de terra/comunidades locais

Total project beneficiaries are 116,000 people (with over half women)
Age groups varied from 15 to 70 years.
Participants were villages including farmers, herders, traditional healers and herbalists.
Each intervention village has a village management committee set up for the GGW implementation activities. They contribute land and labour and village technicians are trained in large scale degraded land restoration techniques so that they can be self-sufficient at the end of the funding.

1. Defining needs, preferences of species and objectives for land restoration in degraded lands.
2. Trained on collection of seeds and on how to produce seedlings in village nurseries.
3.The involved communities also participated in the regular monitoring and evaluation of plots.
4. Participating in workshops including to agree on work plans
5. Communities were also source of rich traditional ecological knowledge
6. Supporting project through in-kind contributions such as labour and land
7. Representation in the steering committee

Organizações comunitárias

Each intervention village has a village management committee set up for the GGWSSI implementation activities

- Contibute land, labour and village technicians to be trained on large scale land restoration techniques geared at self-sufficiency at the end of project life.
-Managing intervention sites including products such as fodder
-Collaborating with national and local administration

Especialistas em GST/ consultor agrícola

Support to identification of land needed for restoration, seeds and management objectives of restoration.

Pesquisadores

National seed centres.

1. Address the availability of good quality seeds for collection
2. Ensuring genetic diversity reflecting original provences of native species.

Organização não governamental

Local NGOs and CBOs.

Local NGO's were trained on land restoration activities.
NGOs were also instrumental in discussions on scaling up the approaches and policy support for mainstreaming sustainable land management .

Setor privado

Supplies of equipment and materials needed for restoration activities.

Mainly business related to procurement of goods and services.

Governo local

Local administration and national governments in the respective countries.

1. provide technical management and management if the operational team.
2. Mobilization of communities.
3. Part of the steering committee.

Governo nacional (planejadores, responsáveis pelas decisões)

1. Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development.
2. National Agency of the Great Green Wall.
3. National Forestry Seed Centre.
4. Local authorities (i.e. Mairies or Town halls) involved in Tillabery, Dosso and Tahoua regions.

Organização internacional

Royal Botanical Garden, Kew.

Technical support; botanical knowledge and information resources, and identifying priority species for the Great Green Wall.

3.2 Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais nas diferentes fases da abordagem

	Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais	Especifique quem estava envolvido e descreva as atividades
Iniciação/motivação	Participativo	Communities local knowledge, needs and aspirations were the back-borne of the project. Communities were extensively consulted on species identification and prioritization based on needs including speed of return of products for the local communities, personal knowledge and inspirations. This was through questionnaires and village workshops. I bigger commitment and buy-in from the community was also a prerequisite for activities to start as they had to commit to contribute land and labour in-kind. As a matter of fact, selection of villages for restoration was based on among other things motivation and commitment by communities to participate in restoration activities. and community based structures and organization.
Planejamento	Participativo	Extensive planning was done with communities before implementation e.g. to agree on planting time ( at onset of rains), use of traditional techniques and land scarification.
Implementação	Participativo	Implementation was done actively with communities who volunteered traditional knowledge and labour to the activities. This had built on the initiation; where species were selected and prioritized, planning of activities and later labour in preparation of land, setting up nurseries and trans-planting.
Monitoramento/avaliação	Participativo	Monitoring and field data collection on survival and growth of seedlings were carried out by trained village technicians in collaboration with the communities and technical institutions.

3.3 Fluxograma (se disponível)

Descrição:

Community process.

Autor:

AAD Project

3.4 Decisão sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias de GST

Especifique quem decidiu sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias a serem implementadas:

todos os atores relevantes, como parte de uma abordagem participativa

Explique:

This is a local initiative that uses traditional ecological knowledge and multi-purpose plant species (of known benefits to the local communities) for restoration.
Community participation, lifestyles and preferences and a careful analysis of ecological landscapes are carefully considered and then matched to suitable interventions. This similar approach has been applied by other projects in the GGWSSI region however although has not often been formally disseminated to wider audiences.

Especifique em que base foram tomadas as decisões:

Avaliação de conhecimento bem documentado de GST (tomada de decisão baseada em evidências)
Resultados de pesquisa
Experiência pessoal e opiniões (não documentado)

4. Suporte técnico, reforço das capacidades e gestão do conhecimento

4.1 Reforço das capacidades/ formação

Foi oferecida formação aos usuários da terra/outras partes interessadas?

Sim

Especifique quem foi capacitado:

Usuários de terra
Equipe de campo/consultores

Caso seja relevante, especifique gênero, idade, status, etnia, etc.

100 small-scale farmers were trained in 2017, in Natural Assisted Regeneration techniques and 40 farmers were trained in forest and fodder seed collection and the production of seedlings in village nurseries and in the management of planted sites.

Tipo de formação:

Cursos

Assuntos abordados:

Technical training was provided to villages in formal modules on how to collect quality seeds in defined seed zones. The training was provided by the national forest seed centres . The trainings were on seedling production and participatory forest management . Other areas covered included; added-value and the development of plant products (non-timber forest products), marketing and local business management to support income generation.

Comentários:

Apart from the restoration technical areas covered above, additional areas of training included; improving adult literacy, family health and nutritional standards. This was done together with specialized rural sector developers.

4.2 Serviço de consultoria

Os usuários de terra têm acesso a um serviço de consultoria?

Sim

Especifique se foi oferecido serviço de consultoria:

nas áreas dos usuários da terra
Em centros permanentes

workshops

Descreva/comentários:

To re-introduce plant for large-scale restoration, effective use of seeds of wild species demands sufficient biological and technical knowledge on a big number of species to allow for collection, storage and germination of seeds and establishment of seedlings. In this approach therefore, the technical know-how of RBG Kew and related partnership with forest seed centres that allowed for collection of quality seeds.

4.3 Fortalecimento da instituição (desenvolvimento organizacional)

As instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas através da abordagem?

Sim, significativamente

Especifique a que nível (níveis) as instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas:

Local
Regional
Nacional

Descreva instituição, papéis e responsabilidades, membros, etc.

Institutions: National government; NGOs, CBOs,
Support to the national government who is the national agency for the GGW is the entry point. Through them ad based on national objectives, the project moves to a decentralized level. At the national level, capacities have been improved on monitoring and evaluation techniques; seed identification and selection and handling.
Local level: these are the implementing partners and do work on the ground. Their capacities have been improved on seed selection and restoration techniques and on data collection
Regional level: more collaboration, coordination and knowledge sharing on the GGW initiatives as well as peer to peer learning.

Especifique o tipo de apoio:

Financeiro
Reforço das capacidades/ formação
Equipamento

Dê mais detalhes:

Equipment: mainly for land preparation for planting and non-timber forest processing.

4.4 Monitoramento e avaliação

Monitoramento e avaliação são partes da abordagem?

Sim

Comentários:

Regular monitoring is carried out by village communities involved in the restoration exercise. The activities include assessing seedling survival and growth and planted surface areas.

Caso afirmativo, esta documentação é destinada a ser utilizada para monitoramento e avaliação?

Não

4.5 Pesquisa

A pesquisa foi parte da abordagem?

Sim

Especifique os tópicos:

Sociologia
Economia/Marketing
Ecologia

Dê mais detalhes e indique quem realizou a pesquisa:

Through a questionnaire, communities define their needs and preferences of species, the objectives of land restoration in their available agro-sylvo-pastoral degraded lands. Results of this consultation are fed back to them after analyses by the project team (researchers, plant expertise, seed centres) for the feasibility, suitability and availability of the requested species. This allows commonly to agree on interventions, priorities and implementation plans with roles and responsibility from the communities as well as from the technical teams.
1. Sociology: prior research was done on social diversity of village communities on areas such as gender, age, profession among others to decide on village selections but also ensure required balance.
2. Economics/marketing: This was multi-faceted on one hand looking at community economic needs and priorities and also on how to value addition to non-timber forest products. The plant-use data received from respondents were classified according to the Economic Botany Data Collection.
These helped in deciding and prioritizing species according to community needs.
3. Ecology: GGW initiative is typically for drylands with challenges such as moisture retention. Thus the ecology of the place was studied to identify suitable plant species that would thrive under these conditions of course in combination with traditional technologies that have been developed to overcome the moisture deficits.
The botany of selected species was further examined in laboratories to first of all check their suitability to dryland environments and thereafter to ensure good quality seeds are used including ensuring genetic diversity

5. Financiamento e apoio material externo

5.1 Orçamento anual para o componente de GST da abordagem

Caso o orçamento exato seja desconhecido, indique a faixa:

100.000-1.000.000

Comentários (p. ex. principais fontes de recursos/principais doadores):

Action Against Desertification is implemented by FAO and partners with funding from the European Union in the framework of the 10th European Development Fund (EDF). The GGWI under AAD in Niger is funded up to around 1.5m USD for the four years of the project.

5.2 Apoio financeiro/material concedido aos usuários da terra

Os usuários da terra receberam apoio financeiro/material para a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias?

Sim

Caso afirmativo, especifique tipo(s) de apoio, condições e fornecedor(es):

Finances are needed for purchasing equipment, seeds were also provided, seed testing to establish the desired type/species.

5.3 Subsídios para entradas específicas (incluindo mão-de-obra)

Mão-de-obra

Em que medida	Especifique os subsídios
Parcialmente financiado	Local communities shared some tasks such as during planting period the project provided lunch.

Equipamento

Especifique quais entradas foram subsidiadas	Em que medida	Especifique os subsídios
Maquinário	Parcialmente financiado	Provided such as arable tools, carts for transportation.
Ferramentas	Parcialmente financiado	Arable tools for planting.

Agrícola

Especifique quais entradas foram subsidiadas	Em que medida	Especifique os subsídios
Sementes	Parcialmente financiado	Training was provided on a collection of native forest seeds that were then bought from them (communities thus earning an income for communities).

Organic manure		Training to do and collect composts.

Construção

Especifique quais entradas foram subsidiadas	Em que medida	Especifique os subsídios
Pedra	Parcialmente financiado	For storage facilities.

Se a mão-de-obra pelos usuários da terra foi uma entrada substancial, isso foi:

Recompensado com outras formas de apoio material

Comentários:

In partnership with WFP there was collaboration on food for assets and incentives from the project such as trainings on preparation of vegetable gardens..

5.4 Crédito

Foi concedido crédito segundo a abordagem para atividades de GST?

Não

5.5 Outros incentivos ou instrumentos

Foram utilizados outros incentivos ou instrumentos para promover a implementação das tecnologias de GST?

Sim

Caso afirmativo, especifique:

Functional capacity building village communities for example in management of restoration sites and development of community forest products

6. Análise de impactos e declarações finais

6.1 Impactos da abordagem

A abordagem concedeu autonomia aos usuários locais de terra, melhorou a participação das partes interessadas?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

The project supports the communities to improve productivity of their land in direct consultation with them while benefiting from trainings with changes recorded in diversity of biomass in community plots and lands.

A abordagem propiciou a tomada de decisão baseada em evidências?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Substantial improvement is already recorded on state of land in the last 2 years.

A abordagem auxiliou os usuários da terra a implementar e manter as tecnologias de GST?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Trainings were provided on various aspects such as seed selection and collection.

A abordagem melhorou a coordenação e a implementação economicamente eficiente da GST?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

The project is not funding all aspects yet building sustainability through the direct capacity development and participation by communities.

A abordagem mobilizou/melhorou o acesso aos recursos financeiros para implementação da GST?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

1. Village technicians have been used by other projects in the area in SLM and also by the government while getting remuneration. 2. Communities are able to sell native restoration seeds to other projects in the region and to the government.

A abordagem aprimorou o conhecimento e as capacidades dos usuários da terra para implementar a GST?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Through trainings and capacity development e.g. on large-scale land preparation for planting and seed selection.

A abordagem aprimorou o conhecimento e as capacidades de outras partes interessadas?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

1. Governments; training of technicians including on specialized tools, training on monitoring and evaluation of SLM and restoration impacts. 2. CBOs and local administrations. regional organizations such as CILSS-Agryhmet were also trained on the above.

A abordagem construiu/fortaleceu instituições, colaboração entre partes interessadas?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

The village technicians and trained seed collectors are now organized in a regional union for restoration seed supply.

A abordagem atenuou conflitos?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

With the increasing of fodder production, pressures on other grazing areas have gone slightly down.

Disadvantaged groups not present at village level.

A abordagem melhorou a igualdade de gêneros e concedeu autonomia a mulheres e meninas?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Yes; gender equality is taken into consideration such as women representative in each village management community.

A abordagem encorajou os jovens/as próximas gerações de usuários de terra a se envolverem na GST?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

As income is coming in from restoration activities, it has been encouraging young people to consider SLM as in income generating opportunity.

A abordagem melhorou as questões de posse de terra/diretos do usuário que inibiam a implementação das tecnologias de GST?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Communities now see more value in restoring degraded land previously neglected and there is tenure agreements with local administration. Land tenure had been insecure for local communities but now rights of access and use have been delivered by local administrations to local communities guaranteeing that restoration areas belong to communities thus ensuring sustainability also as a community see ownership of the investments.

A abordagem resultou em segurança alimentar aprimorada/nutrição melhorada?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

1. Farming in restored areas allows for more crop production. 2. Fodder production is feeding livestock improving production of milk and meat.

A abordagem melhorou o acesso aos mercados?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

1. Seeds and fodder are being sold by local communities to other projects, governments and communities.

A abordagem resultou em acesso melhorado à água e ao saneamento?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Not within scope.

A abordagem resultou em uso/fontes de energia mais sustentável?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Out of scope.

A abordagem aprimorou a capacidade dos usuários da terra de adaptar-se a mudanças climáticas/extremos e atenuar os desastres relacionados com o clima?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

The project aim is to increase resilience of natural capital and people living in drylands while being able to adapt to climate change.

A abordagem resultou em emprego, oportunidades de renda?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

In seed sales, crop production, income earning from employment of technicians.

6.2 Principal motivação dos usuários da terra para implementar a GST

Produção aumentada

Increased land productivity from restored land.

Lucro (lucrabilidade) aumentado, melhora da relação custo-benefício

Improved yields and harvest.

Degradação do solo reduzida

Restored land provide more opportunities to land users.

Prestígio, pressão social/coesão social

Restoration of agro-sylvo-pastoral systems promoted cohesion across different user groups and provided benefits.

Afiliação a movimento/projeto/grupo/rede

Desire to be part of community based organization and through these, management of restored lands is also possible.

Consciência ambiental

Improved biodiversity, wildlife and link to community cultures and lifestyles was a motivator.

Costumes e crenças, moral

Linked to environmental above; need to protect and preserve wildlife and biodiversity.

melhoria dos conhecimentos e aptidões de GST

Project provided technical capacity development such as water harvesting and rice species to plant in right places motivated communities to participate.

Atenuação de conflitos

Increasing biomass in agro-sylvo-pastoral systems reduced conflicts between pastoralists and farmers.

6.3 Atividades de sustentabilidade de abordagem

Os usuários da terra podem manter o que foi implementado através da abordagem (sem apoio externo)?

Caso afirmativo, descreva como:

The capacity being developed should help farmers continue without external intervention e.g. training in collecting planting material, planting technique and in managing the plot enable continuity and the capacities developed stay within the community examples; the trained village technicians.

6.4 Pontos fortes/vantagens da abordagem

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Builds on existing knowledge such as the use of zhai and pit planting.
Income generation e.g. from selling of seeds to governments and other land users.
Helping achieve communities specifics objectives such as increasing tree cover.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
The consultation process and the mutual trust built over time, which make people buy-in the programme and feel the ownership of the activities on the ground.
The technical and scientific feedback answers to priorities and preoccupation of land users in terms of restoration objectives.
The involvement of people in monitoring and management of their planted sites as they contribute their lands and labour.

6.5 Pontos fracos, desvantagens da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Inability to adequately influence donor plans.	Frequent consultations.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Inability to address all the needs of the beneficiaries. Such as demand for water supply in dry seasons restoration while project focusses on rainfed restoration.	Increased dialogue on interventions across sectors such as with donors for more systematic and integrated approach.
Lack of flexibility in implementation to consider some of the upcoming demands of communities.

7. Referências e links

Links e módulos

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