1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Kathmandu University (KU) - Nepal

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

District Agriculture Development Office, Sindhuli (DADO) - Nepal

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Oyster Mushroom Farming Technology is the cultivation of oyster mushrooms as a food source, economic source, and as primary compost, to increase the quality of soil and help upgrade living standards of local farmers.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

The technology is carried out in Kamalamai Municipality, Sindhuli District, Janakpur, Nepal. The Pennsylvania Department Of Environmental Protection (DEP), other regulator agencies and the community are at charge. Oyster were identified as being both economically viable and suited for local cultivation. Nepal Agriculture Research Council (NARC) and a few private organizations are the major resources centers for supplying the quality spawn to the farmer/growers.

Purpose of the Technology: The main purpose of this document is to provide uniform instructions and operating procedures for the use or disposal of mushroom compost (as soil amendment or conditioner). Another basic purpose is use of mushroom as food and income source for local farmers.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Best Practices for Environmental Protection in the Mushroom Farm
Community (1997) was developed as a result of realization among authorities of Pennsylvania DEP, to help people to understand that farms are operating according to the highest environmental standards, and will help improve coexistence with nearby residents, through environmental regulation. This implemented a mushroom farm development for specific operations with the natural resource conservation. The member co-ordination, knowledge, and experiences are critical in establishing the practices as workable and rational means to meet the goal of environmental protection and agricultural operation.

Natural / human environment: Mushroom Farm Environmental Management Plan (MFEMP) is designed to prevent pollution or danger of ground or surface water on common health, by helping in maintaining/improving the condition of soil, and prevent the pollution of surface water, groundwater and air, as well, at little or no cost. This technology helps local farmers to increase soil fertility and act as a good income source in small scale.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

This practice was performed by American mushroom institutions in 1997 and earlier 1984.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Criar impacto econômico benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Low productivity of land, soil erosion, water scarcity, cultivation of land slopes, tillage resulting in soil loss.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Infertility of land, having to use fertilizers and pesticides, scarcity of water for irrigation, having to plow farm seasonally and repeatedly.

Constraints of recreation: Dark and moist environment is necessary.

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 75; Longest growing period from month to month: January-March

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Gestão integrada de fertilidade do solo

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Comentários:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 12*18 inch.

The straw and spawn (mushroom) should be packed in plastic bags. Two or three inches of straw are packed into the plastic bag and the spawn is lightly sprinkled on top. This should be repeated until the bag is almost filled, the top of the plastic should be closed and holes should be poked in the bag.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Type of agronomic measures: cover cropping, mulching, manure / compost / residues, zero tillage / no-till

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (soil erosion, low productivity of land, tillage), overgrazing (Fodder for domestic animals such as cow, buffalo, goat etc.), change in temperature (Uneven rainfall, long dry or cold seasons)

Secondary causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (terrace farming problems), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Use of timber for burning), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Only required vegetation was used), poverty / wealth (Medium to large scale production costly for local farmers)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo
• Reduzir a degradação do solo

Comentários:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

It is kept in a room with temperature 22-28 degree.

Location: Room. Sindhuli

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (Knowledge on preparing substrate, incubation period and harvesting of mushroom and proper use of mushroom compost.)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (Since land usage is very less.)

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, increase of surface roughness, improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), improvement of subsoil structure (hardpan), increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration, water spreading, improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water, increase of biomass (quantity)

Secondary technical functions: stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase / maintain water stored in soil, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Mulching
Material/ species: straw and spawn
Quantity/ density: 2:1

Construction material (earth): mud in cement

Construction material (stone): stone

Construction material (wood): wood plants

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Rupees

Indique a taxa cambial do dólar norte americano para a moeda local (se relevante): 1 USD =:

90,0

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Material de construção	Straw	unit	1,0	15,0	15,0	100,0
Material de construção	Container	unit	1,0	990,0	990,0
Material de construção	Fuel	unit	1,0	125,0	125,0
Material de construção	Stove	unit	1,0	770,0	770,0
Material de construção	Plastic	unit	1,0	10,0	10,0
Material de construção	Cutting Machine	unit	1,0	300,0	300,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					2210,0

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Method of cutting straw	Agronômico	dry season
2.	Warming the straw	Agronômico	dry season
3.	Harvesting the mushroom	Agronômico	dry season
4.	Maintainance of mushroom	Agronômico	dry season

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Method of cutting straw	persons/day	1,0	150,0	150,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					150,0

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: plastic bag,water storage tank.

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Labour should be managed properly.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Landforms: Flat surface is needed.

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil water storage capacity is medium: Mushroom need water daily two times.

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

Availability of surface water: May face scarcity of drinking water in dry seasons.

5.5 Biodiversidade

Comentários e outras especificações sobre biodiversidade:

Found mostly in eastern region, and almost in the western parts as well.

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: There is no difference in involvement of men and women in this technology, both can be involved.

Population density: > 500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 3% - 4%

15% of the land users are rich and own 20% of the land.

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Comunitário/rural

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Acesso livre (não organizado)
• Indivíduo

Comentários:

It is found that this technique is used even by people with little amount of land.

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	não conhecido
Tempestade de vento local	não conhecido

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	não bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	não conhecido

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	não conhecido

Comentários:

The technology could be made more tolerant by keeping the room dark and warm (22-28 degrees), and carry out cultivation in almost all seasons (except winter).

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

Yes,this technology can give both short-term returns and long-term returns.Positive result because it is the best type of production for the environment and economic resources.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• casos isolados/experimental

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

3 households covering 32 percent of stated area

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 10-50%

Comentários:

2 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: By government point of view almost all members of a village and city, both can cultivate this technology.

1 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Without external support also this technology can be carried out.

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Best Practices for Environmental Protection in the Mushroom Farm
Community

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
It is used as vegetable. How can they be sustained / enhanced? It gives nutrients.
Waste water management How can they be sustained / enhanced? Waste water can be used as part of this farming.
It is used as manure How can they be sustained / enhanced? High productivity
Good income source How can they be sustained / enhanced? Requires less space and materials. Easily cultivated in favorable season. Can be sold commercially because of its food value.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Erosion and sedimentation control How can they be sustained / enhanced? This section looks at the soil, geology, ground cover and other natural feature site, by providing nutrients to the soil as a conditioner.
Surface water and stormwater management How can they be sustained / enhanced? At most mushroom farm operation stormwater run off can be divide into uncontaminated and contaminated water.
Economic purpose How can they be sustained / enhanced? Constructed to increase income source with little initiation cost. Substrate can be used as compost, so no need for chemical fertilizers.
Nutrient management for substrate utilization How can they be sustained / enhanced? The season methods and amount of nutrient used to maintain the technology.
Integrated pest management How can they be sustained / enhanced? Pest control may be accompained by using non-chemical or alternative controls.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Place for growing	All locals do not have spare rooms or sheds for mushroom cultivation. This proves to be a huge disadvantage as they require dark room and moist conditions.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Less theoritical knowledge	Locals should be made aware about growing technologies that can help increase their quality of life.
Place for growing	Rooms or shed may not always be available. Providing darkness during can be a problem.
Seasonal problem	Room temperature required is 20-30 degree Celsius.