1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Itália

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Ethiopia (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) - Etiópia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

30/05/2011

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

It is a structural measure constructed across the slope to control erosion and increase soil moisture.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Sorghum terrace of Diredawa locally called as Daga is constructed by placing stone walls across a slope following contour lines. The development of Sorghum terrace involves activities of creating an embankment at a given spacing, which depends on slope. Cultivation in the terrace is done by the use of Dengora (local name for spade like hand tool) if the land is sloping and by oxen if land slope is gentle (<8%). The purpose of developing Sorghum Terrace of Diredawa (STD) is to collect as much rainwater as possible for growing sorghum, which is planted by broad casting. Sorghum is the staple food in the area. Since rainfall is erratic, the STD allows more water to be stored in the soil. STD is maintained every year and also upgraded while performing different farm activities (Ploughing, Weeding, etc.,). Every time maintenance is made breaks in the terrace are repaired and additional height given to the terrace until it forms bench. STD is very suitable to areas with erratic rainfalls, sloping cultivated fields and land having abandant stones for construction. It is suitable to areas with semi-arid to arid climatic conditions and soils ranging from shallow depth to moderately deep.

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• mais de 50 anos atrás (tradicional)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The major land use problems in the areas with out SWC are overgrazing/overbrowsing by livestock specially by the small stock. Goats over browse shrubs in hill slope letting it to be bare and hence enhance erosion. Cutting of trees/shrub for fire wood denudes hillsides.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Declining status of the vegetative cover led to lack of wood for construction and fire wood.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: Yes

Grazingland comments: A substantial area has been closed around the technology area. Livestock owners are given the opportunity to cut grass from enclosures and carry it home to stall feed the animals. Most farmers like to stallfeed their animals. Number of livestock in the area is small and is limited to 1 or 2 of large stock and 2-3 of small stocks.

Problems / comments regarding forest use: Individual households plant agroforestry trees (fruits, shade trees, hedgerows) in the homestreads and on field boundaries. Trees naturally grown are maintained in scattered manner in crop fields. These are primarily used as shelter for animals that are tethered and also used as fodder and fuelwood.

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, grazing / browsing

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Sorghum-beans

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Comentários:

Water supply: Also post-flooding

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 180 Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Oct

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Solo/cobertura vegetal melhorada
• Medidas de curva de nível

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Caso a tecnologia seja uniformemente difundida numa área, indique a área coberta aproximada:

• 100-1.000 km2

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Reduzir a degradação do solo
• Recuperar/reabilitar solo severamente degradado

Comentários:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

DireDawa

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: reduction of slope angle, increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil

Secondary technical functions: water harvesting / increase water supply, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Early planting
Material/ species: Sorghum + Chat
Quantity/ density: 17500 +400

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: Sorghum + Potato

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: Sorghum + Chat

Mulching
Material/ species: Sorghu Stalk/residue

Green manure
Material/ species: Sorghum/Chat-beans

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: Sorghum/Chat

Contour tillage
Remarks: Ploughing along the contour

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: O : other
Number of plants per (ha): 17500-2000
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.2
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.2-0.3

Perennial crops species: Chat

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 10.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 3.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.00%

Terrace: backward sloping
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1-2
Spacing between structures (m): 4-6
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.5-2
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 50-300

Bund/ bank: level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1-2
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.3-0.5
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 50-300

Construction material (earth): earth is placed upslope of the stone wall to provide reinforcement

Construction material (stone): stone is used for the embankment

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 12%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 4%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use type: from grazing to cultivated land

Control / change of species composition: from mono-cropping to mixed cropping

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Birr

Indique a taxa cambial do dólar norte americano para a moeda local (se relevante): 1 USD =:

8,6

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Chat planting by cutting	Vegetativo	early rains
2.	Sorghum planting	Vegetativo	early rains
3.	Sowing	Vegetativo	with rains & withdrawal of rains
4.	Contour marking & layout	Estrutural	dry period/after harvest
5.	Digging foundation	Estrutural	after light rains/moist soil
6.	Stone collection	Estrutural	dry season
7.	Stone wall placement	Estrutural	after light rains/moist soil
8.	Earth support upslope	Estrutural	after light rains/moist soil
9.	Clear vegetation	Gestão	dry period
10.	Construct Daga	Gestão	dry season
11.	Land preparation	Gestão	after the 1st rains

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour	ha	1,0	272,0	272,0	50,0
Equipamento	Animal traction	ha	1,0	20,0	20,0	100,0
Equipamento	Tools	ha	1,0	4,0	4,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Seeds	ha	1,0	5,0	5,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Compost manure	ha	1,0			100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					301,0

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Tillage	Agronômico	dry season / 2-3
2.	Sowing	Agronômico	dry season / each cropping season
3.	Cultivation	Agronômico	early rains, after sawing, before flowering / each cropping season
4.	Weeding	Agronômico	after flowrinf / each cropping season
5.	Harvest	Agronômico	dry season, after crop matures / each cropping season
6.	Cultivation	Vegetativo	during rains /2
7.	Weeding	Vegetativo	withdrawal of rains /1
8.	Stone collection	Estrutural	dry season/1
9.	Repairing breaks	Estrutural	before planting/1
10.	Add stone wall height/upgrading	Estrutural	before planting/1
11.	Plant stablizing/ trees/shrubs	Estrutural	after rains/1
12.	Planting of useful trees & fruit trees	Gestão	after rains / annual
13.	Cultivation and weeding	Gestão	during rains / 2

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour	ha	1,0	40,7	40,7	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					40,7

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: hand tools for digging earth and breaking stone

The cost is mainly for construction and maintenance of the structural measures and cost of production.

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Slope:- As the slope increases cost of construction increases, Soil depth:- when the soil depth is shallow digging the foundation becomes more costly.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Landforms: Also hill slopes (ranked 2) and valley floors (ranked 3)
Slopes on average: Also hilly (ranked 2) and moderate as well as gentle (both ranked 3)

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil fertility is low (ranked 1), medium (ranked 2) and very low (ranked 3)
Soil drainage/infiltration is good
Soil water storage capacity is low (ranked 1), medium (ranked 2) and very low (ranked 3)

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
40% of the land users are average wealthy and own 60% of the land.
60% of the land users are poor and own 40% of the land.
Off-farm income specification: Land users who have SWC on their land spend more time in agricultural activities compared to those who have not applied SWC measures.
Level of mechanization: Manual work (ranked 1, on steeper slopes where terraces are closer manual labour is used) and animal traction (ranked 2, on gentle slopes animal traction is used for tillage and cultivation)
Market orientation of cropland production system: Subsistence ( They do not produce enough for their own consumption in case of sorghum/cereal crops but chat is produced more for market, ranked 1) and mixed (ranked 2)
Market orientation of forest production system: Subsistence (Chat is planted for consumption as well as market, ranked 1) and mixed (Farmers sell part of the grain they have produced)
Market orientation of production system: mixed (subsistence and commercial) (Farmers sell part of the grain they have produced.)

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Outros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 10-50%

Comentários:

30% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

20% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Production increased How can they be sustained / enhanced? external support with incentives such as tools, material for constructing structures for flood and runoff diversion.
more soil moisture How can they be sustained / enhanced? integration of measures that reduces evapotranspiration
Soil erosion controlled How can they be sustained / enhanced? exercise effective maintenance

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
have higher efficiency for retaining water in the soil How can they be sustained / enhanced? Strengthening maintenance, avoid livestock,exercise stall feeding, enhancing runoff and flood farming
mantenance is simple because material is available
Forms bench terrace easily
Soil loss is remarkably reduced
Production doubled and even increased by 150-200%

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
hindering movement	provide path way for humans and oxen during farm operation