1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

The Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project for the Kagera River Basin (GEF-FAO / Kagera TAMP )

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Itália

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Bukoba district council (Bukoba district council) - República Unida da Tanzânia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

22/05/2012

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.5 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre as abordagens da GST

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Traditional agroforestry system comprising mixture of banana, coffee, fruit trees, biannual crops, annual crops and timber trees which together optimize the use of soil, moisture and space.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Buhaya agro forest system is a mix of annual and perennial crops together with trees and shrubs are densely planted on a restricted area usually 0.5 -2ha per household to increase crop yield, wood production and conserve soil and water. Buhaya agro forest system is applied on individual owned land specific at home steady. In this technology a plot of 1ha comprises of :
1. Perennial crops (coffee, banana, ) on average (10,000/36 coffee plants can be planted in one hector randomly in the alternating manner with banana, 10,000/25 banana stools) can be planted in 1ha randomly in the alternating manner with coffee.
2. Annual and biannual crops (eg. Maize, beans, cassava, sweet potatoes, yams etc) are planted in the between spaces. Maize and beans are planted twice in the short (Masika) and long rains (Vuli) where tubers are planted at any time throughout the year.
3. Trees and shrubs (eg. Makkhamia spps, Maesopsis and migorora). Trees are planted along the boundaries spaced at an average of 15m to act as wind break and timber production. Shrubs are planted at closed distance in between trees to act as live fence.
Buhaya agro forest system was practiced since early 1900. Application of farmyard manures and crop residue mulch are the supportive measures. The land owners keep small livestock/ few cattle under zero grazing to obtain manure for soil fertility improvem

Purpose of the Technology: The purposes for applying the technology is to control soil erosion and nutrient improvement.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The establishment of Buhaya agro forest system is done on a virgin land starting in the dry season July to September and it normally takes 2-5years by doing the following activities.
1. To prepare the land by cutting, removing/burning shrubs and grasses followed by land tillage. This is the difficult job and sometimes it can force the farmer to plant annual crops before planting perennial crops due to inadequate preparation time.
2. To dig holes of different size according to what crop is meant for in the alternating manner. This activity is done after harvesting annual crops in shot rainfalls (March to June).
3. To plant banana in July and August followed by coffee in September to November and March to May next year.
4. To plant trees along the boundaries followed by planting shrubs between the trees spacing to create a live fence.
5. To plant cassava, yams, pawpaw, avocados and mangoes. These are planted randomly and in a few quantity.
The maintenance of Buhaya agro forest system is the simple but tidies job requires all the year to be working in the garden. The required activities are
1. To weed the field as preparation for planting seasonal crops( i.e maize and beans) twice per year in dry seasons.
2. To remove unwanted banana suckers (desuckering) and harvested banana stems in order to maintain a required number of plants( mother, daughter and grand daughter) per stool. This requires a lot of time for assessing the plant health as well as spacing.
3. To plant and harvest maize and beans twice per year.
4. To prune coffee trees, harvest coffee cherry, dry, and market them once per year.
5. To replace harvested cassava and yams as required.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• mais de 50 anos atrás (tradicional)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• Como parte do sistema tradicional (>50 anos)

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

It is said that in 1939 after second world war there was a hunger in Bukoba which forced people to plant banana instead of the traditional cropping of sorghum and millet. During the British colonial people were forced to cultivate coffee; as well health services introduced by Christian missionaries increased the population growth which revealed pressure on land and forced to opt agro forest.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Protege uma bacia/zonas a jusante – em combinação com outra tecnologia

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The major land use problem was soil erosion and excessive nutrient mining

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Limited suitable land for cropping in the area

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Mixed: Mf: Agroforestry

Caso o uso da terra tenha mudado devido a implementação da tecnologia, indique seu uso anterior à implementação da tecnologia:

Cropland: Cp: Perennial (non-woody) cropping

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 2

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 120; Longest growing period from month to month: September to December; Second longest growing period in days: 65; Second longest growing period from month to month: March to May

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Agrofloresta

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Caso a tecnologia seja uniformemente difundida numa área, indique a área coberta aproximada:

• 1-10 km2

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Secondary measures: agronomic measures

Type of vegetative measures: scattered / dispersed

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (cultivation along the slopes versus across the slopes.), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Routeenly harvests without fertilization implies permanent removal of nutriets.), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (average rainfall 1,200mm on slopes), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Sandstone parent material), education, access to knowledge and support services (Inadequate extension services)

Secondary causes of degradation: poverty / wealth (Limited household income to invest in sustainable land management), labour availability (Labour force dominated by the elderly)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo
• Reduzir a degradação do solo

Comentários:

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

Overview of the Buhaya agroforestry system. Average of 5m spacing between banana plants then alternate with coffee after two stools. Cassava and yams scattered at the space after 6 to 10 stools. beans and maize are planted in the left space to make sure all soil surface is covered. Long trees (Maesopsis spps) spaced at 10m.

Location: Kyema village. Bukoba/Kagera/Tanzania

Date: 22 MAY 2012

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (The importance of diversification for income stabilization.)

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Trees can improve income generating and assure food security in the sense of food accessibility.)

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…)

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, reduction in wind speed

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, F : fruit trees / shrubs, C : perennial crops, O : other

Trees/ shrubs species: Makhamia spp, Maesopsis eminii are planted

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Mangifera indica, Carica papaya, Persia americana are planted

Perennial crops species: Musa spp are planted

Change of land use type: Change from cropland (Annual and biannual crop production eg. millet, sorghum and beans) to Aggro forest.

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique a moeda utilizada para os cálculos de custo:

• Dólares norte-americanos

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Land preparation	Gestão	July to August
2.	Digging holes	Gestão	Jan & Jul
3.	Planting banana and coffee	Gestão	Jul to Sep
4.	Planting trees and shrubs	Gestão	Feb & Sep
5.	Planting biannual crops	Gestão	March, Apr, Oct, Nov &Dec

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Land preparation	persons/day/ha	333,3	1,25	416,63	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Digging holes	persons/day/ha	81,63	1,25	102,04	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Planting banana and coffee	persons/day/ha	33,33	1,25	41,66	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Planting trees, shrubs and biannual crops	persons/day/ha	158,6	1,25	198,25	100,0
Equipamento	Axes	pieces/ha	5,55	3,128	17,36	100,0
Equipamento	Machete	pieces/ha	5,55	1,877	10,42	100,0
Equipamento	Hand hoes	pieces/ha	5,55	3,128	17,36	100,0
Equipamento	Spades	pieces/ha	2,7	3,148	8,5	100,0
Material vegetal	Banana suckers	pieces/ha	571,0	0,1875	107,06	100,0
Material vegetal	Coffee seedlings	pieces/ha	357,0	0,3125	111,56	100,0
Material vegetal	Mysopsis	pieces/ha	33,0	0,125	4,13	100,0
Material vegetal	Migorora	pieces/ha	80,0	0,125	10,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Avocado	pieces/ha	11,0	3,167	34,84	100,0
Material vegetal	Mangoes	pieces/ha	5,0	3,125	15,63	100,0
Material vegetal	Cassava	pieces/ha	47,0	0,0317	1,49	100,0
Material vegetal	Yams	pieces/ha	26,0	0,031	0,81
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					1097,74

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Weeding	Gestão	Feb & Sep
2.	Desuckering	Gestão	Jul to Sept
3.	Planting annual crops	Gestão	March to Jul & Sep to Dec
4.	Punning, harvesting and drying coffee	Gestão	May to October
5.	Cassava and yams harvesting.	Gestão	Jan to Dec

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Weeding	persons/day/ha	200,0	1,25	250,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Desuckering	persons/day/ha	57,0	1,25	71,25	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Planting annual crops	persons/day/ha	50,0	1,25	62,5	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Prunning, harvesting and drying coffee	persons/day/ha	285,5	1,25	356,88	100,0
Material vegetal	Seeds	pieces/ha	10,0	2,5	25,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Seedlings	pieces/ha	26,0	0,031	0,81	100,0
Material vegetal	Cassava	pieces/ha	48,0	0,0317	1,52	100,0
Material vegetal	Beans	pieces/ha	20,0	1,25	25,0	100,0
Outros	Labour: Cassava and yams harvesting	persons/day/ha	2,3	1,25	2,88	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					795,84

Comentários:

The above cost was calculated as 1manday equivalent to 8 working hours with the following performances; ploughing 30m2, weeding 400m2, land clearing 10m2, de suckering 30 stools, Harvesting and pruning 3 coffee trees.

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

The most determinate factor affecting the cost is labour. This is because the technology is labour intensive, while labour force is inadequate.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:

• Posições convexas

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Slopes on average: 12.8%

Altitudinal zone: 1194m.a.s.l. taken by GPS

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil fertility is medium - low

Soil drainage / infiltration is good - medium

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

Availability of surface water: Permanent water stream in plenty

Water quality (untreated): Tap water not found in the whole village

5.5 Biodiversidade

Comentários e outras especificações sobre biodiversidade:

Butterflies, earthworm and ants readily available

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Men usually plays part in field establishment while women engaged in maintenance. Children participates in maintenance as well.

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

5% of the land users are rich and own 30% of the land.
75% of the land users are average wealthy and own 60% of the land.
20% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: The one who did not apply the technology depends on more than 85% of his income from off farm activities.

Market orientation of production system: Coffee is 100% for commecial the rest are for home consumption.

Level of mechanization: Land cultivation only at establishement, then weeding is done by bare hands and planting bu small hand hoes (vihosho)

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Indivíduo, não intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Comunitário (organizado)
• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Acesso livre (não organizado)

Comentários:

Water sources are mainly permanent streams found in different land ownership, but water uses are free.

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	não bem
Tempestade de vento local	bem

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	não bem

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	bem

Comentários:

use of new adapted varieties.

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• mais que 50%

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

387 households covering 75 percent of the stated area

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 90-100%

Comentários:

387 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Almost 75% of the area is under agroforestry practices.

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The technique has been in place for centuries

The average farm size is 1 acre per households and all 607 households implemented this technology. Other technologies are practiced in different area within the village. Therefore the SLM technology area is approximately 15% of the total catchment area.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Diversification of production How can they be sustained / enhanced? Improved farmers knowledge and skills in agroforestry systems management
Reliable income from multiple crops. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Knowledge in farming as a business
Technology is traditional and widely accepted How can they be sustained / enhanced? Strengthen linkages to sources of improved technologies
Reduced workload How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto
Complimentarity of produced diverse crops How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
The technology is not complicated in terms of input requirements and application How can they be sustained / enhanced? Improved farmer linkage to sources of improved materials e.g. research
Inputs are locally and readily available How can they be sustained / enhanced? Facilitation of farmer own produced improved inputs
Maintenance costs decreases with increasing production period How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto
Markets are readily available How can they be sustained / enhanced? Feeder road maintenance should be given higher priority

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
High competition of nutrients among different species	Improved farmers knowledge and skills in agroforestry systems management

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Some tree species host pests	Improve farmers knowledge on tree pests prevention and cleaning
Limits farm mechanization	Improved farmers knowledge and skills on improved maintenance without mechanization

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Kagera TAMP project website

Disponível de onde? Custos?

http://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/partners-contacts/tanzania/en/