1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Itália

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

SNNPR Bureau of Agriculture - Etiópia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

30/05/2011

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Desho grass strip is a vegetative SWC measure used for stablizing the bund and provide fodder for animals.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Desho grass is established by planting tillered cuttings. It establishes easily with little soil moisture. It is a perennial herbaceous grass which has massive fibrous root system that anchors the plant to the bind. It provides better cover to the bund and establishes agressively. The growth is upright with a growth potential of 90-120 cm depending on the fertility of the soil and regenerates quickly. It can grow and mature (ready for harvesting) at least once in a month and it requires only one seasontime rain to cover the whole bund.

Purpose of the Technology: The purpose of Desho grass is to stablize the bund and provide palatable grass for livestock.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Desho grass can be established/regenerate by tiller splitting and planting. The soil should be moist during establishment of Desho grass.

Natural / human environment: Desho grass can grow at 1500-2800 m asl and its best performs at an altitude of 1700-2800m asl.

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

SOS Sahel introduced Desho grass to be plant on bunds for stablization and forage development through Integrated Watershed Management Approach.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Population pressure, lack of land management skill, shortage of farm land, decline of soil fertility, low income (food insecurity)

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Shortage of farm land, decline of soil fertility, low productivity per unit area of land and climate change (drought)

Grazingland comments: After Desho grass introduction the trends of grazing system change from open grazing on farm land to stall feeding and as a result land degradation problems are reduced in the area. The grass is used by cutoff and carry system.

Problems / comments regarding forest use: Focus on eucalyptus planting reduced crop production. Other multipurpose indeginous species should be considered.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Irish potato or haricot bean - wheat or barley or teff

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 2

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 180 Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Sep Second longest growing period in days: 120 Second longest growing period from month to month: Jul - Sep

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Solo/cobertura vegetal melhorada
• Medidas de curva de nível

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Caso a tecnologia seja uniformemente difundida numa área, indique a área coberta aproximada:

• 10-100 km2

Comentários:

Importance in bund stablization of desho grass (Pennisetum pedecillatum Trin) is not well known. But it is fast growing and best for soil bund stablization in crop lands with multipurpose use. Desho grass increases the productivity of land taken by the bund. It is a good sources of forage. It also support food security efforts by substituting enset feeding.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Recuperar/reabilitar solo severamente degradado

Comentários:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

SNNPR

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard

Secondary technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert, reduction of slope length, increase of infiltration, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: Desho grass
Quantity/ density: 15m3/km
Remarks: 10m X 10m

Contour tillage
Remarks: farm implements

Contour ridging
Remarks: shovel, hoe, pick axe

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, F : fruit trees / shrubs, G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 750
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.1
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1

Trees/ shrubs species: Cajans cajan, Sesbania sesban

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Avocado, casmir

Grass species: Desho grass

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 30.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 15.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.00%

Bund/ bank: level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1
Spacing between structures (m): 20-30
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 100
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.6
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.8-1.2
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 100

Structural measure: diversion ditch / cut-off drain
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.4
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 100
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.5
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 100

Construction material (earth): Soil bund

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 30%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 15%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use type: open grazing to cut and carry

Major change in timing of activities: harvesting Desho grass every two month

Other type of management: change of management / intensity level - from mono-crop to rotational cropping

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Birr

Indique a taxa cambial do dólar norte americano para a moeda local (se relevante): 1 USD =:

8,6

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Collecting grass	Vegetativo	beginning of rain season
2.	Transporting planting materials	Vegetativo	beginning of rain season
3.	Planting grass on the bund	Vegetativo	beginning of rain season
4.	Catchment survey	Estrutural	dry season
5.	Cutoff drain construction	Estrutural	dry season
6.	Soil bund construction	Estrutural	dry season
7.	Grass transplanting	Estrutural	onset of rains
8.	Grass planting	Estrutural	onset of rains

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour	ha	1,0	8,0	8,0	100,0
Equipamento	Machine use	ha	1,0	1,21	1,21
Equipamento	Tools	ha	1,0	1,7	1,7
Material vegetal	Seedlings	ha	1,0	3,2	3,2
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					14,11

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Land preparation	Agronômico	onset of rains / 1-3
2.	Sowing	Agronômico	during rains / each cropping season
3.	Weeding	Agronômico
4.	Collecting grass	Vegetativo
5.	Transporting planting materials	Vegetativo
6.	Planting grass on the bund	Vegetativo
7.	Cutoff drain desilted	Estrutural	before rains/annual
8.	Soil bund maintenance	Estrutural	before rains/annual
9.	Grass replanting	Estrutural	during rains/annual

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: shovel, hoe

Length of structure and grass strip

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Cost/labour and requirment increased as slope increased.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Altitudinal zone: <2400m a.s.l.
Landforms: Hill slopes (most of the catchment area up to 50% slope, ranked 1) and plateau/plains (around 10% slope, ranked 2)
Slopes on average: Also hilly (ranked 2) and rolling (ranked 3)

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil texture: Fine/heavy (clay loam)
Soil fertility: Very low (production is very low with out organic/chemical fertilizer, ranked 1) and low (production is low with out organic/chemical fertilizer, ranked 2)
Topsoil organic matter: Low (top fertile soil is eroded away)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Good (well drained nitosols)
Soil water storage capacity: Medium (lack of organic matter)

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 3% - 4%
28% of the land users are rich and own 40% of the land.
58% of the land users are average wealthy and own 50% of the land.
14% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.
Off-farm income specification: There is little difference between them.
Level of mechanization: Animal traction (ranked 1, on gentle to hilly slope oxen is used for ploughing) and manual work (ranked 2, manual labour is used on steep slopes)
Market orientation of cropland production system: subsistence (self-supply) land users produce crop for household consumption
Market orientation of grazing land production system: subsistence (self-supply) cattle rearing is for own use, traction and saving.
Market orientation of forest production system: subsistence (self-supply) and agroforestry
Market orientation of production system: agroforestry

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Solo

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

Comentários:

66% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

4145 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The grass is very fast growing, easly to established and naturally palatable, good for stablizing bund, harvest once a month during rainy season and grows at right position and therefore it does not hinder other farm activities.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Palatable grass How can they be sustained / enhanced? encourage cut and carry system.
fast growing grass
Substitute enset as a source of forage
Generate income

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Good and fast growing grass that can cover the bund with in short time. How can they be sustained / enhanced? avoid free grazing and encourage cut and carry system.
Little investment for establishment How can they be sustained / enhanced? Provision of planting materials for resource poor land users.
Good palatable nature How can they be sustained / enhanced? encourage cut and carry system.
Land productivity improved How can they be sustained / enhanced? access to market and introduce improved varities.

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

SOS Sahel IFSSP Terminal evaluation Report. 2003.

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Case study assessing the signifcance of Desho grass intervention on SWC structures, Food security Strategy, by Daniel Dantamo.