1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Kathmandu University (KU) - Nepal

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

17/01/2014

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

It is a technology where slope, waste land, remains of crop land, marginal lands, rising terraces are protected by fodder cultivation.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

This technology involves the cultivation of various trees, grasses, legumes and shrubs that can be used as livestock feed. The slopes in the hills, rising terraces, waste and barren land and other land types with many limitations that cannot be used for agriculture are used for fodder cultivation. In this way, the land is protected from landslide, erosion by wind and water and the loss of soil fertility due to over-compaction of soil and overgrazing is reduced. In addition, the feed quality and quantity of the livestock is improved and their productivity consequently is also increased.

Purpose of the Technology: This technology is practiced:
-mainly for protection of land from erosion or landslide,to protect from over-compaction and overgrazing leading to soil fertility loss i.e. for land management
-for the purpose of providing food for livestock even during the winter months.
-for increasing the quality of feed for livestock and thus, improve their productivity.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: This technology involves the plantation of trees, legumes, shrubs and grasses in the wastelands and lands deemed unfit for agriculture. The suitable plant seedlings are planted at a particular season i.e during spring mainly in the month of Baisakh. Depending upon the amount of nourishment and the nutritional content requirement and availability of seedlings,the nutrient contents of feeds and fodders on the basis of soil composition, use of manures and fertilizers on the land, irrigation facilities, stage and speed of growth frequency of cutting the variety and strain of feed resources are determined. It needs watering and removal of unwanted weeds for some months and the plant needs no further caring. They grow by themselves. These plants are mostly rain-fed and have no other economical or aesthetic values as such and hence, these can be used only exclusively for fodder cultivation. The tree branches, leaves, twigs, shrubs, legume plant bodies used for feed can either be cut and harvest either from time to time when required or they may also be cut and stored in fodder storages for the winter months when other sources of feed are scarce or during the planting season (Asar) when labor is scarce.

Natural / human environment: We need not to create any human or artificial environment for cultivation. The trees grow naturally and create a pleasant environment in nature. Sometimes, for crop fodder cultivation, agricultural lands may come in use. For example, in maize crop used as fodder supplement, the main plots were sown with maize varieties, and the subplots were cutting of added rows of maize after different days after sowing. Thus, young maize plants were cut before drying out in the sun and may be used as fodder. Tropical grass species and improved grasses and legumes are also introduced in barren terrace landscape during the off season after harvesting.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• mais de 50 anos atrás (tradicional)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• Como parte do sistema tradicional (>50 anos)

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

It is a traditional method. The analysis corresponds to farmers’ preference of fodder tree species to their nutritional values. The traditional and experience-based choice of fodders species by farmers reflects their knowledge on nutritional values, cultivation easiness and seasonal variability of growth in local environments has been the basis of fodder cultivation in Nepal.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion, landslide, decreased fertility, over compaction of soil
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Flooding during heavy rainfall, landslides

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Grazing land: Gi: Intensive grazing/ fodder production

Constraints of wastelands / deserts / glaciers / swamps

Caso o uso da terra tenha mudado devido a implementação da tecnologia, indique seu uso anterior à implementação da tecnologia:

Other: Oo: Other: wastelands, deserts, glaciers, swamps, recreation areas, etc

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Misto de precipitação natural-irrigado

Comentários:

Also rainfed and full irrigation

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 2

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: Kartik to chaitra; Second longest growing period in days: 120; Second longest growing period from month to month: Ahsad to ashwin

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Solo/cobertura vegetal melhorada

• use of wasteland for agriculture

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Caso a tecnologia seja uniformemente difundida numa área, indique a área coberta aproximada:

• 1-10 km2

Comentários:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 2 km2.
This technology has been applied in the hole state which covers around 2 sq.km in about 146 houses. A number of fodder trees, ground legumes, shrub legumes, fodder crops and cultivated grasses have been used on the basis of the traditional and experience-based choice of fodders species by farmers which reflects their knowledge on nutritional values, cultivation easiness and seasonal variability of growth in warm temperate environment.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Secondary measures: agronomic measures, management measures
Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour, aligned: -along boundary

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Before fodder cultivation), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Landslide)
Secondary causes of degradation: soil management (People left land unfit for cultivation completely barren and without any vegetation at all causing top soil erosion), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Before this technology people depend upon forest), overgrazing (Result in desertification, irreversible loss of to soil, increase in turbidity of surface water and increase in flooding intensity and frequency), change of seasonal rainfall (Many areas that were set aside for rain fed agriculture become waste land due to drastic change in rainfall pattern.), floods (Mass movement landslide), droughts (Affects cultivation), poverty / wealth (The resource poor have to depend upon the natural environment for the fodder requirements and need to take their livestock for grazing in whatever grassland areas available causing soil degradation), education, access to knowledge and support services (most people do not know about conservation measures), governance / institutional (No govermental supports)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Reduzir a degradação do solo
• Recuperar/reabilitar solo severamente degradado

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (They can decide which plants may be best on the basis of organic matter content, crude protein, tannin, fiber, lignin, fat, minerals and dry matter.)
Technical knowledge required for land users: high (The land users mostly cultivate plants based on their indigenous knowledge and whatever seedlings are available which give fast and a more quantitative rather than qualitative yeild.)

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)
Secondary technical functions: increase of surface roughness, increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, reduction in wind speed, increase of biomass (quantity), spatial arrangement and diversification of land use

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 2
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.4
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 2
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.4
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: G : grass
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5

Trees/ shrubs species: Brassiopsis hainla(Chuletro), Alnus nepalensis (Uttis), Garuga pinnata (Dabdabe), Crateva unilocularis (Siplikan), Terminalia bellirica (Barro) planted trees;Desmodium introtum, Desmodium ovalifolium, Tephrosia candida(Mendola) all are planted shrubs
Grass species: Cynodon dactylon(Dubo), Desmostychia bipinnata(Kush), Imperata cylindrica(Siru), Melinis minutifolia (Bandhar Dhapaune Ghash)
Other species: cultivated legumes for fodder Lablab purpureus (Bean), Macroptilium atropurpurum (Atro/Siratro), Trifolium alexandrium, Trifolium pretense (Red Clover), Trifolium repens (White Clover), Vigna anguiculata( Bodi)

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 15%
Change of land use type: Previously the land was unused
Change of land use practices / intensity level: In order to minimise exposure to degradation processes, unused land was changed to controlled acces from barren land to fodder plants cultivated land

Layout change according to natural and human environment: Increased landscape diversity
Control / change of species composition: Previously barren land planted with grasses, legumes, fodder trees and grasses increasing the biomass and productivity of the area so encouragement of desired and introduction of new species was done

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Rupees

Indique a taxa cambial do dólar norte americano para a moeda local (se relevante): 1 USD =:

97,0

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Plantation of the fodder plants in barren wastelands	Vegetativo	Spring(Chaitra-Baisakh)
2.	Cutting of the twigs, branches, legumes, crops and grasses	Vegetativo	Throughout the year
3.	Enrichment planting of tree seedling	Gestão
4.	Introduction of higher quality feed species	Gestão

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Plantation of the fodder plants in barren wastelands	persons/day/ha	51,0	500,0	25500,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Cutting of the twigs, branches, legumes, crops and grasses	persons/day	1,0	200,0	200,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Enrichment planting of tree seedling	persons/day/ha	51,0	500,0	25500,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Introduction of higher quality feed species	persons/day/ha	10,0	98,03	980,3
Equipamento	Spade	pieces	1,0	1000,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipamento	Tools	pieces	1,0	500,0	500,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Seedlings	pieces/ha	200,0	600,0	120000,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Seedlings	pieces/ha	200,0	25,0	5000,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Seeds	pieces/ha	200,0	25,0	5000,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Compost / manure	kg/ha	5,0	750,0	3750,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	new Compost/manure	kg/ha	100,0	300,0	30000,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					217430,3

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 60 month(s)

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Watering the seedlings	Vegetativo	Till 2 to 3 month after plantation
2.	Manuring	Vegetativo	Till 2 to 3 month

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Watering the seedlings	persons/day/ha	2,0	200,0	400,0	100,0
Equipamento	Pipes and buckets	pieces/ha	2,0	200,0	400,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Manuring	kg/2m	1,0	300,0	300,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					1100,0

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: axe, spade, plough

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Tthe labour and the cost for seeding. The manure requried is prepared naturally

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:

• Não relevante

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil depth on average: The local people find the soil moderately deep
Soil fertility is medium, since people use compost manure for croping
Topsoil organic matter: Compost manure are used to increase organic matter
Soil drainage / infiltration is good because of sandy soils
Soil water storage capacity is medium - low, since sandy soils can not store water well. Also no ground water is found.

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

Availability of surface water: Flooding occors during monsoon. Normally people depend on surface water for irrigation.
Water quality (untreated): People directly drink

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 50-100 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 6%
5% of the land users are rich and own 35% of the land (Living standred more than average).
90% of the land users are average wealthy and own 60% of the land (Average life standred).
5% of the land users are poor and own 5% of the land (Below average).
Market orientation of production system: There is a market for coffee.
Level of mechanization: Oxes are used for ploughing

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Estado
• Indivíduo, não intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Acesso livre (não organizado)
• Comunitário (organizado)

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	bem
Tempestade de vento local	não conhecido

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	não bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	não bem

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	não conhecido

Comentários:

The plant species to be planted should be chosen according to the environmental condition in different seasons

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

Fodder plants do not need further maintainence and up keeping after they have been allowed to gow. Most are annual and some grasses are perennial. In the long term, the initial costs are duly covered and yield major economic benifits.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• 1-10%

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

9 percent of stated area

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 90-100%

Comentários:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: every one uses their own land and do on their own
100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
Comments on spontaneous adoption: as the village lies in hilly region there are many sloppy lands applicable for plantation of fodders.
There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: every villagers find it effective as the waste land is also utilized and in addition productivity is also increased.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
decrease in waste as animals fees almost all
increase in number of animal husbandary
Stall-feeding has been encouraged
Availabitlity of fodder even during harsh winter when there is scarcity of forage plants and during harvest season when there is lack of labour

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
This technology has been able to manage and utilize the waste land
the livestock production has increased by which they develop economic status
barren lands and to soil erosion along with increase in turbulence of surface water leading to flooding has decreased which occurred due to over grazing
The biomass and productivity of the ecosystem has improved due to introduction of new species in barren land

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
The trees do not grow fast enough to reap benefits faster	Trees and other legumes and grasses which have high growth rates should be planted
The fodder species are planted on communal wastelands so there are arguments if somebody takes more forage then others	Communal properties should be equally distributed and a managing body must be present
The production from the fodder plantation is never enough for the whole year	Along with wastelands and marginal uncultivable lands, crop fodder production can be done (like maize) even during the plantation of cash and food crops to ensure a year round supply

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
people may find difficulties in cutting tall trees	use shrubs, and herbs for plantation
Since it a common property, the use and negligence in management of common properties may eventually lead its failure	fodder plants do not need looking after very much but proper management of the forage resource by everyone involved must be done
Traditionally used crops have been used till now which may not have the highest nutrient content and qualitative feed	Proper research needs to be done to identify the plants best suited for that climate and topography and which have the highest nutritional content to improve production of livestock
Barren lands are often used for recreational purposes like for games by kids and hence protection of young plants may be difficult	For the few months of plantation care should be insured for their survival

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação