1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Kathmandu University (KU) - Nepal

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Sustainable Agriculture Development Program Nepal (SADP) - Nepal

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Making the use of cow dung, cow urine, cow ghee, cow milk and honey with other materials, in order to make a fertilizer for plant production.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Panchhagavya was in practice from Neolithic period but recently has become a common interest. It has been used by Hindu Society and has also been mentioned in Vedas. In 1950, James F. Martin made a liquid by lactating cow milk, using dung, sea water and yeast. It was claimed that it was capable of greening degrading land.
It is an organic product that has the potential to play the role of promoting growth and providing immunity in plant system. It consists of nine products i.e. cow dung, cow urine, milk, curd, jaggery, ghee, ripened banana, tender coconut and water.
This technology most importantly focuses on agronomic measures and conserves the manuring and composting. It does not lead to changes in slope profile of the land. Organic matter is used for soil surface treatment which increases the fertility of the soil. This agronomic measure is also combined with management measures where change in management of soil results in giving improved vegetable cover.

Purpose of the Technology: The main purpose of Panchhagavya is to deal with major land problems such as soil infertility, less production of crops and water pollution due to use of fertilizers. It focuses on cropland where annual cropping is done. Annual crops are usually harvested within one or maximally within two years. Chemical and physical soil deterioration and biological degradation are the types of land degradation addresses by the technology.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: In a container, mix 5kg of cow dung and 1/2kg of ghee. This mixture is stored in a shade for 4 days.On 5th day, the mixture is poured in a new container and cow milk, curd and cow urine is added to it. Then Jaggery is added by dissolving it in water. Ripened bananas are mashed and added to the above mixture with coconut water. This is stored for 30 days. Now, the mixture is stirred and mixed daily. This mixture is then sprayed to the crops. If the mixture is sprayed with hand sprayer then the nozzel must have greater pores. The preparation of Panchhagavya requires lot of products and takes around 30 days which makes it a bit costly.

Natural / human environment: The Panchhagavya thus produced is then sprayed in the agriculture fields. So, this can be used as a substitute for fertilizers as a type of organic manure. It can help promote greenery. Panchhagavya is prepared indoors in huge quantities and may be used overtime as required.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• 10-50 anos atrás

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• durante experiências/ pesquisa

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

It was in practice from neolithic period (7500-6500) but recently has become a common interest.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Improve soil fertility

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil infertility, less yield or production of crops, water pollution due to use of fertilizers.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Less yield of crops

Nomadism: Yes

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: Yes

Ranching: Yes

Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: Yes

Improved pasture: Yes

Selective felling of (semi-) natural forests: Yes

Clear felling of (semi-)natural forests: Yes

Plantation forestry: Yes

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, fruits and nuts, grazing / browsing, other forest products / uses (honey, medical, etc.), nature conservation / protection, recreation / tourism, protection against natural hazards

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping

Constraints of mines and extractive industries

Constraints of settlement / urban

Constraints of infrastructure network (roads, railways, pipe lines, power lines)

Constraints of wastelands / deserts / glaciers / swamps

Caso o uso da terra tenha mudado devido a implementação da tecnologia, indique seu uso anterior à implementação da tecnologia:

Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Comentários:

Water supply: Also mixed rainfed - irrigated, full irrigation and post-flooding

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 2

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 180; Longest growing period from month to month: July-December; Second longest growing period in days: 120; Second longest growing period from month to month: February-March

Densidade animal (se relevante):

1-10 LU /km2

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Gestão integrada de fertilidade do solo

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Caso a tecnologia seja uniformemente difundida numa área, indique a área coberta aproximada:

• > 10.000 km2

Comentários:

The use of Panchhagavya is specially seen in different sates of India and Nepal. The area isn't uniformly distributed.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Main measures: agronomic measures

Secondary measures: vegetative measures, structural measures, management measures

Specification of other management measures: improves water holding capacity of soil

Type of agronomic measures: better crop cover, green manure, manure / compost / residues, soil conditioners (lime, gypsum)

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main type of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Cp: soil pollution, Cs: salinisation / alkalinisation, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bq: quantity / biomass decline

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Ps: subsidence of organic soils, settling of soil, Pu: loss of bio-productive function due to other activities

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo
• Reduzir a degradação do solo

Comentários:

Secondary goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

Panchagavya, an organic product has the potential to play the role of promoting growth and providing immunity in plant system. Panchagavya consists of nine products viz. cow dung, cow urine, milk, curd, jaggery, ghee, banana, Tender coconut and water.

Location: Bakhundol. Kathmandu

Date: 18-01-2014

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder), spatial arrangement and diversification of land use

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, improvement of ground cover, increase of surface roughness, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), improvement of subsoil structure (hardpan), stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, water harvesting / increase water supply, water spreading, improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water, reduction in wind speed, control of fires, reduction of dry material (fuel for wildfires)

Structural measure: soil management

Structural measure: increase crop yield

Structural measure: increase crops immunity

Other type of management: storage of the mixture should managed

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	mix 7 kg cow dung and 1 kg cow ghee	Estrutural	store in shade for 4 days
2.	on 5th day pour milk, curd and cow urine	Estrutural	1 day
3.	dissolve jaggery in water, add ripened banana and tender coconut water	Estrutural	store for 30 days
4.	stir and mix mixture daily	Estrutural	for 30 days

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Mix 5 kg of cow dung and 1/2 kg of ghee	Estrutural	4 days
2.	On 5th day pour milk, curd and cow urine	Estrutural	5th day
3.	Dissolve jaggery in water and add ripened banana and tender coconut water	Estrutural	30 days
4.	Stir and mix mixture daily	Estrutural	Everyday

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Fertilizers are found everywhere and is cheap but the properties of Panchhagavya requires a lot of products and takes around 30 days which makes it costly.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil fertility is very low - medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is high

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

5.5 Biodiversidade

Comentários e outras especificações sobre biodiversidade:

Species diversity: Also medium

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: > 500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Empresa
• Comunitário/rural

Comentários:

Land ownership: Also group

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

Outros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	não bem
Tempestade de vento local	não conhecido

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	não bem

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	não conhecido

Comentários:

Prefer drainage system and better plant diversity

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Can improve the lifestyle because it helps to increase the economic status. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Land users also should be active and motivates other to use.
Fresh vegetables without chemical fertilizers can be sold in market and gain more profit.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Increase the productivity of crops. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Awareness program, training should be done in local level in each and every part of the country.
Sustain drought condition because roots are grown into deeper layers. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Different research based project should carried out.
Reduces the use of chemical fertilizers because Panchhagavya itself is a fertilizer. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Research study initiation based on Panchhagavya should be established.
Improve the quality of the soil which ultimately improves the yield also.
Increase the immunity of the plant.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Preparation of Panchhagavya is lengthy process so farmer use chemical fertilizer rather than Panchhagavya.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
The preparation of Panchhagavya is a lengthy process so people are not ready to use instead of chemical fertilizers.	Awareness training program within the people.
The use of Panchhagavya should be done in specific quantity. If not then it has negative impact on plants.	Use of Panchhagavya in specific quantity as referred by the SLM specialists.