1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Missenyi District Council (Missenyi District Council) - República Unida da Tanzânia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Bukoba district council (Bukoba district council) - República Unida da Tanzânia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

29/05/2014

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Is the spread of dry Hyperrhamia rufa across the slope combined with manures, Calcium Ammonia Nitrate and Triple Supper Phosphate in maize production.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

The spread of dry Hyperrhamia rufa 15cm thickness across the slope combined with manures, TSP and CAN in maize production technology is applied on annual cropland for reduced declining soil fertility, reduced soil erosion and improved soil moisture content in the sustainable land agro-ecosystem management. The activities to implement the technology includes to slush bushes and cut grasses using sickles , to cultivate the land using hand hoes, to measure spacing demarcate and dig holes using hand hoes, to mix manure, soils and TSP in a 5cm depth hole using hands, to spread grass mulch using hands, to plant maize seeds using hand hoes, to apply CAN at week four after planting using hands, to weed the whole field using hands, to apply a mixture of ashes and pepper on the tip, closed tip leaf to control maize stock-bores and to harvest and trush using hands

This technology is applied on annual cropland using agronomic measures in the sub humid climatic zone. The slope category of that land is gentle, characterized of loam sandy soil textures with medium soil depth.

The technology is applied by Individual / household, Small scale land users, common / average land users, men and women. The Land ownership is individual, not titled and Land use rights is individual as well. Water use rights is open access (unorganized).
The relative level of wealth categorized as, rich, which represents 20% of the land users and own 32% of the total area. Average, which represents 64% of the land users and own 64% of the total area. Poor, which represents 20% of the land users and own 4% of the total area.
The technology was introduced in 2012 by TAMP -Kagera using FFS in the community integrated catchment approach.
To implement the technology it was calculated to be US$ 57.059 for establishment and US$ 1,923.36 maintenance costs.

Purpose of the Technology: The major purpose of the technology is to prevent loss of top soil, to improve soil fertility decline and reduced organic matter content on the annual cropland with a sustainable land management to improve community livelihood.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: This technology has no establishment activities as a common phenomena for all Agronomic measures. The maintenance activities of the technology includes; To slush bushes and cut grasses using sickles in Late August, To cultivate the land using hand hoes in Earl September, To measure spacing, demarcate and dig holes using hand hoes in earl September, To mix manure, soils and TSP in a 5cm deep hole using hands in mid september, To spread dry Hyperrhamia rufa using hands mid September, To plant maize seeds using hand hoes Late September, To apply CAN at week four after planting using hands in mid October, To weed the whole field twice using hands in early November and early February , To apply a mixture of ashes and pepper on the top openleaf to control maize stock-bores, To harvest and trash maize cobs using hands in Late February redy for marketing in late May.
To perform the maintenance activities the following inputs required; Labour, tools, seeds, fertilizer, biocides and compost/manure. All inputs can cost a total of US$ ...........0 per hector per season.
The dry Hyperrhamia rufa mulch in the Zea maize pure stand complemented withi cow dung, TSP and CAN introduce in April 2012 by TAMP -Kagera in the Butulage catchment.

Natural / human environment: This technology is applied on the cropland type in the subhumid. The landform of this catchment is plain and footslpoes with gentle slope. It is obvious that, the land is prone to sheath erosion, soil fertility decline and reduced organic matter content. However, the cause of these types of land degradation includes direct (human and natural) and indirect (land use supporting system). The technology is tolerant of seasonal rainfall decrease and drought or dry spell climatic extremes. On another hand the technology is sensitive to foods where excess water will lodge and damage the maize roots.

The land ownership is individual not titled and catergorised in small scale farmers who practiced mixed production mode. The wealth of the people applying this technology can be categorized as poor, average and rich according to land ownership. The poor repents 20% of land users and own 4% of the cropland area. The average category represents 64% of the land users and own 64% of the cropland area. The rich category represents 20% of cropland users and own 32% of the cropland.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

TAMP -Kagera in collaboration with Bukoba District council facilitated a group of FFS members to combat the land degradation problems identified and solutions prioritised by introducing the Grass mulch with manure, TSP AND CAN Technology in April 2012.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo
• Criar impacto econômico benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Without the land conservation there will be declining soil fertility, excessive drought, sheath erosion and plant moisture stresses.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Declining soil fertility, moisture stress and maize stock-bores.

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 120. Longest growing period from month to month: september to December Second longest growing period in days: 90 Second longest growing period from month to month: March to May

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Gestão integrada de fertilidade do solo

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Caso a tecnologia seja uniformemente difundida numa área, indique a área coberta aproximada:

• < 0,1 km2 (10 ha)

Comentários:

12 household members applied the technology on average farm size of 0.66ha during the farmer field school implementation in Butulage catchment.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Type of agronomic measures: early planting, mulching, manure / compost / residues, mineral (inorganic) fertilizers

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Continous land tillage i.e. cultivation is done at every planting season), change of seasonal rainfall (Rain seasons are unpredictable now days.), droughts (The area experiences irregular droughts.), population pressure (Increased population density has rendered all productive area to occuppied, therefore people were forced to use marginal land for crop production.), labour availability (Hired labour is very cheap to cultivate in marginal land.)

Secondary causes of degradation: education, access to knowledge and support services (Low and ineffective primary education provided, Inadequety agriculture advisory staffing)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low (Agronomy principles are taught at colleges.)
Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (The use of correct ratios and measurement of fertilizers not common to farmers.)

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase / maintain water stored in soil
Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard

Early planting
Material/ species: Zea maize
Quantity/ density: 0.025
Remarks: 70cm plant to plant by 90cm row to row.

Mulching
Material/ species: dry Hyperrhamia ruffa
Quantity/ density: 1500
Remarks: 15cm thickness, 5cm from the plant and across the slope.

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: cow dung
Quantity/ density: 18.518
Remarks: Tharough mixed with soil in a 5cm hole on month prior planting.

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: Tripo supper Phosphate and Calcium Ammonium Phosphate
Quantity/ density: 0.1851
Remarks: 5gm per plant at planting and dressing stage.

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Tshs

Indique a taxa cambial do dólar norte americano para a moeda local (se relevante): 1 USD =:

1700,0

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	handhoes	Outras medidas
2.	machete	Outras medidas
3.	sickles	Outras medidas
4.	tape measures	Gestão

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Equipamento	Handhoes	pieces	16,0	2,94	47,04	100,0
Equipamento	Machete	pieces	16,0	1,17625	18,82	100,0
Equipamento	Sickles	pieces	16,0	0,47	7,52	100,0
Equipamento	tape measures	pieces	1,0	11,76	11,76
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					85,14

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	To slush bushes and cut grasses using sickles	Agronômico	late august
2.	To cultivate the land using hand hoes	Agronômico	early september
3.	To measure spacing demarcate and dig holes using hand hoes.	Agronômico	Early September
4.	To mix manure, soils and TSP in a 5cm depth hole using hands.	Agronômico	Mid September
5.	To spread grass mulch using hands.	Agronômico	Mid September
6.	To plant maize seeds using hand hoes.	Agronômico	Late September
7.	To apply CAN at week four after planting using hands.	Agronômico	Mid October
8.	To weed the whole field using hands.	Agronômico	Early Nov & Early Jan
9.	To apply a mixture of ashes and pepper on the tip closed tip leaf to control maize stock-bores.	Agronômico	Mid November
10.	To harvest and trush using hands	Agronômico	February

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Slush bushes and cut grasses using sickles	person/days	20,0	1,7645	35,29	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Cultivate the land using hand hoes	person/days	66,0	1,78	117,48
Mão-de-obra	Measure spacing demarcate and dig holes using hand hoes	person/days	4,0	1,7	6,8
Mão-de-obra	Labour: Harvest and trush using hands	person/days	225,0	1,7647	397,06
Equipamento	Polythene bags	pieces	10,0	0,588	5,88
Material vegetal	Grass mulch	bundles	1500,0	0,29412	441,18
Material vegetal	Seeds	kg	25,0	2,9412	73,53
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Fertilizer	kg	185,0	0,97	179,45
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Mixture of ashes and pepper	tons	18,518	0,14688	2,72
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Compost/manure	tons	18,518	29,412	544,65
Outros	Labour: Mix manure, soils and TSP in a 5cm depth hole using hands.	person/days	12,0	1,7	20,4
Outros	Labour: Spread grass mulch using hands.	person/days	15,0	1,76	26,4
Outros	Labour: Plant maize seeds using hand hoes	person/days	4,0	1,7	6,8
Outros	Labour: Apply CAN at week four after planting using hands.	person/days	8,0	1,7	13,6
Outros	Labour: Weed the whole field using hands	person/days	6,0	2,353	14,12
Outros	Labour: Apply a mixture of ashes and pepper on the tip closed tip leaf to control maize stock-bores.	person/days	4,0	1,7	6,8
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					1892,16

Comentários:

The above costs were calculated for population plants per ha of land protected in the sense that all maize plants were planted, fertilized and mulched.

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

The most determinate factor is light labor (US$ 641.53).

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

Availability of surface water: Medium (The entire catchment borders Lake Ikimba)
Water quality (untreated): Poor drinking water (no tape water and rain water reserve facilities)

5.5 Biodiversidade

Comentários e outras especificações sobre biodiversidade:

Earthwors, ants, cockroaches and different weed spps are found.

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Relative level of wealth: rich, average, poor

20% of the land users are rich and own 32% of the land.
64% of the land users are average wealthy and own 64% of the land.
20% of the land users are poor and own 4% of the land.
Market orientation: Mixed (Excess are for sale)
Level of mechanization: Manual work (Large part of cropland is occuppied with pereneal crops)

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Indivíduo, não intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Acesso livre (não organizado)

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	não bem

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	não conhecido

Comentários:

The Grass mulch with manure and fertilizers has been modified with topical application of domestic made biocide to protect maize plants from stock-bores infestation

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

The short term returns is slightly positive (sales of maize) compared with establishment costs (US$ 85.18) while the long term returns is not applicable in this case.
The short term returns is slightly positive (increased sales of maize) compared with maintenance costs < US$ 1,476.30 (decreasing labour,mulch)

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• 10-50%

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

26 households and 100% of the area covered

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 50-90%

Comentários:

23% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
Comments on acceptance with external material support: 3 host farmers during FFS implementation were provided with grass mulch, manures, TSP and CAN to be applied the the technical sites.

77% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
13 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
Comments on spontaneous adoption: 10 farmers adopted the technology either through participating in FFS or from their numbers in thier field with average area of 0.75ha.

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: 10 household participated in FFS already have implemented the technology using their own resources.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
It has opportunity of free grass mulch harvested from communal land.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
There is cumulative effects of soil organic matters as a major component of land conservation.
The technology is best appropriate for market oriented commodities.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
High costs of manures and mulch discouraged to choose the technology wherever future prospective is.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Increased farm inputs costs in agronomic measures tends to reduce benefits in the first instants.

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação