1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Itália

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Saba Saba Water Resource Users Association (Saba Saba WRUA) - Quênia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

02/11/2012

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

The technology is based on tree plantation of several species (i.e. Grevillea robusta, Psidium guava, Bambusa vulgaris ) along the riparian land of the farmer.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

The practice carried out voluntary by the farmer consists of planting trees at the edge of the river bank and in its proximity.

Purpose of the Technology: By increasing vegetation cover (started 10 year ago) the intention of the farmer is to reduce and control bank erosion and landslides in the riparian land.
The degradation in this area is in fact evident and it is partially explained by the reduced vegetative cover. The planted trees help to maintain water quality by filtering silt and organic materials from rainwater runoff from the upper area and at the same time reinforce the streambank to control erosion. Another important environmental benefit is the increased carbon allocation from the new root systems.
The farmer also mentioned the interest to continue expanding tree plantation also in view of carbon credit and financial support from local authorities: in particular bamboo, which reaches maturity in few years, can be harvested after about two years and is easy to propagate (vegetatively).
Grevillea trees (timber) are seen by the farmer as a form of saving, and sold out when the farmer is in need of cash, earning between 800 up to 1500 KSh (Kenyan Shillings), depending on the size of the tree and the costs for cutting- transportation (e.g. machine operator between 500-700 KSh).

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The initial inputs for the establishment of the vegetative practices concern mainly labour (e.g. planting trees) and the cost of the seedlings (10 KSh seedlings of Grevillea, 20 KSh of Guava); generally these activities are carried out at the beginning of the rainy season. Pruning of Grevillea is done every three seasons.

Natural / human environment: The climate is sub humid with two rainy seasons (the first starts around March and the second around October). Near the river the area is characterized by gentle slope and deposition of sediments and bank erosion are the main processes; the risks of further degradation and water pollution are reduced by the riparian vegetation and thanks to the good land management practices of the surrounding farmers. The riparian land is the area of min 6-30 m around the river and it is considered by law a protected area; therefore it should be left intact from any human activity (Water Act, 2002). Indeed, the 'control' and daily management is carried out by the riparian farmers in collaboration with Sabasaba WRUA and WRMA, the official authority for the management of the water of the river and the riparian land.
In this site in particular, the water of the river is considered clean by the farmer interviewed, despite the fact that during rainy seasons the sediment loads affect the quality of the water.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• atráves de inovação dos usuários da terra

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

Since year 2000 the farmer has been adopted SWC practices: this in reply to the prolonged degrading situation at the hedge of the river: 'natural vegetation was 'not good' and so 'it was no properly holding the soil', he said.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Risk of bank erosion and deposition of sediments in the river. See Appendix 3. Fig. 2.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Bank erosion. See Appendix 3. Fig. 3

Other type of forest: few lines of Grevillea/Bamboes: According to the definitions adopted FAO (FRA, 2010) the land could not be considered as wooded land (less than 0.5 ha).

Problems / comments regarding forest use: Bamboos are planted because of environmental benefits of this plant to stabilize riverbank. Other potential uses: e.g. wood is used to make baskets, fences and various kind of construction; leaves are used to feed chickens. The hollow sections between nodes are used to make containers. Indeed, the farmer let neighbours to clear and use some bamboos.

Forest products and services: nature conservation / protection

Other forest products and services: source of cash

Caso o uso da terra tenha mudado devido a implementação da tecnologia, indique seu uso anterior à implementação da tecnologia:

Forests / woodlands: Fn: Natural

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 2

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 122 Longest growing period from month to month: from about March to June Second longest growing period in days: 61 Second longest growing period from month to month: from about October to November

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Solo/cobertura vegetal melhorada
• variedades vegetal/raças de animais melhoradas

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Comentários:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0,1 ha m2.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Secondary measures: agronomic measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -along boundary, scattered / dispersed

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wr: riverbank erosion, Hp: decline of surface water quality

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wm: mass movements / landslides

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Poor vegetation cover, mainly herbaceous), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Especially during wet seasons: March-June and October-November)

Secondary causes of degradation: other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Footslope area (sediments deposition)), land tenure (Previous poor management SWC measures, especially in the upper areas)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo
• Reduzir a degradação do solo

Comentários:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

Bamboos planted at the hedge of the river; a line of Grevillea, which demarcate the farmer's property and Guava seedlings planted in the riparian land.

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (E.g. Planting bamboos is easy since colony species which use rhizome to spread.)

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water

Secondary technical functions: improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 25
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1.5
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, F : fruit trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 55
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): few cm

Trees/ shrubs species: (25) Grevillea robusta (Mũkĩma)

Fruit trees / shrubs species: (5) Psidium guajava (Mũbera), (50 sps) Bambusa vulgaris (Mũrangi)

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 3%

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique a moeda utilizada para os cálculos de custo:

• Dólares norte-americanos

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Digging holes / Planting pits (1 feet×1feet Grevillea)	Vegetativo	Beginning of the season (March/April)

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Digging holes	Persons/day	4,0	1,75	7,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Seedlings Grevillea	pieces	25,0	0,28	7,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Seedlings Guava	pieces	5,0	0,2	1,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					15,0

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Pruning Grevillea and let branches dry for firewood	Vegetativo	Every 3 seasons
2.	Clearing Grevillea for sale	Vegetativo	When in need of cash (not regularly), at least 5 years after planting

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Pruning Grevillea	Persons/day	1,0	4,0	4,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Clearing Grevillea for sale	Persons/day	1,0	7,0	7,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					11,0

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: shovel, machete, hoe

The costs summarized above have been calculated considering one year activities; Bamboos do not require establishment/maintenance costs and therefore do not appear in the balance sheet costs.

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

An important constraining factor is labour cost for clearing Grevillea.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Altitudinal zone: 1434 m a.s.l.

Landforms: Footslopes are the the areas in which this technology has maximum extent.

Slopes on average: Gentle in the riparian land.

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil fertility is low

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

Off-farm income specification: The farmer is rich because he owns 3 acre of land and livestock, assets (electricity) which are above the average standards of the community. The farmer is retired from an accountancy service position several years ago.

Market orientation of production system: Timber of Grevillea is sold in feet.

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Indivíduo, intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Acesso livre (não organizado)

Comentários:

Water use rights depend on the use: open access for drinking and domestic uses.

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Outros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	não conhecido

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	bem
Tempestade de vento local	bem

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	não bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	bem

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	não conhecido

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• casos isolados/experimental

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 0-10%

Comentários:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Grevillea is good for timber producion. How can they be sustained / enhanced? More trees could be planted, but because of 'lack of money' he can not afford it.
Bamboos are good in holding the soil How can they be sustained / enhanced? Leaves could be actually used to feed chickens; planting the 'giant bamboos' also for food consumption.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
The Technology is easy to adopt, specially Bamboos plantation, since it does not require significant input and knowledge How can they be sustained / enhanced? It could be implemented in the long run also because the farmer is willing to earmark part of his land for a nursery. The intention is to support the nursery with free seedlings, which could be later distributed among the riparian farmers of the community.
Bambos spreads easily through cuttings and it has different beneficial uses (baskets, fences and various kinds of construction). How can they be sustained / enhanced? Other type of Bamboos could be used as: Dendrocalamus giganteus for food consumption and Arundinaria alpina.
Grevillea plantation has benefits in holding soil. It helps to reduce evaporation from the soil since it makes good shadow. How can they be sustained / enhanced? To increase biodiversity other indigenous sps. could be also planted, among others: Croton megalocarpus (Mũkindũri) a medicinal tree that attracts a lot of bees when in flower, resulting in excellent white honey. The seeds contain oil. Sesbania sesban/keniensis (Mwethia), a nitrogen fixers plant which therefore helps to increase soil fertility.

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Kikuyu botanical Dictionary 2nd Ed.:A guide to plants names, uses and cultural values. Muruga Gachathi, 2007.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

KEFRI, Nairobi

7.3 Links para informação relevante que está disponível online

Título/ descrição:

Smallholder timber and firewood marketing in the coffee and cotton/tobacco zones ofeastern Mount Kenya. Holding et al., 2006.

URL:

http://www.coford.ie/media/coford/content/publications/projectreports/small-scaleforestryconference/Holding.pdf

Título/ descrição:

Lovett, S. & Price, P. (eds), 2007, Principles for riparian lands management, Land & Water Australia, Canberra. (Ch. 2 Diversity and dynamics of riparian vegetation, Ch.6 The influence of riparian management on stream erosion)

URL:

http://lwa.gov.au/files/products/river-landscapes/px061170/px061170-chapter-1.pdf

Título/ descrição:

Water Act (The), 2002. N8. The National Water Services Strategy

URL:

http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/ken37553-a.pdf and http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/ken37553-b.pdf