Abordagens

Mugie Resource Sharing and Livestock to Markets Program [Quênia]

Criação: 02/03/2018 08:29
Atualização: 02/11/2021 12:17
Compilador/a: Peter Tyrrell
Editor: Henry Bailey
Revisores: Hanspeter Liniger, Rima Mekdaschi Studer, Donia Mühlematter, Joana Eichenberger

Mugie Trading Stock (MTS)

approaches_3427 - Quênia

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1. Informação geral

2. Descrição da abordagem de GST

2.1 Descrição curta da abordagem

Selected livestock are bought from the communities, then fattened and marketed by the Mugie conservancy management on a ‘resource sharing’ basis – generating income for both the conservancy and the community. This encourages the development of local value chains and market-based incentives for better rangeland management and animal husbandry outside the conservancy area. Breeding, agricultural shows and on-going education in sustainable rangeland management provide support for the longer-term.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da abordagem

Descrição detalhada da abordagem:

Mugie conservancy is a private company covering nearly 20,000 hectares. It is involved in ecotourism, wildlife conservation and livestock production. Simultaneously, Mugie cooperates with community members surrounding the conservancy by fattening and marketing their cattle. Both parties share in the risks and successes of the initiative – and this is key to building trust. Community livestock owners ‘resource share’ in the program by supplying selected animals in line with standards and a quota stipulated by the conservancy. Currently the cattle are weighed and graded at the conservancy headquarters, but a purpose-built facility on the edge of the conservancy is being constructed for this purpose.
While the conservancy manages the livestock from the community, there is a joint stake in the livestock as the eventual profits are divided. The conservancy takes over full management of the livestock from the community members including herding and grazing, dipping, providing veterinary treatment, monitoring weight, marketing and sales. The division and remittance of funds generated is according to the contract agreed with the community committee. Contracts vary in nature and are often no more than just verbal agreements based on trust. The original owners have visiting rights on Saturdays during weighing and the spray-race, where they inspect their animals and interact with conservancy livestock staff.

The program aims to build value chains, encourage livestock businesses and the local economy through provision of a fair price market for local communities’ products. It also strives to build peace across communities and ethnicities - there is no room for fighting when talking business. Developing market-based incentives to produce better quality livestock is another aim, thus stimulating improved rangeland management and a higher standard of animal husbandry. It is also hoped to build a sustainable livestock business for the conservancy to pay for its wildlife and biodiversity conservation efforts - because conservation doesn’t pay for itself and tourism is volatile, and can’t cover conservations costs in most situations.
The total turnover of the program to-date (April 2018) is approx. US $ 825,000. The conservancy takes 10% of the sales, plus US $ 4.00 per animal per month to cover grazing, animal health and management. Cattle are sold live to various brokers and dealers, depending on the market conditions and the quality of the cattle.
This process of community participation and partnership building is nurtured and reinforced in various ways: (i) through continuous outdoor meetings (updates on changes needed to agreements; requirements for livestock; updating on conditions of the market; talking about the need to maintain a supply of high quality livestock through better rangeland management, etc.); (ii) by development of community committees; (iii) establishing community SACCOs (co-operatives registered with the county government); and (iv) drawing up contracts between the committees and the conservancy.

The implementation of this approach is an ongoing, dynamic and ever-evolving process. However the broad sequence is as follows: (i) introduction of the approach to communities, encouraging them to embrace the idea of improving livestock quality and to enter into an agreement with the conservancy, (ii) formation of committees within the community to ensure that livestock owners are heard and can agree the value of livestock, as well as avenues for communication, complaints and negotiations, (iii) negotiation of contracts with these committees, covering revenue sharing and proposed number of livestock involved, (iv) livestock management, fattening and marketing by Mugie conservancy, (v) continuous monitoring and reviews.
As implementation progresses there are also breeding schemes to introduce better genetic material into community livestock. These improved breeds produce cattle of higher quality for the beef market. Ongoing education and an annual agricultural show increase the potential and awareness of sustainable range management approaches and opportunities to all members of surrounding communities, including livestock producers: men, women and the youth.

2.3 Fotos da abordagem

Galeria de Mídias

2.5 País/região/locais onde a abordagem foi aplicada

País:

Quênia

Região/Estado/Província:

Laikipia

Especificação adicional de localização:

Louniek region

2.6 Datas de início e término da abordagem

Indique o ano de início:

2017

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada de início da abordagem:

menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Tipo de abordagem

Iniciativa/inovação local recente

2.8 Principais metas/objetivos da abordagem

1. Promote peace & stability
2. Incentivise and educate in sustainable rangeland management and use of natural resources
3. Provide local market opportunities
4. Encourage and educate in responsible livestock production in rural areas
5. Encourage local economic growth
6. Ensure sustainable food production
7. Encourage the formation of strong institutions in the area (such as co-operatives, businesses and business-orientated group ranches)

2.9 Condição que propiciam ou inibem a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias aplicada(s) segundo a abordagem

Normas e valores sociais/culturais/religiosos

Propício

The use of traditional structures of elders is a great help in bringing members of local communities on board with the program, especially within the Pokot ethnic group.

Inibitivo

Traditional social structures amongst pastoralist communities are commonly collapsing, and therefore the prevailing social norm is for people to try to benefit themselves rather than helping the community at large. Moreover, traditional social structures are dominated by men. Most approaches target elders and warrior age sets to try and distribute knowledge of rangeland management and therefore they do not reach those actually doing the majority of animal husbandry work and having the greatest impact upon the rangelands and biodiversity - namely the women and children.

Disponibilidade/acesso a recursos e serviços financeiros

Propício

There has been an initial boost in the area from some banking services to help communities open bank accounts, and encourage the formation of cooperatives. Using these institutions greatly reduces the burden of program administration.

Inibitivo

The majority of people in the area do not have local access to financial institutions. This creates a problem, as without the foundation of trust/insurance that financial services bring, facilitating sustainable trade, community members don't have the will or ability to invest in productive activities such as sustainable rangeland management and animal husbandry.

Quadro jurídico (posse de terra, direitos de uso da terra e da água)

Inibitivo

The sub-division of historical ranches in the area has been done on a scale that creates blocks that are too small (12-20 hectare plots) for sustainable livestock activities to be supported. Most of these do not have their own sources of water and this sub-division of the landscape means the greater area is not being managed to maintain essential ecosystem services such as the preservation of groundwater, soils, native forest or grassland biodiversity.

Políticas

Propício

The 'Amaya Initiative' that has been set up by the current Governor of Laikipia to boost cooperation between between regional county governments has had initial successes in assisting the project through increased security and encouraging peace and stability. It has yet to provide other enabling functions such as control of cattle movement to prevent disease, encouraging/facilitating markets, etc.

Governança da terra (tomada de decisões, implementação e aplicação)

Inibitivo

The lack of law enforcement controlling the movement of livestock hinders efforts to implement value adding techniques and approaches in sustainable rangeland management and associated livestock management approaches through disease, livestock theft, and unregulated utilisation of natural resources. The lack of enforcement of laws supporting the rights of landowners and businesses discourages investment on any scale. The penalties for transgressing some of these laws are also very weak and not commensurate with the risks that their breaches pose to landowners.

Conhecimento sobre GST, acesso a suporte técnico

Inibitivo

The basic understanding of lifecycles of common wild fodder plants is lacking. This means that the majority of community led initiatives to manage natural resources and mitigate against climate based crises cause more harm to sustainable land management efforts in the medium to long term.

Mercados (para comprar entradas, vender produtos) e preços

Inibitivo

Poor market access makes it difficult to sustain the program across all the potential revenue situations. There are good markets for well-finished livestock. However, culled cows, for instance, cannot be sold - and these continue to drain resources, both financial and natural. Institutions with large contracts that could provide offtake for such animals do not offer market prices that are sustainable for local businesses. The development of local infrastructure in marketing inputs (medicines, feeds, supplements, extension services, etc.), and value chain addition (slaughter houses, canning factories, cold chain storage, etc.) would help break apparent monopolies that seem to be retarding local markets.

Carga de trabalho, disponibilidade de força de trabalho

Inibitivo

There is a lack of availability of manpower with the correct skills and training in administration and management and with an understanding and willingness to work in the agricultural sector.

Outro

Inibitivo

Availability of seed funds to encourage entrepreneurship and development of local businesses. Most funds seem to be channelled through NGOs who have an aversion to partnership in commercial ventures. Many training sessions that are run by NGOs in surrounding pastoralist areas, when discussing potential stakeholders, rarely mention local businesses. This serves to develop societies and communities reliant on handouts, unwilling to develop their local value chains. The prevailing NGO, development and aid attitude that avoids large for-profit businesses needs to change. Such businesses can be a lynchpin in regional value chains that encourage sustainable approaches, as they guarantee local supply chains and local customer bases, raising local economies, peace and strong institutions.

3. Participação e papel das partes interessadas envolvidas

3.1 Partes interessadas envolvidas na abordagem e seus papéis

Usuários de terra/comunidades locais

Land and livestock owners from the immediate area surrounding the private conservancy (from the Pokot, Samburu & Turkana tribes).

Local land users/communities make committees to allocate quotas of livestock to come in to the MTS resource sharing and livestock-to-market program. It is also their responsibility to continue to bring suitable animals for the program. The committees are those to communicate changes and updates to the terms of agreement to the wider community and to help mediate in disputes.

Organizações comunitárias

Chemiot SACCO - a Pokot youth cooperative set up in the wake of starting the MTS scheme.

Mugie wishes to encourage the development of strong institutions in the area. Mugie hopes increasingly to deal with SACCOs as opposed to committees.

Especialistas em GST/ consultor agrícola

RPLRP (Regional Pastoralist Livelihoods Resilience Program) and NDMA (National Drought Management Authority).

Currently, these stakeholders have shown an interest in the project and wish to see how it can be scaled up.

Pesquisadores

Masters and Doctorate students

There has been a little interest from these stakeholders in using the information and databases developed by Mugie. However there has been no feedback and little uptake from them.

Setor privado

Mugie Conservancy, various Mugie Trade partners.

To manage the livestock, to finish (fatten) them for the market, market the livestock, remit funds from sales, manage the contracts, provide education on improved rangeland management and animal husbandry. Trade partners provide other inputs and access to markets.

Governo local

Laikipia County Government, Samburu County Government, Baringo County Government

The respective county governments have shown interest in supporting and further developing the MTS program in order to help develop strong institutions, economy, businesses opportunities and rehabilitate rangelands for better livelihoods in the Amaya Triangle area.

Caso várias partes interessadas foram envolvidas, indique a agência líder:

Mugie Conservancy

3.2 Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais nas diferentes fases da abordagem

	Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais	Especifique quem estava envolvido e descreva as atividades
Iniciação/motivação	Participativo	Both Mugie conservancy and local land users were involved in negotiations over the period of conflict around the 2017 Kenya presidential elections - out of this innovative resource sharing approaches were developed to benefit all stakeholders.
Planejamento	Participativo	Community leaders were presented with the options and limitations by Mugie management. Committees were then formed under several different themes, and they then negotiated contracts.
Implementação	Participativo	Community committees continue to be the main point of contact as the program develops organically, balancing the market, environment and needs of various stakeholders. However, the main implementer continues to be Mugie but with integrated community support. Changes in the market are seeing more individual community members using the scheme to market livestock themselves without Mugie involvement, but using the reputation of the brand.
Monitoramento/avaliação	Participativo	Communities raise problems that occur and work hand in hand with Mugie management to resolve issues.

3.4 Decisão sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias de GST

Especifique quem decidiu sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias a serem implementadas:

Principalmente especialistas em GST, após consulta com usuários da terra

Explique:

Mugie handles the administration of the program and therefore decides on what technologies best fit their management requirements. Communities are always consulted on all changes and developments of the program.

Especifique em que base foram tomadas as decisões:

Avaliação de conhecimento bem documentado de GST (tomada de decisão baseada em evidências)
Resultados de pesquisa
Experiência pessoal e opiniões (não documentado)

4. Suporte técnico, reforço das capacidades e gestão do conhecimento

4.1 Reforço das capacidades/ formação

Foi oferecida formação aos usuários da terra/outras partes interessadas?

Sim

Especifique quem foi capacitado:

Usuários de terra
Equipe de campo/consultores

Tipo de formação:

Em exercício
Agricultor para agricultor
Áreas de demonstração
Reuniões públicas

Assuntos abordados:

Grazing management, rangeland management (planning), Lifecycles of plants, water cycling, solar cycling, mineral cycling, importance of suitable breeds, market awareness, forming (SACCO), Basic business planning.

4.2 Serviço de consultoria

Os usuários de terra têm acesso a um serviço de consultoria?

Não

4.3 Fortalecimento da instituição (desenvolvimento organizacional)

As instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas através da abordagem?

Sim, moderadamente

Especifique a que nível (níveis) as instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas:

Local
Regional

Descreva instituição, papéis e responsabilidades, membros, etc.

Cooperatives (SACCOs), Community Conservancies, Local businesses.

Especifique o tipo de apoio:

Reforço das capacidades/ formação

4.4 Monitoramento e avaliação

Monitoramento e avaliação são partes da abordagem?

Sim

Caso afirmativo, esta documentação é destinada a ser utilizada para monitoramento e avaliação?

Sim

4.5 Pesquisa

A pesquisa foi parte da abordagem?

Sim

Especifique os tópicos:

Sociologia
Economia/Marketing
Ecologia
Tecnologia

Dê mais detalhes e indique quem realizou a pesquisa:

Project developers from Mugie.

5. Financiamento e apoio material externo

5.1 Orçamento anual para o componente de GST da abordagem

Caso o orçamento exato seja desconhecido, indique a faixa:

2.000-10.000

Comentários (p. ex. principais fontes de recursos/principais doadores):

All funding presently from Mugie. The program could be greatly improved with outside funding, donations or support.

5.2 Apoio financeiro/material concedido aos usuários da terra

Os usuários da terra receberam apoio financeiro/material para a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias?

Não

5.3 Subsídios para entradas específicas (incluindo mão-de-obra)

Equipamento

Especifique quais entradas foram subsidiadas	Em que medida	Especifique os subsídios

Ferramentas	Parcialmente financiado	Microchipping for Electronic identification of cattle from Kenya Vetinary Association (KVA)

Se a mão-de-obra pelos usuários da terra foi uma entrada substancial, isso foi:

Voluntário

5.4 Crédito

Foi concedido crédito segundo a abordagem para atividades de GST?

Não

5.5 Outros incentivos ou instrumentos

Foram utilizados outros incentivos ou instrumentos para promover a implementação das tecnologias de GST?

Não

6. Análise de impactos e declarações finais

6.1 Impactos da abordagem

A abordagem concedeu autonomia aos usuários locais de terra, melhorou a participação das partes interessadas?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Local landowners have a financial market based incentive to protect the main conservation area and increase/explore rehabilitation efforts on their own land.

A abordagem propiciou a tomada de decisão baseada em evidências?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Detailed records were kept from the beginning and consulted as evidence for changes to the approach as the program developed

A abordagem auxiliou os usuários da terra a implementar e manter as tecnologias de GST?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

The program is still relatively new - but there has been strong evidence of changing attitudes towards better rangeland management.

A abordagem melhorou a coordenação e a implementação economicamente eficiente da GST?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

The proper management of cattle is helping to manage grasses and reduce the burden on overgrazed areas within the landscape.

A abordagem mobilizou/melhorou o acesso aos recursos financeiros para implementação da GST?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Funding for this has yet to be provided for the area.

A abordagem aprimorou o conhecimento e as capacidades dos usuários da terra para implementar a GST?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Considerable training has been carried out and discussions have been held with all of the communities surrounding the main conservation area of Mugie, greatly increasing their knowledge - capacity however relies upon security, access to market incentive to implement SLM and above all security of resources and land tenure.

A abordagem aprimorou o conhecimento e as capacidades de outras partes interessadas?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Training of, and discussions with, other stakeholders have taken place too, raising wider awareness of the major issues and driving causes of rangeland degradation in the area.

A abordagem construiu/fortaleceu instituições, colaboração entre partes interessadas?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Yes, and continues to do so. The approach shows and provides a framework for further cooperation in economic development, peace building and education as well as sustainable land management and safeguarding of biodiversity.

A abordagem atenuou conflitos?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

It has led to great stability in the area and opened up lines of dialogues between different communities, ethnicities, areas, and local government.

A abordagem concedeu autonomia aos grupos social e economicamente desfavorecidos?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

The approach has allowed socially and economically disadvantaged groups to benefit from the administration and financial services from Mugie Conservancy and has enabled investments that have shown as much as 37% return on investments for socially and economically disadvantaged groups that otherwise would never have happened.

A abordagem melhorou a igualdade de gêneros e concedeu autonomia a mulheres e meninas?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Although this impact has been small, now that trust with communities has been built, further resource sharing products are being developed within the approach to target these groups specifically.

A abordagem encorajou os jovens/as próximas gerações de usuários de terra a se envolverem na GST?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

The Mugie Rangeland and Pastoralist Show (an agricultural show for pastoralists) welcomes all the family and makes them aware of the issues and potential for change through SLM technologies and approaches.

A abordagem melhorou as questões de posse de terra/diretos do usuário que inibiam a implementação das tecnologias de GST?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

This lies within the government's power to change. However, there is a lack of understanding of what the problem actually is, even from local and national government.

A abordagem resultou em segurança alimentar aprimorada/nutrição melhorada?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

A abordagem melhorou o acesso aos mercados?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

A abordagem resultou em acesso melhorado à água e ao saneamento?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

Not yet, but as the approach goes forward. Those participating from more affluent social groups will be charged a premium. This will be used for extension services that improve these areas. Education is being given around the potential for communities to develop their own local water cooperatives.

A abordagem aprimorou a capacidade dos usuários da terra de adaptar-se a mudanças climáticas/extremos e atenuar os desastres relacionados com o clima?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

By providing basic financial services, land users can start guaranteeing funds and plans available for climate related disasters. The education and knowledge being provided also increases this capacity, and the off take of animals to finish on managed rangeland for market provides resilience all year round regardless of drought.

A abordagem resultou em emprego, oportunidades de renda?

Não
Sim, pouco
Sim, moderadamente
Sim, significativamente

There has been a huge injection of funds into the area through this approach. Employment has also increased through the scheme and can continue to do so as it grows.

6.2 Principal motivação dos usuários da terra para implementar a GST

Produção aumentada

Lucro (lucrabilidade) aumentado, melhora da relação custo-benefício

Degradação do solo reduzida

Riscos de desastre reduzido

Prestígio, pressão social/coesão social

melhoria dos conhecimentos e aptidões de GST

Melhoria estética

Atenuação de conflitos

6.3 Atividades de sustentabilidade de abordagem

Os usuários da terra podem manter o que foi implementado através da abordagem (sem apoio externo)?

Incerto

Caso negativo ou incerto, especifique e comente:

At the time of writing the approach is still less than a year old and this remains to be seen.

6.4 Pontos fortes/vantagens da abordagem

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Benefits from the increase in the value of cattle. Few other livestock programs achieve this.
It has created peace in the area.
There are now opportunities for business growth opening up in the area.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
This is a key stepping stone in creating resilience in the area and rehabilitating degraded land through the financial market based incentives provided through the approach.
The approach has provided the necessary financial services and a sustainable road map forward to alleviate poverty through the changing of local attitudes from a wealth based society where the tragedy of the commons is degrading landscapes and societal structures, into a cash based society with strong institutions, a sustainable way of life and future.
Increase in peace and stability can further provide an incentive for local land users to invest in SLM practices and the return of biodiversity.

6.5 Pontos fracos, desvantagens da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Changeability of the market and lack of guaranteed prices.	Further banding together to guarantee good products (livestock) dependent upon sustainable rangeland management and agreed contracts with wholesalers.
Still a lack of good rangeland outside of the main conservation area of Mugie	Further increase stability and peace in the area and develop cooperatives of landowners who can rehabilitate and manage their land sustainably using economies of scale. This requires further guarantees of the markets and their products.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Administrative burden is huge and might prevent replication of the approach to organisations without a body of well-educated staff.	Development of a resource sharing management application (App).
Corruption in the markets and with large-scale contracts for livestock products

7. Referências e links

Links e módulos